国际经济法第一章双语
(财务知识)国际经济法英文解汇版
第一章国际经济法总论Merchandise theory 重商主义学说Absolute advantage theory 绝对优势理论学说Comparative advantage theory 比较优势理论学说International economic law 国际经济法World bank (group) = WBG世界银行（集团）World trade organization = WTO 世界贸易组织International monetary fund = IMF国际货币基金组织Treaty on European union 欧盟条约Law of conflict of laws 国际私法/法律冲突法Natural person 自然人Legal person 法人Transnational corporations 跨国公司Quasi-international agreement 准国际协议General agreement on tariffs and trade = GATT 《关税与贸易总协定》UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议/联合国贸发会议EU 欧盟ASEAN 东南亚联盟CCM 加勒比共同市场NAFTA 北美自由贸易区Organization of petroleum exporting countries = OPEC 石油输出国组织UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会WIPO 世界知识产权组织第二章国际货物买卖法United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods = CISG 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》/《销售合同公约》Negotiation 洽商Terms of transaction 交易条件Inquiry 询盘Buying offer = Bid 买方发盘/递盘Selling offer 卖方发盘To sign a contract 签订合同Offer 要约Offeror 要约人Offeree 受要约人Invitation for offer 要约邀请Quotation 报价单Price list 价目表Catalogues 商品目录Specific person 特定的人Sufficiently definite 十分确定Cross offer 碰头要约Withdrawal （要约的）撤回Revocation （要约的）撤销Irrevocable 不可撤销Reasonable time 合理的时间Public offer 公开发盘Acceptance 承诺Late acceptance 逾期承诺Official holidays 正式假日Non-business days 非营业日Mirror-image rule 镜子反射规则Additions 添加Modifications 更改Limitations 限制Material alteration 实质上的变更Received of the letter of acceptance rule 到达生效原则Corporation 公司Firm 商行Partnership 合伙Insurance to be effected by the buyer 保险由买方负责Inspection clause 检验条款Claim clause 索赔条款Confirmation of sales 销售确认书Contract of sales 买卖合同Concurrent condition 对流条件Delivery 交货Take delivery 受领Shipping documents 装运单据Counter-offer 反要约/还盘Right 权利Claim 要求Breach of contract 违约Fundamental breach of contract 根本违反合同Anticipatory breach of contract 预期违反合同Adequate assurance of his performance 提供充分保证Damages 损害赔偿Specific performance 实际履行Repair 修理Declare the contract avoided 宣告合同无效Warsaw-Oxford Rules 《华沙——牛津规则》International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms = Incoterms 《国际贸易术语解释通则》ICC 国际商会Electronic Data Interchange = EDI电子数据交换Departure 启运（E组术语）Main carriage unpaid 主运费未付（F 组术语）Main carriage paid 主运费已付（C组术语）Arrival 到达（D组术语）1.EXW = EX Works……(named place) 工厂交货……（指定地点）2.FCA = Free Carrier……(named place) 货交承运人……（指定地点）3.FAS = Free Alongside Ship……(named port of shipment) 船边交货……（指定装运港）4.FOB = Free on Board……(named port of shipment) 船上交货……（指定装运港），又称离岸价格5.CFR = Cost and Freight……(named port of destination) 成本加运费……（指定目的港）6.CIF = Cost Insurance andFreight……(named port of destination) 成本、保险费加运费……（指定目的港）7.CPT = Carriage paid to……(named port of destination) 运费付至……（指定目的地）8.CIP = Carriage and Insurance paid to……(named port of destination) 运费及保险费付至……（指定目的地）9.DAF = Delivered at Frontier……(named place) 边境交货……（指定地点）10.DES = Delivered Ex Ship……(named port of destinat ion) 目的港船上交货……（指定目的港）11.DEQ = Delivered Ex Quay……( named port of destination) 目的港码头交货……（指定目的港）12.DDU = Delivered Duty Unpaid……(named