考研英语语法重难点精解 复合句
考研英语语法复合句解析(一)
考研英语语法复合句解析(一)复合句(Complex Sentence)一个主句和一个以上的从句所构成的句子称为复合句,也称为主从复合句。
复合句通常由关联词把主句和从句连接起来。
例句:Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. (选自2008年Text 2)分析:该句是复合句,其中主干结构是Other models exist;that引导的定语从句修饰models,而在从句中又套了一个由where引导的定语从句修饰open-access;在where从句中,before引导的时间状语从句中有一个who引导的定语从句修饰everyone。
译文:其他存在的模式都是由以上三种模式相结合的产物。
比如延缓式广开门路的模式,前6个月只允许付费的订阅者查阅相关论文,之后,才对大众免费开放。
例句:However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is,as yet,an unanswered question. (选自2005年Text 1)分析:该句是复合句,本句中由or连接两个并列主语从句,后接系表结构is an unanswered question;定语从句that the species had 35 million years ago修饰the common ancestor。
2021考研英语:复合长难句的语法解析
2021考研英语:复合长难句的语法解析考研英语备考很多事情都要提上日程了,看看哪些是该注意的,下面由小编为你精心准备了“2021考研英语:复合长难句的语法解析”,持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2021考研英语:复合长难句的语法解析一、锁定谓语动词谓语动词的寻找至关重要,它是句子的核心部分,找到了谓语动词,就能证明有句子存在。
那么如何寻找呢?第一,有时态的动词就一定是谓语。
接下来,顺着谓语动词往前找,如果有引导词存在,说明这个谓语动词所在的句子是个从句,然后可以根据引导词前的单词确定它是什么类型的从句。
比如:A。
如果引导词前是个名词,那就根据情况区别是定语从句还是同位语从句;B。
如果引导词前是实意动词,那就说明这个从句是宾语从句;C。
如果引导词前面是系动词,那就说明这个从句是表语从句;D。
如果其前面是状语从句的引导词,那就说明这是个状语从句。
如果顺着谓语动词往前找,却没有引导词存在,那说明这是主句的谓语动词,那它的前面就是主语,后面就应该是宾语或表语。
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survivein,Demonstrates 前面没有引导词,它就是主句的谓语动词;is 前有引导词that,且that 前是实意动词,所以这是宾语从句。
二、寻找并列连词常见的并列连词有and,but,yet,or,so,for ,not only...but also… 看到这批单词,一般就有并列结构存在,并且很可能存在着省略问题。
比如:They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in whicha person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements。
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析regard
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析先找生词。
With regard to 关于;in passing 顺便;restoring 恢复;laboring 劳工;exaggerated 夸大;inroads 侵袭;capitalist 资本家;consumerism 消费主义;in general 总体;readily 热意地;shifted 转移;home-brewed 家酿的;standardized 标准化的;breweries 啤酒厂;再找主干本句是并列复合句。
分号连接前后两句话,前半句还是主从复合句。
With regard to this last question(状语部分),关于最后一个问题;we (主语)might note(谓语)in passing(状语),我们顺便注意一下;(状语,不是从句,因为缺了主语和谓语)while (省略了he or Thompson was)rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history,while放在句首,可能是“当…的时候”,或者是当“尽管”来用,在不知道的情况下,那就先把两种情况都考虑,然后再判断是什么状语。
正当Thompson将劳动人民搬到了十八世纪的英国历史舞台上时;或者,尽管Thompson正将劳动人民搬到了十八世纪的英国历史舞台;that(连接词)Thompson(主语)has probably exaggerated(谓语)the opposition(宾语)of these people(定语,指代前面的laboring people)to the inroads(状语,修饰opposition)of capitalist consumerism(定语,修饰inroads)in general(状语)Thompson可能夸大了劳动人民整体上对于资本消费主义的侵袭的敌对状态;for example(比如), laboring people(主语)in eighteenth-century England(定语)readily(状语)shifted (谓语),比如,十八世纪的英国劳动人民很乐意转换;from home-brewed beer to standardized beer(宾语)produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries(定语).从家酿啤酒到标准化的啤酒,这些啤酒都是由大型的,资本密集的城市酿酒厂生产的。
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析as well as
2024考研英语长难句解析含译文语法分析as well asThe amount the reader catches will usually depend on the amount of activity he puts into the process , as well as upon the skill with which he executes the different mental acts involved.【翻译】读者所理解的数量,除了他在执行所涉及到的不同的心理行为时所使用的技能之外,通常还取决于他在阅读过程中所投入的活动的量。
【语法分析】这是一个主从复合句。
句子的主干是the amount will depend on the amount of activity , as well as upon the skill.也就是说,在整个句子里,第二个the amount和the skill是并列关系。
当然,on和upon也是一个意思,depend on等于depend upon.除了主干,这个句子还包含了三个定语从句。
