应用化学专业英语复习资料全
应用化学专业英语复习资料全
一单词短语1.Molecule 分子molecular 分子的2.chemical process 化学过程 element 元素3.atom 原子attraction 吸引力4.repulsion 排斥力 distillation 蒸馏、n5.distill 蒸馏v rectification 精馏position 构成 structure 结构7.property 性质 mass 质量8.atomicweight 原子量 atomic number 原子序数9.ionization energy 电离能 period 周期10.g r o u p族f a m i l y族11.transition group 过渡族 main group 主族12.ion 离子substitution 取代反应13.elimination 消除反应nucleophilic 亲核的14.nucleophilie 亲核试剂electrophilie亲电试剂15.alkyl 烷基的 functional group 官能团16.halides 卤素的 leaving group 离去基团17.transition state过渡态 intermediate 中间体18.reactant 反应物product 生成物19.concentration 浓度 rate equation 速率方程20.constant 常数ether 醚21.endothermic 吸热的substrate 反应底物22.mechanism 机理 reagen 试剂23.alkene 烯烃 exothermic 放热的24.A n i o n阴离子n i t r o g e n氮气25.Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物 carbonhydrate 碳水化合物26.Alkane 烷烃substituent 取代基27.Isomerism 同分异构现象isomer 同分异构28.Vinyl 乙烯基derivatives 衍生物29.acid halides 酰卤 acid anhydrides 酸酐30.e s t e r s酯a m i d e酰胺31.ammonia NH3 Acetic anhydride 乙酸酐32.phenol 芬acid—base titration 酸碱滴定33.precipitation 沉淀analyses 化学分析员34.IR 红外 UV紫外 MS质谱 GC色相色谱HPLC高效液相色谱 TLC薄层色谱 X—rayX射线衍射二选词填空1、We can now easily account for many things, whichwere thought to be mysterious by the ancients2、the acid acts on the metal and a gas is givenoff.3、you should adapt yourself to new ways of lookingat matters4、electrolytes have more pronounced effect oncolligative properties than do nonelectrolytes. 5、if water in these lakes evaporated at the samerate as fresh water ,both would nearly dry upin a matter of year.6、both laks evaporated very slow compared with afresh lake or even the ocean.7、a property that depends only on the relativeamounts of solute and solvent is know as acolligative property.8、for example ,both NaCl (ionic) and HCl （polarcovalent）are classified as electrolytes because they form ions in aqueous solution.9、when compounds such as NaCl and HCl aredissolved in water ,the effect is obvious.10、if the wires is cut ,the light goes outbecause the circuit is broken.11、when wires are attached to a charged batteryand then to a light bulb ,the light shinesbrightly.12、glass and wood as well as pure water areexamples or nonconductors of electricity.13、other substances resist the flow of electricityand are known as nonconductors or insulators. 14、it has long been known that the presence of asolute in water may affect its ability toconduct electricity.15、when the collection of papers was first broughtout ,it was well received by the reviewers.16、in the same way the dozen or so most commonkinds of kinds of atoms can be put together in many millions of different ways to makemolecules .17、elements are made up of tiny fundamentalparticles called atoms. Fundamental, as it is used here ,means that they cannot be further dividedby any chemical metheods.18、each element has atoms that is different fromthe atoms of other elements.19、it would not be quite round; on the contraryit would consist of three parts represented byspheres.20、it is not to be summed up in a singleproduct or word ,but in an idea or basicconcept.21、the chemical symbol of an element may stand theelement for.22、the rate of a chemical reaction is influencedby several factors such as temperature ,concentration of reagents , particlesize ,light ,and catalyst.23、all forms of life in earth are very dependenton chemical reactions or chemical changes.24、a chemical reaction occurs when elements andcompounds react together to produce differentcompounds , or when compounds break down intosimpler compounds or elements.三无机物的命名H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na SodiumK Potassium Mg Magnesium Ca CalciumMn manganese Cu copper Zn zincFe iron Hg mercury Ag silver Au gold C Carbon Si SiliconPb Lead Al Aluminium F FluorineCl Chlorine Br Bromine I IodineO Oxygen S Sulfur N NitrogenP Phosphorus1.直呼其名，即读其元素名称 + ion如：Na+ sodium ionK+ potassium ion2.对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous 表示低价，-ic 表示高价如：Cu+ copper (Ⅰ) ion 或 cuprous ionCu2+ copper (Ⅱ) ion 或 cupric ionFe2+ iron (Ⅱ) ion 或 ferrous ionFe3+ iron (Ⅲ) ion 或 ferric ion3.含氢酸根：酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono- di - tri- tetra - penta- hexa-hepta- octa- nona- deca-举例：CO32- carbonate ionHCO3- hydrogen carbonate ionPO43- phosphate ionHPO42 hydrogencarbonate ionH2PO4- dihydrogenphosphate ion4.结晶水读做hydrate ，结晶水的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono-di - tri- tetra - penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-CuSO4· 5H2O copper(Ⅱ) sulfate pentahydrateAlCl3 · 6H2O aluminum chloride hexahydrate5.测试Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide AlCl3 aluminum chlorideFeBr2 iron(II) bromide CaSO4 calcium sulfate ZnCO3 zinc carbonate HF hydrofluoric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid NO2 nitrogen dioxide CuO copper(II) oxide Al2O3 aluminum oxide NaHSO3 sodium hydrogen sulfiteKMnO4 potassium permanganateNaClO sodium hypochloride四有机物的命名1)命名正烷基时，只需把烷烃的词尾“-ane换成“-yl”，加在相应的烷烃的字首后2)字母规则：Butyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Neopentyl>tert-Pentyl>Propyl3)环烷烃：只需在所对应的烷烃前加上cyclo-即可4)有些结构较复杂的烷基，需添加词头5)烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷” (ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne)，后缀前加上不饱和键的编号即可。
应用化学专业英语及答案
黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）1.过滤2.浓缩3.结晶化4.吸附5. 蒸馏6．超临界的7.二氯甲烷8.热力学平衡9.亲电性10.表面张力11.共轭的12.酮13.平衡常数14.丙基15.丁基16.亚甲基18.环己酮19.同位素20.标准熵二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. methyl propanoate2. rate constant3. ethyl methyl ketone4. free energy5. radical intermediate6. isobutyl methyl ether7. 3-chloropropene8. primary radical9. n-propyl bromide10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons12. local magnetic fields13. tetramethylsilane14. mass to charge ratios15 phenylamine16 amide17. amine18. nucleophile19. perchlorate20. carbocation三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points）A卷【第1页共 3 页】1. We can see why benzene is stable: according to resonance theory, the more resonance forms a substance has, the more stable it is. Benzene, with two resonance forms of equal energy, is therefore more stable and less reactive than a typical alkene.2. Membranes can be defined essentially as barrier, which separates two phases and restricts transport of various chemicals in a selective manner. A membrane can be homogenous or heterogeneous, symmetric or asymmetric in structure, solid or liquid, can carry a positive or negative charge or be neutral or bipolar. Transport through a membrane can be effected by convection or by diffusion of individual molecules, induced by an electric field or concentration, pressure or temperature gradient. The membrane thickness may vary from as small as 100 micron to several mms.3. The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina, because they present enormous surface areas per unit weight.A surface already heavily contaminated by adsorbates is not likely to have much capacity for additional binding, but further heating will drive off these compounds to produce a surface with high adsorptive capacity.Temperature effects on adsorption are profound, and measurements are usually at a constant temperature. Graphs of the data are called isotherms. Most steps using adsorbents have little variation in temperature.A卷【第2页共 3 页】4. In the absence of peroxides, hydrogen bromide adds to peopene via the Markovnikov pathway to yield isopropyl bromide. In the presence of peroxides, however, the order of addition is reversed, and the product is n-propyl bromide; the addition in this case is said to be anti-Markovnikov. This is interpreted in terms of initiation of the addition reaction by bromine atom, rather than by a proton, as is the case for electrophilic addition.四、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese（20 points）1．Benzene and its derivatives can be nitrated using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid. The temperature must be controlled to prevent more than one nitro-group going in.2. Benzene can be made to react with halogen derivatives using aluminium chloride as a catalyst. This is called a Friedel-Crafts reaction.can be sulphonated by reacting it with fuming sulphuric acid(oleum). The benzene reacts with sulphur trioxide in the oleum.benzene is converted into ethylbenzene by reacting it with ethene. The ethylbenzene (also called styrene) is used to make polystyrene.黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷参考答案及评分标准考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）2. concentrate 4. adsorption chlorideequilibriumtensionconstant14. propylmagneticresonanceentropy二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. 丙酸甲酯2. 速率常数3. 甲乙酮4. 自有能5. 自由基中间体6. 异丁基甲醚7. 3-氯丙烯8. 伯自由基9. 正丙基溴化10. 键能11.循环电子12. 局部电磁场13. 四甲基硅烷14. 质荷比15.苯胺16.氨基化合物17.胺18亲核试剂19.高氯酸盐20.碳正离子三、Translation the following into chinese （50 points）1．依据共振理论，物质具有的共振式越多就越稳定。
化学专业英语词汇资料
化学专业英语复习题1.构成原子最重要的的粒子是质子，中子和电子，原子的质量是由核中质子和中子数近似确定的：The most important constitute atomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons. The total mass of an atom is determined. Very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.2、在元素周期表中,元素的性质是随着原子数周期性变化的，每个周期以活泼的金属元素开始，活泼的非金属结束。
从左到右，非金属性逐渐增强，金属性逐渐减弱。
In the periodic table ，the nature of elements changed cyclically with atomic number ,each period begins with a very reactive metal right ,elements show decreasing metallic character and increasing metallic character .3．当需要在一个官能团化合物的某一个活性选择性的进行反应时，其他活性基团暂时性的被保护起来。
很多保护基已经或正在发展用于这个目的。
When a chemical reaction is to be carried out selectively at one reactive site in a multifunctional compound, other reactive sites must be temporarily blocked, many protective groups have been, and are being developed for this purpose.4、常温下，烷烃和浓硫酸，沸硝酸等不发生化学反应。
应用化学专业英语-Lesson-2..
• Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
• Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element.
• Chemical reactions involve only the rearrangement of atoms; atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
• Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom is due to the nucleus.
• Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.
Some Complex Ions
Name Carbonate Nitrate Phosphate Dihydrogen Phosphate Sulfate Sulfite Thiosulfate Perchlorate Chlorite Cyanide Chromate
应用化学专业英语lesson10ChemicalEquilibriumandkinetics
NH3
Add more NH3?
Reaction shifts to the left [N2] and [H2] inc
5 - 35
Le Chatelier’s principle
Adding Pressure affects an equilibrium with gases
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
Keq =
[ NH3 ] 2 [ N2 ] [ H2 ] 3
2 NH3(g)
5 - 33
Le Chatelier’s principle
Stress causes shift in equilibrium Adding or removing reagent
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
Temperature: 2. Higher Temperature:
Faster cars More collisions
More Energy More collisions
Reacting molecules move faster, providing colliding molecules w/ Eact.