port of destination) 未完税交货……（指定目的地）13.DDP = Delivered Duty Paid……(named port of destination) 完税后交货……（指定目的地）Equivalent electronic message 相等的电子单证Ship's rail 船舷Document transaction 单证交易Specific goods 特定货物Unascertained goods 非特定货物Specified goods 特定化货物In transit 路货Tender or delivery of goods 提供或交付的货物第三章国际货物运输与保险法律制度Ship owner 船舶所有人Disponent owner 二船东Affreightment in a general ship 件杂货运输合同/零担运输合同/提单运输Liner shipping 班轮运输Charter party = C/P 租船合同Voyage charter party 航次租船合同Single trip C/P 单航次合同Return trip C/P 往返航次租船合同Consecutive single trip C/P 连续单航次合同Consecutive return trip C/P 连续往返航次租船合同Contract of affreightment 包运租船合同Standard form 标准合同形式Gencon “金康”合同Safety port clause 安全港条款Always floating clause 永远漂浮状态条款Time charter party 定期租船合同Baltime 波尔泰定期租船合同Bareboat charter party = charter by demise 光船租赁合同Contract of affreightment 海上货物运输包运合同/海上货物运输总合同Combined transport 联合运输Combined transport contract 多式联运合同Frustration 合同受阻Due diligence to make the ship seaworthiness 谨慎处理使船舶处于适航的状态Deviation 绕航Freight 运费Freight prepaid 预付运费Freight to collect 到付运费Dead freight 亏舱费/空舱费Demurrage 滞期费General average contribution 共同海损费用Package limitation of liability 单位责任限制Sea waybill 海运单Bill of lading = B/L 提单Prima facie evidence 初步证据Conclusive evidence 绝对证据Shipped (or on board) B/L 已装船提单Received for shipped B/L 收货待运提单/备运提单Dock receipt 场站收据Straight B/L 记名提单Bearer B/L = open or blank B/L 不记名提单/空白提单/持票人提单Bearer 持有人To bearer 交与持有人Order B/L 指示提单To order 凭指示To order of ... 凭某某人指示Clean B/L 清洁提单In apparent good order and condition 上列外表状况良好Unclean B/L = claused B/L = foul B/L 不清洁提单Mate's receipt 大副收据Letter of indemnity 保函Long form B/L 全式提单/繁式提单Short form B/L 简式提单/略式提单Direct B/L 直达提单Transshipment B/L 转船提单through B/L 联运提单Ocean through B/L 海上联运提单Contracting carrier 订约承运人Successive carriers 连续的承运人On-carrier 接运承运人Actual carrier 实际承运人Pure ocean through B/L 纯海上联运提单Combined transport B/L 多式联运提单Liner B/L 班轮提单Charter party B/L 租船提单On deck B/L 舱面提单/甲板提单On deck risk 甲板险Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单Advanced B/L 预借提单Electronic B/L 电子提单CMI Rules for Electronic Bill of Lading 《国际海事委员会电子提单规则》Vessel and nationality 船名和船舶国籍Ports of loading and unloading and ofcall 装货地和目的地或中途停靠港地Description ofgoods,marks,packages,numbers,meas urement or weight 货物品名、标志、包装、件数、体积或重量Freight and charges 运费和应当给付承运人的其他费用Date of signing at ... 提单签发的日期、地点和分数Signed by carrier master 承运人或船长签署Name of vessel 船名Carrier 承运人Shipper 托运人Consignee 收货人Notify party 通知人To be notified 需通知Freight payment 运费支付Jurisdiction clause 管辖权条款Paramount clause 首要条款Carrier's liability clause 承运人责任条款Period of carrier's responsibility clause 承运人责任期间条款Loading,Discharging and Delivery Clause 装货、卸货和交货条款Package limitation 赔偿责任限额Deck cargo and live animals clause 甲板货和活动物条款Cargo in container clause 集装箱货物条款Forwarding,Substitute ofvessel,Through carriage and Transhipment clause 转运、换船、联运与转船条款General average clause 共同海损条款New Jason Clause 新杰森条款Both to blame collision clause 互有过失碰撞条款Original B/L 正本提单Copy 副本Non-negotiable 不能流通Letter of indemnity 