第一个定语从句是the reader catches,修饰前面的名词amount.第二个定语从句是he puts into the process, 修饰activity.第三个定语从句是with which he executes the different mental acts involved. 修饰skill. 其中involved是过去分词,修饰前面的acts.在定语从句里有时候会出现介词+which/whom的情况,例如,in /to which, for/with whom 等。
为什么会在从属连词的前面出现介词呢?原因就是先行词在定语从句里,作一个介词的宾语。
就像本句,如果把先行词还原到它在定语从句里本来的位置,就是He executes the mental acts with the skill.再如: This is the room in which he lived last year.(这就是他去年住过的房子。
英语句型结构知识点“复合句”详解
英语句型结构知识点“复合句”详解英语句型结构知识点“复合句”详解复合句复合句(Complex Sentence)由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
主句是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句则是一个句子成分,不能独立存在。
从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。
所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词(connective)引导。
宾语从句的语法意义及结构语法意义:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的`宾语。
宾语从句通常由连词(that, whether, if)、连接代词(which, what, who, whose, whom)或连接副词(where, how, when, why)等引导。
及物动词、介词或某些系表结构后可带宾语从句。
句型结构:主语+谓语+引导词+主语+谓语(+其他成分)结果状语从句连词有:so … that, such … that(1) so...that"如此……以致",that在非正式文体中可以省略,so后面接形容词或副词。
如:She spoke __________ fast ___________ nobody could catch what she was saying.她说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。
There is _________ little time left _________ I have to tell you about it later.现在剩下的时间不多了,我只好以后再给你讲这件事。
(2) such...that"如此……以致",具体内容是:①such +形容词+名词+that从句。
其中的名词可以是可数名词的单数或复数,也可以是不可数名词。
② such +a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句,可换成so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句。
考研英语长难句:多重复合句(1)
考研英语长难句:多重复合句(1)考研英语复习在暑假期间需要对难题进行初步的认知和复习,今天凯程考研为大家总结一些考研英语常见长难句希望可以对考研考试有所帮助。
Early promise to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produced.【分析】多重复合句。
主句主干为Early promise came much slower。
不定式结构to end ... Mixed origin 作promises 的后置定语; because 引导原因状语从句,其中包含省略了引导词的定语从句such policies produced,该定语从句修饰revenue。
【译文】先前结束印第安人纳贡和停止向混血人种征税的承诺实现起来就缓慢得多,因为这些新兴国家仍然这些政策带来的财政收入。
His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.【分析】多重复合句。
主句主干为His argument is...。
第一个that 引导表语从句,第二个that 引导定语从句,修饰pressure。
【译文】他的观点是:这些人非同寻常的经理使其承受了独特的进化压力,从而形成了这一看似矛盾的状况。
【点拨】result in 意为“导致了...”;需注意它与result from 的区别,后者意为“由...引起的,起因于”。
语法重难点解析复合句的构成与用法
语法重难点解析复合句的构成与用法复合句是由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成的句子。
而从句又可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三种。
本文将对复合句的构成和用法进行详细解析。
一、名词性从句名词性从句可以在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
常见的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。
1. 主语从句主语从句在句子中充当主语,常由连接词that引导。
例如:- That he passed the exam is a great relief to his parents. (他通过考试让他的父母松了一口气。
)2. 宾语从句宾语从句在句子中充当宾语,常由连接词that或疑问词引导。
例如: - He didn't know where he should go next. (他不知道接下来他应该去哪里。
)3. 表语从句表语从句在句子中充当表语,常由连接词that或疑问词引导。
例如: - The important thing is that you try your best. (重要的是你要尽力而为。
)二、定语从句定语从句用于修饰某个名词或代词,常由连接词that、which、who、whom或whose引导。
例如:- The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting. (我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。
)定语从句可以是限制性或非限制性的。
限制性定语从句是对先行词进行必要的限定,如果去掉从句整个句子的意思就会有所改变;非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行额外的说明,如果去掉从句整个句子的意思仍然完整。
三、状语从句状语从句用于修饰主句或其中的某个成分,并表达时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、方式、让步等关系。
常见的状语从句有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句和让步状语从句。