At this point, equilibrium is achieved. Time
5 - 26
Figure 9.8
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
At Equilibium
2SO3(g)
SO2(g)+O2(g)
Initially
SO3(g)
Initially
5 - 27
Figure 9.9
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
应用化学专业英语 -无机化学命名
(3) 基本元素有多种价态 酸：最低氧化态(次酸) 基础元素(前缀 hypo-, 后缀 -ous) +acid 较低氧化态(亚酸) 基础元素加后缀-ous + acid 较高氧化态 (正酸) 基础元素加后缀-ic + acid 最高氧化态(高酸) 基础元素(前缀 per-, 后缀 -ic) +acid 盐：最低氧化态 阳离子元素 + 基础元素(前缀 hypo-, 后缀 -ite) 较低氧化态 阳离子元素 + 基础元素加后缀-ite 较高氧化态 阳离子元素 + 基础元素加后缀-ate 最高氧化态 阳离子元素 + 基础元素(前缀 per-, 后缀 -ate)
16. K4[Fe(CN)6]; 17. CuSO4· 5H2O 18. Cu2(OH)2CO3 19. NaNH4SO4
1. (NH4)2CO3: ammonium carbonate 2. N2O: nitrogen(Ⅰ) oxide; nitrous oxide ; laughing gas 3. H2SO4: sulphuric acid 4. P4O6 diphosphorus trioxide 5. Al2O3 Aluminum oxide 6. SnCl4 tin(Ⅳ) chloride; stannic chloride; tin terachloride 7. KHSO4 Potassium hydrogen sulfate 8. Cu2S copper(I) sulphide; dicopper sulphide 9. HClO4 perchloric acid
含氧酸及其盐：
(1) 基本元素仅有一种氧化态
酸：基本元素加后缀-ic +acid 例：H2CO3 carbonic acid 盐：阳离子元素+基础元素加后缀-ate 例：Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (2) 基本元素有两种氧化态 酸：基础元素加后缀(-ous 低价态，-ic 高价态) + acid HNO2：nitrous acid HNO3: nitric acid 盐：阳离子元素+基础元素加后缀( -ite低价态，-ate 高价态) NaNO2: Co(NO3)2: sodium nitrite cobalt(II) nitrate or cobaltous nitrate
应用化学专业英语 复习总结
英译汉：1.First, electrons are added one at a time moving from left to right across a period……首先，从左向右横跨一个周期时每次增加一个电子。
当这种情况发生时，最外层电子将受到逐渐增强的核引力，所以电子将更接近原子核而受到其更紧密的束缚力。
其次，在周期表中从上向下移动一列，最外层电子受到核的束缚力将变弱。
这是因为主能级数（屏蔽最外层电子受到核的吸引）在每族向下移动时增加。
这些趋势解释了通过观察元素的原子半径、电离能、电子亲和力和电负性而得到的元素性质的周期性规律。
2.It is important to note that at equilibrium the rates of reaction,rate r and rate f are equilibriummixture are usually not equal……值得注意的是，在化学平衡时的反应速率，正反应速率和你反应速率相等但反应物和生成物的摩尔浓度在平衡混合态时一般不相等。
但是，事实上每种反应物和生成物在平衡时其浓度为定值，因为每种物质在一个反应中的消耗速率与其在相应你反应正的生成速率相等。
在化学平衡提出之前，这种系统被称为动力学平衡状态。
3.This is a mathematical expression of the law of chemical equilibrium which may be stated as follows:When a reversible…………这是化学平衡定律的数学表达式，它可以通过如下所述：当一个可逆反应在给定温度下达到平衡时，在方程式中箭头右边物质的摩尔浓度的积除以左边物质摩尔浓度的积（每种物质浓度的幂等于反应方程式中每种物质的分子数）为定值，4.Analytical chemistry,or the art of recognizing different substances and determining theirconstituents, takes a prominent position among分析化学或鉴定不同物质并测定其成分的技术，因为可以解决每当化学过程被用于科学的或技术性的目的是产生的问题，而在科学应用领域中占显著地位。
应用化学专业英语经典题
1. Hydrogen is prepared by means of _D___ reaction in lab.(a) substitution (b) decomposition (c) addition (d) displacement2. Benzene reaction with Cl2 belongs to __A__a) substitution (b) decomposition (c) addition (d) displacement3. The __C__ elements from monoatomic molecules due to their filled valent electronic configurations.(a) representative (b) transition element (c) inert gas (d) p-block4. Alkenes are produced in __B__ reaction as described below(a) addition (b) elimination (c) displacement (d) substitution5. The __C__ structure of CH4 has been verified by electron diffracxtion because of sp3 hybridization.(a) flat square (b) parellel tetragonal (c) tetrahedral (d) tetragonal6. The octet rile simoly states that an atom tends to gain or lose electrons until there are __B__ electrons in its valent shell(a) 12 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 127. When water combines with pure CuSO4, a __B__ forms(a) hydrogenate (b) hydrate (c) hydrocarbon (d) hydride8. Lyophobic colloid generally have _A___ identity between their molecules and solvent molecules.(a) attraction (b) electrostatic force (c) repulsion (d) electronegativity9. Which of the following has minimum ionization energy D(a) Li (b) Na (c) K (d) Rb10. The seawater is saline solution. To desalinate seawater is the process to _D___ salt component(a) add (b) dilute (c) concentrate (d) remove11. There are(is) __A_ paired electrons in hydrogen(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)412. The valent electronic configuration for fluorine is __C___(a) 1s2 (b) 2s2 (c) (d) is2. 2s2, 2p513. The octet means that the number of electrons in _C___ shell has to be eight.(a) innermost (b) the whole (c) outermost (d) no14. Polysaccarides like cellulose and starch must first be subjected to _A__ to form simpler sugar, such as monosaccarides.(a) dehydration (b) composition (c) hydrolysiis (d) comparsion15. Which of the following belongs to transition metal D(a) S (b) Na (c) He (d) V16 Addition of AgNO3 in a solution generates white AgCl __C__ that does not dissolve in HNO3(a) solvent (b)silica-gel (c) precipitate (d) solvent1. The nature of organic species present depends on the degree of biochemical change of the original plant, C(a) pattern (b) fractions (c) substances (d) ceramics2. I(py)2+ appears to be present in solution C(a) be made (b) be dissolved (c) be detected (d) occurM-F-M bridge bonds invariably have greater M-F distances than corresponding terminal M-F bonds. C(a) seldom (b) strongly (c) usually (d) never4. The chemical potential decreases and both the effect, ., solubility and normal temperature effect. B(a) for example (b) that is to say (c) through (d) approximatelyM-F-M bridge bonds invariably have greater M-F distances than corresponding terminal M-F bonds. A(a) end (b) head (c) initial (d) intermediate6. The corresponding bromine-and chlorine-species are less stable. B(a) compound (b) substances (c) supports (d) elementsH2O2, hydrogen peroxide Na2O2, sodium peroxide Se, selenium F , fluorine Br2, brominePCl3, phosphorus trichloride HI, hydrogen iodide AgI, silver iodide I2, iodine I-, iodideICl3, iodine trichloride Br-, bromide NF3, nitrogen trifluoride ClF7, chlorine heptafluoride CCl4, carbon tetrachloride PF3, phosphorus trifluoride Cl2O7 dichlorine heptoxideHydration--combination with water molecules.1. The _A___ ion can be considered s hydrated proton, H3O+.(a) hydrogen (b) hydroxyl (c) hydronium (d) hydroxo2. Chlorine is bubbled into aqueous sodium bromide, __A__ is liberated(a) bromine (b) dibromide (c) bromide (d) bromide ion3. Which of the following is diatomic molecule D(a) He (b) Ne (c) Ar (d) H24. Which of the following is oxoanion C(a) S2-, (b) HS-, (c) SO42-, (d) H2S1. In addition, for first order model the intercept of the straight line plots of log(qe-qt)against t B(a) therefore (b) Furthermore (c) But (d) Actually2. Most fluorine compounds are obtained from fluorspar via HF B(a) in (b) through (c) of (d) containingSnCl4, tin(IV) chloride FeCl3, iron(III) chloride PbCl4, lead(IV) chloride Sn2+,tin(II) ionCaCl2, calcium chloride I3-, triiodide ion CdCl2, cadmium chloride S2-,sulfide ionHgCl2, mercury(II) chloride FeO, iron(II) oxide Cu2O, copper(I) oxide O2-,oxide ionAlCl3, aluminium chloride CBr4, carbon tetrabromide CdS, cadmium sulfide S22-,disulfide ionZnO, zinc oxide V5+, vanadium(V) ion Cr3+, chromium(III) ion SiO2, silicon dioxideSnCl2, tin(II) chloride H+, hydrogen ion Mg2+, magnesium ion O22-, peroxide ionK+, potassium ion Be2+, beryllium ion Tl+, thallium(I) ion Ti4+, titanium(IV) ionPb2+, lead(II) ion Br-, bromide ion Se2-, selenide ion Ca2+, calcium ion Fe2+, iron(II) ionSn4+, tin(IV) ion Hg2Cl2, mercury(I) dichloride Al3+, aluminium ion1. The diversity of carbon compound is duo to formation of very long chain of carbon atom by the strong carbon-carbon __D__ bond(a) ionic (b) metallic (c) hydrogen (d) covalent2. An inportant quantity, particular for first-order reaction, is _B___ , the length of time required for the concentration of reactant to be decreases to half of its initial value(a) filled (b) half-life (c) half-filled (d) partiallly-filled3. In alkane of CH3CH2CH3, there are _D___ substituents.(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 8 (d) no4. In alkane CH3Ch2CH3, there are __B__ carbons in parent chain(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 8 (d) 85. Environment preotection is a global process which has also included pollution of aquasphere, ., __B__ is polluted.(a) soil (b) water (c) chemical reagent (d) atmosphere3. Reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid will generate __A__.(a) a gas (b) a precipitate (c) aqueous solute (d) emulsionCH2BrCH=C(CH3)CH2CH2CH3, 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-hexene CH3(CH2)10CH3, dodecaneCH3CH=CHCH3, 2-butene CH3(CH2)16CH3, octadecane CCl2=CCl2 tetrachloroetheneCH3CH=CHCH2CH3 2-pentene CH3CH2CH3 propane CH2=CH2 ethenetrans-3-hexene3-ethyl-4-methylhexanezinc chloride hexahydrate zinc sulfate heptahydrateRbMgCl3 magnesium rubidium chloride calcium sulfate dihydrateH4P2O7 diphosphoric acid cadmium chloride hexahydrateCu2(OH)2CO3 copper(II) hydroxide carbonate CsCo(SO4)2 cesium cobalt sulfateH2S2O7 disulfuric acid iron(II) sulfide heptahydrate(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 ammonium iron(II) sulfate K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromatesodium sulfate decahydrate KMnO4, potassium permanganateK2MnO4, potassium manganate MnO4-, permanganate ion MnO2 manganese(IV) oxideCrO3, chromium(VI) oxide CrO42-, chromate ion K2CrO4, potassium chromateCr2O3, chromium(III) oxide H2SO4. Sulfuric acid H2SO3. Sulfurous acid H2S(aq), hydrosulfuric acid As2S3, diarsenic trisulfide H2S(as a gas), hydrogen sulgideSF6, sulfur hexfluoride NaHSO3, sodium hydrogen sulfite HCl(a gas), hydrogen chlorideNaHSO4, sodium hydrogen sulfate ClO3-. Chlorate ion HClO3, chloric acid HCl(aq), hydrochloric acid KVO3, potassium vanadate HVO3, vanadic acid V2O5, divanadium pentoxide VCl3, vanadium(III) chloride Al(NO3)3, aluminium nitrateNaAlO2,sodium alumate Al(OH)3, aluminium hydroxide Fe(NO3)3, iron(III) isopropylcyclohexanetert-butylcyclohexane2-ethyl-1-isobutylcyclohexanecyclopentanecyclopropanenitrateCa(BrO2)2, calcium bromite Na2S, sodium sulfide I-, iodide ion IO2-, ioditeionH2MnO4, manganic acid CaCl2, calcium chloride Na2SO3, sodium sulfiteKI, potassium iodide KIO2, potassium iodite HBrO, hypobromous acidNaBrO, sodium hypobromite NaBr, sodium bromide NaBrO3, sodium bromateKPO3,potassium phosphorate HPO3, metaphosphoric acid K3PO4, potassium phosphorate H3PO4 phosphoric acidm=chlorofluorobenzeneP-bromochlorobenzenem-nitroiodobenzenemethylenecyclohexanem-methylphenol(1-menthylvinyl)benzene 2-methyl-1-penten-3-y2-chloro-1,3-butadi2-propanol 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol2,4-hexadiene-1,6-diol4-hexen-2-olcis-1,2-dimethyl-1,2-cyclopentatrans-1,2-dimethyl-1,2-cyclopent2-propynol1,3-cyclohexadiene(1-methylvinyl)cyclopentanebenzylcyclohexanephenylcyclohexane diphenylmethane1-penten-3-yne 2,5-heptadiyne 1,3-diphenylpropaneCyclohexane-1,2-diol2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,44-hexene-1,2-diolallylbenzene vinylcyclohexane3-butynal ethanenitrilcyclohexanecarboxylic acid cyclohexanedicarboxylic1,2-cyclohexanedinitrile ethanamide ethanyl chloridesec-butylethanoate4-methoxyphenol 2,5-hexanedione dimethyl1. Alkenes and alkynes are classified into __B_ compound(a) cyclic (b) unsaturated (c) aromatic (d) straight chain2. The general formula R-C=N-O is called cyanate, while R-N=C=O is called _B__(a)cyano (b) isocyanate (c)nitrile (d) cyanide3. Reaction between __C__ chloride and sodium hydroxide will release a pungent gas.(a) amino (b) amine (c) ammonium (d) ammonia4. Which of the following belons to triprotic acid D(a) HNO3 (b) H2SO4 (c) HNO2 (d) H3PO45. Animal and vegetable oil and fat are a more specialized source of a limit number of __C__ compounds, including fatty acid such as CH3(CH2)16COOH and a long chain alcohol as CH3(CH2)11OH(a) petroleum (b) inorganic (c) aliphatic (d) aromatic6. The general term for species that is active in the interface medium between phase is ___A__.(a) a surfactant (b) a nucleophile (c) an electrolyte (d) an electrophile--------------------------------------------------------------------------1,4-butanedithioldimethyl ethanedioatetetrabutylammonium hydroxidemethanal2-chloro-1,3-butadiene1,3-propanediol2-propanol2-aminophenol3-methylphenolN-methyl-1-aminomethanethanedioic acid1-pentyn-4-one1,2-methoxycyclobutanethyl ethanoate2-butanol-3-one4-cyclopentene-1,2-dinitri。