1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句用来表达动作发生的时间,常由连接词when、while、as、before、after等引导。
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析mass
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.先找生词。
possibility 可能性;mass 大批量的;extinctions 灭绝;recur 再发生;periodically 周期性地;hypotheses 假说;companion 同伴;long-period 长周期的;orbit 轨道;deflecting 脱离;meteors 流星;causing 导致;widespread 广泛的;devastation 破坏;再找主干。
本句是主从复合句。
the possibility+同位语从句+状语部分。
同位语从句:that(先行词,不做成分)mass extinctions(主语)may recur(谓语)periodically(状语),大灭绝周期性地发生;The possibility(主语)has given rise(谓语)to such hypotheses (宾语)as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits(做hypothesis 的同位语),这种可能性引起了这样的假说:一颗有着长周期轨道的伴星使得其他天体脱离了正常轨道;(动名词做状语,表示伴随状态)making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.像流星一样地落到地球上从而导致了大面积的破坏影响;句子翻译。
考研英语长难句精讲 第二章 复合句分析
第二章复合句分析【名词性从句】复合句?I like it.主谓宾I like playing games.主谓宾I like what you said in the meeting.主谓宾宾语(成分)从句(地位)主语从句表语从句【名词性从句】三种句子(陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句)充当四种成分(主、宾、表、同)。
1、陈述句Jay is cool.→注意:that在名词性从句中没有成分!It is a truth.主系表I know it.主谓宾The truth is it.主系表The truth it is important.主同系表That Jay is cool is a truth.主语从句It is a truth that Jay is cool.To meet you is my pleasure.It is my pleasure to meet you.形式主语:it be/v…that…/to doI know that Jay is cool.宾语从句I know Jay is cool.注意:宾语从句中that可以省略The truth is that Jay is cool.表语从句The truth that Jay is cool is important.同位语从句2、Is Jay cool?-II宾语从句The question isThe question is表语从句The questionThe question is important.同位语从句3、Who is Jay?is a question.主语从句It is aI knowThe表语从句The important.同位语从句一、名词性从句上来就是that/6w,那么一般就是主语从句,主语从句在v2结束。
第一步,找到主语从句,并代替为字母(A)第二步,分析主句第三步,分析从句(A),然后代入1)That experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious activity called memory.That experiences influence subsequent behavior(主语从句)is evidence of an obvious activity called memory.注意:区分过去时vs过去分词Do–did–doneCall–called–calledTom called…→过去时(谓语动词)The book called…→过去分词(后置定语)被称作。
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析seems
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析1.Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.先找生词。
Consequently 结果;normal 正常的;accord with(与…)一致;符合;requirements 需求;再找主干。
本句是主从复合句。
句子不是很长,但是看起来有怪怪的。
主句nothing seems good or normal;从句that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.本句的难点在于双重否定,初看句子的时候,可能会一下子转不过弯来,我碰到这种双重否定的句子,都是把它们变成肯定的句子。
这句话中,把nothing改成something,然后从句中的not去掉,意思不变,类似于数学中的负负得正。
nothing(something)seems good or normal that does (not)accord with the requirements of the free market.nothing(主语)seems(谓语)good or normal(宾语);没有什么看上去是对的或者是正常的that(主语,指代nothing)does not accord with(谓语)the requirements of the free market(宾语).不符合自由市场的需求。
句子翻译没有任何不符合自由市场的需求看上去都是对的或者是正常的。
也就是说:任何符合自由市场的需求看上去都是对的或者是正常的。
2.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-markets economic theories先找生词。
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析device
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).先找生词。
device策略;structural结构上的;compromise折中;cannonball 炮弹球;sculptor雕刻家;internal内在的;braces支架;iron铁;再找主干。
本句是主从复合句。