应用化学专业英语第一单元The-Roots-Of-Chemistry
The Roots Of ChemistryChemistry can be broadly defines as the science of molecules and their transformations.化学可以广泛地定义为科学的分子和他们的转换。
In contrast to mathematics,chemistry is older than people. 与数学不同，化学比人类更久远。
The appearance of life and people on our planet (earth) is most probably the end result of specific chemical processes .生命的出现和人类生活在我们地球上都最可能是特殊化学过程的结果。
Chemical processes have been present in the lives of people from the dawn of history until the present time .化学过程存从古至今存在人们的生活中。
Initially ,these processes were not under our control 最初，这些过程不受我们的控制，,for instance ,the fermentation of fruit juice,the rotting of meat and fish ,and the burning of wood .例如，果汁的发酵，肉和鱼的腐烂，木材的燃烧。
Later on we learned to control chemical processes and to use them to prepare a variety of different products such as food ,metals ,ceramics and leather .后来，我们学着控制化学过程，用它们来准备一系列不同的产品例如食物。
应用化学专业英语
应用化学专业英语Cu—copper Fe—iron Hg—mercury Na—sodium K—potassium Ag—silverNaOH—sodium hydroxide KOH—potassium hydroxide Fe(OH)2—iron(Ⅱ)hydroxide Fe(OH)3—iron(Ⅲ)hydroxide NH4OH—ammonium hydroxideK3[Fe(CN)6]—potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅲ)K4[Fe(CN)6]—potassium hexacyanoferrate(Ⅱ)Ⅰ.Name the following1.(NH4)2CO3Ammonium carbonate2.N2O Nitrous Oxide3.H2SO4Sulfuric acid4.P4O6Phosphorus(Ⅲ)trioxide5.Al2O3Aluminium oxide6.SnCl4Tin(IV)chloride7.KHSO4Potassium hydrogen sulfate8.Cu2S Copper(Ⅰ)sulfide9.HClO4Perchloric acid10.BaCl2Barium chloride11.P4O10Phosphorus(Ⅴ)pentoxide12.NaH Sodium hydride13.Ca(MnO4)2Calcium permanganate14.PF5Phosphorus pentafluoride15.(NH4)2HPO4Diammonium hydrogen phosphateⅡ.Give formulas for the following1.ammonium sulfate(NH4)2SO42.barium iodide BaI23.iron(Ⅱ)sulfate Fe2SO44.potassium permanganate KMnO45.copper(Ⅱ)oxide CuO6.carbonic acid H2CO3Melting point 熔点boiling point 沸点1.Which particles play the most active role in chemical bonding?(a)electrons (b)neutrons (c)protons (d)valence electrons2.An ionic bond is formed when electrons are:(a)completely destroyed (b)compeltely transferred (c)divied (d)equally shared3.Due to the that Ionic compounds have strong intermolecular forces they are at room temperature.(a)bonded covalently (b)gases (c)liquids(d)solids 1-butene trans -2-butenecis -2-butene iso -butene (E )-2-butene (Z )-butene 2-methylpropene1.Draw structure that correspond to the following names.(a)2,2-dimethylpentane (b)4-isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane (c)(Z)-3-menthyl-2-octene (d)(2R,3S)-2,3-pentanediol2.Give the IUPAC name for each of the following structures.(e)(f)(E)-1-methyl-4-ethylcyclohexane(g)(h)(S)-2-chloro-butyraldehyde (2R,3R)-2,3-dichlorobutyric acid补充：(E)-2-chloro-3-methyl-2-octene Nucleophile亲核试剂carbocation碳阳离子Compressible可压缩的incompressible不可压缩的1.A chemical system can be studied from either a or a(n)viewpiont.(A)physical...chenical(B)molecual...atomic (C)Microscopic...macroscopic(D)Mechanic...kinetic2.Is a macroscopic science that studies the interrelationships between the various equilibrium properties of a stystem.(A)Kinetics(B)Thermodynamics (C)Statistical mechanics(D)Quantum chenistry3.In,the molecular and macroscopic levels are related to each other.(A)quantum(B)statistical(C)thermodynamics(D)kinetics4.thermodynamics studies.(A)heat,work,energy,and the changes they produce in the states of systems(B)The relationships between the molecules of a system(C)heat,work,temperature,and the energy they produce in the states of systems(D)heat,energy,and work5.For a(n)system,neither matter nor energy can be transferred between system and surroundings.(A)closed(B)open(C)isolated(D)none of the aboveⅠ.Translate the following from English into Chinese.(1)pollution of the atmosphere(2)nondegradable pollutant大气污染不可降解污染物(3)harmless pollutant(4)interacting chemicals无害污染物相互作用的化学物质(5)threshold level(6)sound pressure level限定值，阈值声压水平(7)speech interference(8)transmission path 语音干扰传输途径Translate the following from Chinese into English.(1)定性分析qualitative analysis (2)分析物analyte (3)准确度accuracy (5)反应速率reaction-rate (5)解吸附作用deserption (6)吸附absorption conduction 热传导convection 对流radiation 辐射Balance and classify each of the following chemical equations as a (1)combination reactions ,(2)decomposition reaction ,(3)displacement reaction ,or (4)partner-exchange reaction.(a))()(2243l O H s Fe H O Fe +→+)(4)(342243l O H s Fe H O Fe +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(b))()()(23g O s KCl s KClO +→)(3)(2)(223g O s KCl s KClO +→decomposition reaction 分解反应(c)steam and hot carbon react to form gasecous hyfrogen and gaseous carbon monoxide.)()()()(22g CO g H s C l O H +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(d))()()(4272aq HClO g O H g O Cl →+)(2)()(4272aq HClO g O H g O Cl →+combination reactions 化合反应(e))()()(22aq HBrO aq HBr O H l Br +→+)()()(22aq HBrO aq HBr O H l Br +→+decomposition reaction 分解反应(f))()()()()(43442243aq PO H s CaSO aq SO H s PO Ca +→+)(2)(3)(3)()(43442243aq PO H s CaSO aq SO H s PO Ca +→+partner-exchange reaction 复分解反应(g)Potassium reacts with water to give aqueous potassium hydroxide and gaseous hydroxide.)()(2)(2)(222g H aq KOH l O H s K +→+displacement reaction 置换反应(h)Solid magnesium carbonate decomposes to form solid magnesium oxide and gaseous carbon monoxide.)