主干:that is clear from the fact;that引导的主语从句+同位语从句;this device(从句主语)was(系动词)a necessary structural compromise(表语),这种策略在结构上做了必要的折中;That(主语)is(系动词)clear(表语)from the fact(状语),(我们)清楚地从这样的事实中看到:the cannonball(主语)quickly disappeared (谓语),这个炮弹球很快就不见了;(同位语从句中的状语从句)when sculptors(主语)learned(谓语)how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (状语),当雕刻家们知道如何用铁架子加强雕塑的内部结构时;iron being much stronger than bronze(插入语),铁比铜要更加坚固;句子翻译。
考研英语语法重难点精解动词
考研英语语法重难点精解动词情态动词+完成时 1. must have done表示对过去的肯定推测“一定发生了“。
例句:My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?” (1996 年第 2 题)分析:该句是复合句,the moment后引导一个时间状语从句;定语从句 I met前省略了关系代词whom。
译文:当我走进房间时,我的疼痛一定很明显。
因为我遇到的第一个人就同情地问我:“你还好吧?”2.can t have done表示对过去的否定推测“一定没发生“。
例句: You can t have seen him in his office last Sunday; he s been out of town for several weeks. 分析:该句是并列句。
译文:你上周日不可能在办公室见到他,因为他已经离开本镇好几个星期了。
3.could/may have done表示对过去的肯定推测,语气弱于must have done”很可能发生了”。
例句: Nelson could have won the game, with a little more training and a better manager o分析:该句是简单句,with a little more training and a better manager 相当于一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句,即:If he had had a little more training and a better manager. 译文:如果尼尔森再多加强训练,再有一个好的教练,他就能赢得比赛。
例句:The current state of affairsmay have been encouraged—though not justified—by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage.(选自2007年Text 4)分析:该句是复合句,though not justified的完整形式应是though it is not justified,其中it指代破折号前所叙述的内容。
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析gender
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.先找生词。
Inequalities 不平等的;gender 性别;existed 存在;pastoralist 游牧;softened 软化;absence 缺失;steep极具的;hierarchies 等级制度;communities 社区;requirement 条件;acquire 获得;military 军事的;再找主干。
本句是并列复合句,由三个简单句组合而成。
Inequalities(主语)of gender(定语)have also existed(谓语)in pastoralist societies(状语),在游牧社会中男女不平等依旧存在;but(连接词,表转折)they(主语,指代inequality)seem to have been softened (谓语,被动语态)by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities(状语),但是这种不平等差距由于在大多数社区内财富差距的减少而弱化;and(连接词,这里省略了they seem to have been softened)also by the requirement(同位语从句)that women(从句主语)acquire (谓语)most of the skills(宾语)of men(定语), including, often, their military skills(定语).同样这种不平等差距减少也是由于这样的条件,即:女性需要拥有男性的大多数技能,包括作战能力。
考研英语语法重难点解析
考研英语语法重难点解析考研英语语法重难点解析代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致,或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。
下面是小编为你整理的“考研英语语法重难点解析(代词)”,希望能帮助到您。
一、人称代词(一)人称代词的主格、宾格人称代词的主格在句中作主语、表语,宾格作及物动词或介词的宾语,主格和宾格不可混用。
例句:When school was over,Jack and me went home together.分析: me应改为I,因为它处在主语的位置上。
例句:Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect. (1996年第14题)分析:该句是复合句,其中which a person smokes是修饰each cigarette的定语从句,he指代前面的`a person。
译文:一个人吸的每一支烟都对他的身体有害,最终他将因吸烟患上一种严重的疾病。
(二)it的用法1.代替除人以外的一切生物或事物(可代替单个词、词组或句子)。
例句:The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. (2000年第19题)分析:该句是复合句,其中he composes是省略了关系代词which/that的定语从句,修饰the moment, 而almost as much as the composer作状语修饰enjoys。
译文:理想的听众是当音乐奏响时既能置身其中又可超然其外的人,并且几乎可以像作曲家在创作音乐时那样享受音乐。
考研英语语法重难点精解
考研英语语法重难点精解(1):名词的单复数第一章词类第一节词类名词(Noun)硕士研究生考试有关名词的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数、名词的单复数形式、集体名词在数上的主谓一致和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单复数同形的问题。
一、名词的单复数(一)不可数名词a little/some/much/considerable/a great(good)deal of/a lot of(lots of)/plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of(大量的)+不可数名词例句:The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator,who lived in15th century.(1995年第14题)分析:该句是复合句,其中that man...navigator是一个独立主格结构,进一步解释说明one man;who lived...是非限制性定语从句,解释说明Prince Henry。