()()(23g CO s MgO s MgCO +→decomposition reaction 分解反应Abstract 摘要Results and discussion 结果与讨论Experimental实验References参考文献E-factor影响因素Journal of the American Chemical Society美国化学会志Journal of the Chemical Society化学会志Journal of Organic Chemistry有机化学杂志Tetrahedron四面体'\.._/ ( Wb川ache mical reaction?Acherr山al react i on occurs when subs'孟忘"(tlie reactants) collide （碰撞） with enough energy to rearrange to form different compounds （由e produc时． η1e change in energy由at occurs when a reaction take place is described by thermodynamics （热力学） and the rate or speed at which a reaction occ u rs is described by kfaetics （动力学） . Reactions in which the reactants and produc臼coexist are considered to be in equ山brium （处于平衡）. A chemical equation consists of the chemical formula （化学式） of the reactants，且目the chemical formula of the products. The two are separated by an 一一－ usually read as ”yielas·’and each chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign （加号） . Sometimes a triangle is drawn over the arrow symbol to denote energy must be added to the substances for the reaction to begin. Each chemical formula may be preceded by a scalar （数量的） coefficient ind i cating the proportion （比例） of that substance necessary to produce the reaction in formula. For instance, the formula for the burning of methane (C比＋ 202 →C02 + 2H20) indicates that twice as much 02 as C比is needed, and when they react, twice as much H20 as C02 will be produced.η1is is because during the reaction, each atom of carbon needs exactly two atoms of oxygen to combine with, to produce the C02, and every two atoms of hydrogen need an atom of oxygen to combine with to produce the H20. If the proportions of t he reactants are not respected, when they are forced to react, either not all of the substanc e used will participate in the react i on, or the react i on that will take p l ace will be different from the one noted in the equation.。
应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)
应用化学专业英语(课后答案和课文翻译)Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry I. Comprehension.1.It can be inferred from this article which one of the following items is not mainly based on practical use C. Greek chemistry2. It was B. Empedocless who first introduced the idea that all things are not formed from just one element.3. In the development of Greek chemistry, D. Democritus was the first one definiting the ultimately constituents of matter?4. According to Plato, there are B. 4 �Delements‖ whose faces are constituted by regular polygons.5. In the last paragraph,authors think that experiment DD.can deal with the reactions by which one substance is converted into anotherII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and itis necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also anactivity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a singlemundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereasothers are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there isneither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life,although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a)化学过程； (b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique ofdistillation 2. 正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。
应用化学基础英语
Specialty English甲基methyl乙基ethyl丙基propyl丁基butyl戊基pentyl己基hexyl庚基heptyl辛基octyl壬基nonyl癸基decyl1.烷烃，即饱和烃（saturated group)methyl pentane 甲基戊烷dimethyl pentane 二甲基戊烷（diadem二）dimethyl butane二甲基丁烷tetramethyl pentane四甲基戊烷（tetrad四）2，2，4-trimethylpentane--2,2,4-三甲基戊烷（triad三）2-methyl-3-ethylpentane 2-甲基-3-乙基戊烷根据烷烃的化学性质可进行的反应：氧化反应oxidation reaction取代反应substitution reaction裂化反应cracking reaction2.烯烃C=C烯烃C=C的性质决定它比较容易发生的化学反应有：加氢反应Hydrogenation亲电加成反应Hydrogenation氧化反应oxidation reaction聚合反应polyreaction 烷烃alkane、烯烃alkene、炔烃alkyne、卤代烃halogenated hydrocarbon 、醇alcohol和酚phenol、醚Ether醛aldehyde 、酮ketone 、羧酸carboxylic acid、睛nitrile、胺amine、硝基化合物、硫醇mercaptan 、磺酸sulfonic acid烯烃命名规律命名：1.只有一个双键的不饱和烯烃的命名是通过把相对应烷烃后面的“-ane”用“-ene”代替。
2.如果含有两个以上的双键，则用“-andiene”和“-atriene”代替ane。
乙烯methene丙烯propene戊烯 pentene己烯hexene丙基乙烯propyl ethylene1,4己二烯1,4-hexandiene3.炔烃炔烃Alkynes CnH2n-2为分子中含有碳碳三键的碳氢化合物的总称，其官能团为碳-碳三键（C≡C）。
应用化学专业英语（课后答案和课文翻译）
Unit 1 The Rootsof Chemis tryI. Compre hensi on.1.It can be inferred from this articl e whichone of the followi ng itemsi s not mainly basedon practi c al use C. Greekchemis try2. It was B. Empedo cless who firsti ntrod ucedthe idea that all things are not formed from just one elemen t.3. In the develo pment of Greekchemis t ry, D. Democri tus was the first one defini tingthe ultimatelyconsti tuent s of matter?4. Accord i ng to Plato, thereare B. 4 ―elemen ts‖ whosefacesare consti tuted by regula r polygons.5. In the last paragraph,authors thinkthat experi ment DD.can deal with the reacti ons by whichone substa n ce is converted into anothe rII. Make a senten ce out of each item by rearra nging the wordsin bracke ts.1.The purifi catio n of an organi c compou nd is usuall y a matter of consid erabl e diffic ulty, and itis necess ary to employ variou s method s for this purpos e.2.Scienc e is an ever-increa singbody of accumu lated and system atize d knowle dge and is also anactivi ty by whichknowle dge is genera ted.3.Life, afterall, is only chemis try, in fact, a smallexampl e of chemis try observ ed on a si nglemundan e planet.4.People are made of molecul es; some of the molecul es in people are rather simple wherea sothers are highly comple x.5.Chemist ry is ever presen t in our livesfrom birthto deathbecause withou t chemis t ry therei sneithe r life nor death.6.Mathem atics appears to be almost as humanki nd and also permea tes all aspect s of humanlife,althou gh many of us are not fullyawareof this.III. Transl ation.1.(a)化学过程；(b)自然科学；（c）蒸馏技术(a) chemic al proces s (b) natura l science (c) the techni que of distil latio n2.正是原子构成铁、水、氧等。
应用化学专业英语考试必背
3、 读 法
高温，高压
• 3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.