译文:葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉,此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。
例句:If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(选自2009年Part C)分析:该句是复合句。
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析whether
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.先找生词。
agreement 协议;whether 是否;methodology 方法论;refers (to)提及;concepts 概念;peculiar (to)特有的;historical 历史的;(in)general 总体上;appropriate 恰当的;various 各种的;inquiry 调查;再找主干。
本句是主从复合句。
主句There is no agreement +whether引导的同位语从句。
There is(there be 句型)no agreement ,没有达成一致的观点;whether(引导词)methodology(主语)refers to(谓语)the concepts (宾语)peculiar to historical work(定语)in general (定语),方法论指的是一般历史工作特定的概念;or (连接词)to the research techniques(宾语)appropriate to the various branches(定语)of historical inquiry(定语).还是适用于不同历史工作分支的研究技术;句子翻译没有达成一致观点的是方法论指的是一般历史工作特定的概念还是适用于不同历史工作分支的研究技术;调整一下语序:方法论指的是一般历史工作特定的概念还是适用于不同历史工作分支的研究技术,这还没有达成一致的观点。
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析wealth
考研英语长难句重难点详解分析Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class.先找生词。
Inequalities 不平等;rank 地位;certainly 肯定地;existed 存在;pastoralist 放牧人;military 军队的;conquest 征服;normally 通常;slight 轻微的;generate 引起;stable 稳定的;hereditary 世袭的;hierarchies 等级制度;implied 暗示;term 术语;再找主干。
本句是并列复合句。
主句1+主句2(+定语从句)Inequalities(主语)of wealth and rank(定语)certainly exist (谓语), 财富和地位的不平等当然是存在的;and (并列词)have probably existed (谓语)in most pastoralist societies(宾语), but except in periods of military conquest(状语),不平等可能存在大部分的牧民社会,但是要除去军队占领时期;they(主语,)are(系动词)normally too slight(表语)to generate the stable(定语), hereditary(定语)hierarchies(宾语),(too…to…太…以至于不能….),不平等(差距)通常太小以至于不能建立稳定的世袭制度;(定语从句,修饰hierarchies)that (引导词,又做主语)are (系动词)usually implied by(被动语态)the use of the term class(状语).世袭制度往往意味着通过使用等级这个术语。
2020考研英语:翻译复合句的分析
2020考研英语:翻译复合句的分析考研英语有许多题目组成,方便大家及时了解,下面由小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语:翻译复合句的分析”,持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2020考研英语:翻译复合句的分析一、两个关键问题1、理解不到位。
解决方法:从结构入手五大基本句型:①主+谓 I smiled.②主+谓+宾 I like you.③主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart.④主+谓+宾+宾补 You make me crazy.⑤主+系+表 You are so pretty.只要我们在分析句子的时候,先抓住句子的主干,就可以掌握本句的主要意思。
然后再去分析其他的修饰成分,修饰成分包含:定语、状语、补语,以及插入语。
举例:(94年翻译72题) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.方法:先找主干结构:主语、谓语、宾语、修饰成分参考译文:多年以来,工具和技术他们本身作为一个根本革新的源泉在很大程度上已经位历史学家和科学哲学家所忽视。
复合句:先抓住句子的主句,再看看有没有什么从句:包含状语从句,定语从句,名词性从句这三种从句。
举例:94年74题:Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth..(注意:两个That)参考译文:伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个把新发明的望远镜对准太空以证明行星是围绕太阳转而不是围绕地球转。
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考研英语语法重难点精解复合句定语从句(Attributive Clause)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词,定语从句必须置于先行词之后,定语从句是研究生及四、六级等各类考试的常考点,也是语法重点,本节将着重讲解:1. 引导词关系代词:which, that, who(m), whose,as关系副词:when, where, why例句: Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. (选自2011年Text 3)分析:该句是复合句。
其中,for example作插入语,a stand alone media property与BabyCenter为同位语关系;that promotes complementary and even competitive products是一个定语从句,修饰BabyCenter。