• 1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.
pale yellow dark brown
2）state
solid
liquid
gas
gaseous
crystalline molten
oily
uncrystalline fused
3）smell
odourless
pungent
penetrating
choking
offensive
sour sweet bitter
CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide
２．化合物负电荷部分的读法：
２.１二元化合物 ２.２ 非金属氢化物 ２.３ 无氧酸 ２.４ 含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 ２.５ 盐
4.2.1 二元化合物
常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化 物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如 ： fluoride ， chloride ， bromide ， iodide ， oxide ， sulfide ， nitride, phosphide, carbide，hydride; OH -的名称也是用后缀-ide：hydroxide， 非金属氢化物不用此后缀，而是将其看成其它二元化合物（见4.２.２）, 非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀， 如O22-: peroxide O2-: superoxide 举例：NaF: sodium fluoride AlCl3: aluminium chloride Mg2N3 : magnesium nitride Ag2S： silver sulfide CaC2: calcium carbide Fe(OH)2：iron(II) hydroxide 有些物质常用俗称，如NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide
应用化学专业英语Unit5-万有志
The Periodic TableAs our picture of the atom becomes more detailed, we find ourselves in a dilemma.当我们对原子了解的越来越详细时，我们发现我们其中处在两难之中己。
With more than 100 elements to deal with, how can we keep all this information straight?由于超过100种元素要处理，我们怎样能理顺所有的信息？One way is by using the periodic table of the elements.一个方法是使用元素周期表。
The periodic table neatly tabulates information about atoms. 周期表整齐地列出了原子信息的表格。
It records how many protons and electrons the atoms of a particular element contain. 它记录了一个具体的元素的原子包含多少质子和电子。
It permits us to calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope for most elements. 它允许我们为大多数元素计算最常见的同位素中的中子的数量。
It even stores information about how electrons are arranged in the atoms of each element. 它甚至储存了每个元素的原子周围是如何安排电子的信息。
The most extraordinary thing about the periodic table is that it was largely developed before anyone knew there were protons or neutrons or electrons in atoms. 关于周期表的最杰出的事情是在任何人知道在原子周围有质子、中子或者电子之前被提出来。
应用化学专业英语
Ensure language is precise, objective, and free of grammar and spelling errors Use appropriate chemical termination
Experimental report writing
Literature reading skills
Analyze the structure of the article
Skim through the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections to get a general understanding of the article
Identify the main points
Pay attention to the main findings, conclusions, and experimental design to understand the significance of the article
Take notes
Special Considerations
Include raw data, tables, figures, and any deviations from the protocol Follow the institutional reporting guidelines
Summary and Introduction Writing
CHAPTER
Academic paper writing
Purpose
To communicate chemical research findings to other disciplines and professionals
应用化学专业英语第二版课后练习题含答案
应用化学专业英语第二版课后练习题含答案Chapter OneMultiple Choice Questions1.The scientific method of problem solving consists of___________. A. observation, experimentation, hypotheses, theory B.experimentation, observation, theory, hypotheses C. observation, hypotheses, theory, experimentation D. hypothesis, theory,experimentation, observationAnswer: A2.Which of the following is NOT one of the key steps involvedin the scientific method? A. Formulating hypotheses B. Building experiments C. Rejecting hypotheses D. Proving hypothesesAnswer: D3.Which of the following is a physical property? A. Density B.Flammability C. Reaction with acid D. RustingAnswer: A4.Which subatomic particle carries a positive charge? A.Proton B. Neutron C. Electron D. AtomAnswer: A5.Which of the following is NOT a chemical change? A. Burningof wood B. Digestion of food C. Melting of ice D. Rusting of ironAnswer: CShort Answer Questions1.What is the difference between a chemical and physicalchange? Answer: A physical change is a change in the physicalproperties of a substance, whereas a chemical change is a change in the chemical properties or composition of a substance.2.What is an atom? Answer: An atom is the smallest particle ofmatter that retns the chemical properties of an element.3.What is a molecule? Answer: A molecule is a group of two ormore atoms that are chemically bonded together.4.What is an element? Answer: An element is a pure substancethat cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.5.What is a compound? Answer: A compound is a pure substancemade up of two or more elements that are chemically bondedtogether.Essay Questions1.What is the scientific method and how is it used to solveproblems in science? Answer: The scientific method is a logical and systematic approach to problem solving in science. It consists of several key steps including observation, hypotheses,experimentation, and theory. Scientists use the scientific method to answer questions and solve problems by gathering data through observation and experimentation, forming hypotheses based on that data, testing those hypotheses through experimentation, andfinally developing theories to expln the results of those experiments.2.Describe the properties of matter and how they are used to differentiate between substances. Answer: Properties of matter can be either physical or chemical. Physical properties include mass, volume, density, color, melting point, boiling point, and solubility. These properties can be used to differentiate between substances by comparing their physical properties. Chemical properties include reactivity, flammability, and toxicity. These properties are used to differentiate between substances based on their chemical behavior under certn conditions.3.Describe the structure of an atom and the role that subatomic particles play in determining chemical behavior. Answer: Atoms have a central nucleus that contns protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in shells or orbitals. Protons carry a positive charge, electrons carry a negative charge, and neutrons carry no charge. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element to which the atom belongs, while the number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical behavior of the atom.4.Expln the difference between a mixture and a pure substance. Give examples of each. Answer: A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together. Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a uniform mixture where the composition is the same throughout, such as saltwater. A heterogeneous mixture is a non-uniform mixture where the composition varies, such as oil and water. A pure substance is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Examples of pure substances include elements such as gold and silver, and compounds such as water and carbon dioxide.5.Expln the difference between a physical change and a chemical change. Give examples of each. Answer: A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance, such as shape, size, or state of matter, without changing its chemical composition. Examples of physical changes include melting ice, boiling water, and cutting paper. A chemical change is a change in the chemical properties or composition of a substance, resulting in the formation of a new substance or substances. Examples of chemical changes include burning of wood, digestion of food, and rusting of iron.。
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一单词短语1.Molecule 分子 molecular 分子的2.chemical process 化学过程 element 元素3.a t o m原子a t t r a c t i o n吸引力4.repulsion 排斥力 distillation 蒸馏、n5.distill 蒸馏v rectification 精馏position 构成 structure 结构7.property 性质 mass 质量8.atomicweight 原子量 atomic number 原子序数9.ionization energy 电离能 period 周期10.g r o u p族f a m i l y族11.transition group 过渡族 main group 主族12.i o n离子s u b s t i t u t i o n取代反应13.e l i m i n a t i o n消除反应n u c l e o p h i l i c亲核的14.nucleophilie 亲核试剂 electrophilie亲电试剂15.alkyl 烷基的 functional group 官能团16.halides 卤素的 leaving group 离去基团17.transition state过渡态 intermediate 中间体18.r e a c t a n t反应物p r o d u c t生成物19.concentration 浓度 rate equation 速率方程20.c o n s t a n t常数e t h e r醚21.endothermic 吸热的 substrate 反应底物22.mechanism 机理 reagen 试剂23.alkene 烯烃 exothermic 放热的24.A n i o n阴离子n i t r o g e n氮气25.Hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物 carbonhydrate 碳水化合物26.Alkane 烷烃 substituent 取代基27.Isomerism 同分异构现象 isomer 同分异构28.V i n y l乙烯基d e r i v a t i v e s衍生物29.acid halides 酰卤 acid anhydrides 酸酐30.e s t e r s酯a m i d e酰胺31.ammonia NH3 Acetic anhydride 乙酸酐32.phenol 芬acid—base titration 酸碱滴定33.precipitation沉淀 analyses 化学分析员34.IR 红外 UV紫外 MS质谱 GC色相色谱HPLC高效液相色谱 TLC薄层色谱 X—rayX射线衍射二选词填空1、We can now easily account for many things, whichwere thought to be mysterious by the ancients2、the acid acts on the metal and a gas is givenoff.3、you should adapt yourself to new ways of lookingat matters4、electrolytes have more pronounced effect oncolligative properties than do nonelectrolytes. 5、if water in these lakes evaporated at the samerate as fresh water ,both would nearly dry upin a matter of year.6、both laks evaporated very slow compared with afresh lake or even the ocean.7、a property that depends only on the relativeamounts of solute and solvent is know as acolligative property.8、for example ,both NaCl (ionic) and HCl （polarcovalent）are classified as electrolytes becausethey form ions in aqueous solution.9、when compounds such as NaCl and HCl are dissolvedin water ,the effect is obvious.10、if the wires is cut ,the light goes out becausethe circuit is broken.11、when wires are attached to a charged battery andthen to a light bulb ,the light shinesbrightly.12、glass and wood as well as pure water areexamples or nonconductors of electricity.13、other substances resist the flow of electricityand are known as nonconductors or insulators. 14、it has long been known that the presence of asolute in water may affect its ability toconduct electricity.15、when the collection of papers was first broughtout ,it was well received by the reviewers.16、in the same way the dozen or so most commonkinds of kinds of atoms can be put together in many millions of different ways to make molecules .17、elements are made up of tiny fundamentalparticles called atoms. Fundamental, as it is used here ,means that they cannot be further dividedby any chemical metheods.18、each element has atoms that is different fromthe atoms of other elements.19、it would not be quite round; on the contrary itwould consist of three parts represented byspheres.20、it is not to be summed up in a single productor word ,but in an idea or basic concept.21、the chemical symbol of an element may stand theelement for.22、the rate of a chemical reaction is influencedby several factors such as temperature ,concentration of reagents , particlesize ,light ,and catalyst.23、all forms of life in earth are very dependenton chemical reactions or chemical changes.24、a chemical reaction occurs when elements andcompounds react together to produce differentcompounds , or when compounds break down intosimpler compounds or elements.三无机物的命名H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na SodiumK Potassium Mg Magnesium Ca CalciumMn manganese Cu copper Zn zincFe iron Hg mercury Ag silver Au gold C Carbon Si SiliconPb Lead Al Aluminium F FluorineCl Chlorine Br Bromine I IodineO Oxygen S Sulfur N NitrogenP Phosphorus1.直呼其名，即读其元素名称 + ion如：Na+ sodium ionK+ potassium ion2.对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous 表示低价，-ic 表示高价如：Cu+ copper (Ⅰ) ion 或 cuprous ionCu2+ copper (Ⅱ) ion 或 cupric ionFe2+ iron (Ⅱ) ion 或 ferrous ionFe3+ iron (Ⅲ) ion 或 ferric ion3.含氢酸根：酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono- di - tri- tetra - penta- hexa-hepta- octa- nona- deca-举例：CO32- carbonate ionHCO3- hydrogen carbonate ionPO43- phosphate ionHPO42 hydrogencarbonate ionH2PO4- dihydrogenphosphate ion4.结晶水读做hydrate ，结晶水的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono- di- tri- tetra - penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca-CuSO4· 5H2O copper(Ⅱ) sulfate pentahydrateAlCl3 · 6H2O aluminum chloride hexahydrate5.测试Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide AlCl3 aluminum chloride FeBr2 iron(II) bromide CaSO4 calcium sulfateZnCO3 zinc carbonate HF hydrofluoric acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid NO2 nitrogen dioxide CuO copper(II) oxide Al2O3 aluminum oxide NaHSO3 sodium hydrogen sulfiteKMnO4 potassium permanganateNaClO sodium hypochloride四有机物的命名1)命名正烷基时，只需把烷烃的词尾“-ane换成“-yl”，加在相应的烷烃的字首后2)字母规则：Butyl>Ethyl>Isopropyl>Methyl>Neopentyl>tert-Pentyl>Prop yl3)环烷烃：只需在所对应的烷烃前加上cyclo-即可4)有些结构较复杂的烷基，需添加词头5)烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷” (ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne)，后缀前加上不饱和键的编号即可。