译文:例如,强生公司创建了宝宝中心网站,它是一家独立的媒体资产,用于推广互补的甚至是竞争性的产品。
例句: This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (1996年第72题)分析:该句是复合句,主干部分为This trend began during the Second World War,when引导一非限制性定语从句修饰the Second World War;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是修饰the conclusion that...这一同位语从句中demands的定语从句,而同位语从句的主干为the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail,其中make demand of sb. /sth.意为“向某人或某事提出要求”。
译文:这种趋势始于第二次世界大战,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
例句: One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. (选自2011年Part B)分析:该句是复合句。
其中,主句的主干部分是One reason is that they can cut across the insistence;why it is hard to design and teach such courses是一个定语从句,修饰reason;that liberal arts educations and professional education should...in different schools是insistence后的同位语从句。
译文:这种课程很难设计和讲授的原因之一就是它们打破了美国顶尖大学一贯坚持的原则:人文教育与专业教育应该独立,并在不同的学院讲授。
2.关系代词引出的定语从句和关系副词引出的定语从句考试中涉及定语从句的考点经常是选关系词,而区分关系代词和关系副词是做题依据,关系代词中除whose在句中作定语外,其他各词均在句中作主语或宾语,即除去关系代词后,其后不是一个完整的句子;而关系副词在句中作状语,即除去关系副词后,其后是一个完整句子。
例句: I ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school with twenty years ago.(画线部分不是一个完整的句子)(1998年第8题)分析:该句是复合句,whom引导的定语从句修饰a girl,其中短语be with sb. at school,意为“在学校与某人是同学”。
译文:我与一个二十年前和我在一起读书的女孩一直保持着友谊。
例句: Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.(画线部分是一个完整句子)(选自1999年Text 3)分析:该句是复合句。
主干部分为this is unlikely to produce...in a country,形容词短语as large as ours 和定语从句where the economy is spread over...都修饰country, is spread over和involves在定语从句中作并列谓语。
译文:另外,像我们这样一个经济发展遍及很多地区,涉及很多跨国公司的国家,职业教育也不可能培养出各种职业所需要的专业人才。
3.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句根据其与先行词关系的密切程度分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句是把主从句看作一个整体,因而关系紧密,不用逗号隔开,从句去掉后,主句不能单独成立;非限制性定语从句是把主从句分开考虑,因而关系松散,通常用逗号隔开,从句去掉后,主句也能单独成立,在引导词中除关系代词that和关系副词why 外,其他均可引导非限制性定语从句。
例句: It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (1999年第75题)分析:该句是复合句,介词短语to traditional historians与to social science historians并列,每个介词短语都由各自的定语从句来修饰。
译文:这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社会科学派。
前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论,后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
例句: By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity. (选自1998年Cloze Test)分析:该句是复合句,主干部分为they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750 a period of great abundance and prosperity,非限制性定语从句when England was still a completely agricultural country修饰hundred years。
译文:相比之下,他们认为从1650年到1750年的100年间,虽然英国还是一个完全的农业国,但这一时期是富裕和繁荣的时期。
例句: Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well orchestrated social media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social news site Digg. (选自2011年Text 3)分析:该句是复合句。
其中,主句的主干部分是Toyota Motor alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year;介词短语with a relatively quick and well orchestrated socialmedia response campaign作状语,表示方式,修饰动词alleviated;which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites...是一个非限制性定语从句,修饰campaign。
译文:例如,丰田汽车公司通过发动相对迅速、精心安排的社交媒体回应活动,包括在微博Twitter和社会新闻网Digg等网站上与消费者直接互动,缓解了今年早期的召回危机所造成的部分损失。
4.介词+which/whom引导的定语从句如果which或whom在定语从句中作介词宾语,那么该介词可以置于从句前,这种定语从句修饰人时,介词后只用whom,修饰物时只用which,不能用that,因为介词后接that意思发生改变,如in+that=because引导原因状语从句,另外介词+which还可等同于关系副词,如in/on,at+which=when/where, for which= why。