保函Defraud a third party 对第三者有欺诈的意图Endorsement 背书Assignor 出让人Assignee 受让人Endorsement in blank 空白背书Special endorsement 特定背书International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bill of Lading = The Hague Rules 《统一提单的若干法律规定的国际公约》/《海牙规则》From tackle to tackle “钩至钩”原则Common carrier 公共承运人Private carrier 私人承运人Harter Act 《哈特法》Seaworthiness 船舶适航的标准Loading 装货Handling 搬移Stowage 配载Carrying 运送Custody and caring 保管和照料Discharging 卸货Navigation of ship 驾驶船舶Management of ship 管理船舶Actual fault or privity 实际过失或私谋Inherent vice 固有缺陷Latent defect 潜在缺陷Ejusdem genesis rule 同类规则Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading = The Visby Rules 《关于修订统一提单若干法律规定的国际公约议定书》/《维斯比规则》Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权Breach of contract 违约Tort 侵权行为Himalayan clause 喜马拉雅条款Independent contractor 独立的承包商United Nations Convention on Carriage of Goods by Sea 《1978年联合国海上货物运输公约》/《汉堡规则》Common understanding 共同谅解书International multimodal transport国际多式联运International multimodal transport of goods 国际货物多式联运Container 集装箱Container freight station = CFS 集装箱货运站Port to port 港到港Door to door 门到门运输Uniform Rules for a Combined Transport Document 1973 《联运单证统一规则》Combined transport operator 多式联运经营人/联运人Principal 本人Multimodal transport document 多式联运单证Ocean bill of lading 海洋提单Way bill 铁路运单Air waybill 航空货运单/空运单Convention for Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air = Warsaw Convention 《统一国际航空运输某些规则的公约》/1929年《华沙公约》Hague Protocal 《修改1927年10月12日在华沙签订的国际航空运输某些规则的公约的议定书》/《海牙议定书》Guadalajara convention 《统一非订约承运人所办国际航空运输某些规则以补充华沙公约的公约》/《瓜达拉哈拉公约》Air consignment note = ACN 空运单证/空运托运单CIM 国际铁路货物运输公约CMR 国际公路货物运输公约Wilful misconduct 故意的不当行为Insurance broker 保险经纪人The slip 承保条Insurance policy 保险单Marine insurance 海上保险/水险Valued policy 定值保单Valued insurance 定值保险合同Unvalued policy 不定值保单Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Risk of leakage 渗漏险Risk of clashing & breakage 碰损破碎险Risk of odour 串味险Damage caused by sweating & or heating 受潮受热险Risk damage 钩损险Loss of damage caused by breakage of packing 包装破裂险Risk of rusting 锈损险Special additional risk 特别附加险War risk 战争险Strikes risk 罢工险On deck risk 舱面险Import duty risk 进口关税险Rejection risk 拒收险Failure to deliver risk 交货不到险第四章国际贸易结算与支付法律制度International payment 国际支付Foreign exchange control 外汇管制International Monetary Fund = IMF 国际货币基金组织Forward transaction 远期外汇交易Swap transaction 掉期交易Currency option 外币期权交易Bill 票据Drawer 出票人Drawee = payer受票人/付款人Payee 受款人Negotiation 权利转让Assignment 债权让与Predecessors 前手Holder for value 付了对价的持票人Holder in due course 正当持票人Protected holder 受保护持票人Bill of exchange = draft = bill 汇票Promissory note 本票Check = cheque 支票Issue 出票Preparation 做成Delivery 交付Endorsement 背书Presentment 提示Acceptance 承兑Payment 付款Dishonour 拒付Recourse 追索Electronic funds transfer = EFT 电子资金划拨Originator 发端人Beneficiary 受益人Originator's bank 发端人银行/接受发端人支付指令的银行Intermediary bank 中间银行Beneficiary's bank 受益人银行Remittance 汇付/顺汇Reverse remittance 逆汇Collection 托收Letter of credit 信用证Remitter 汇款人Remitting bank 汇出行Paying bank 汇入行Payee 收款人Mail transfer = M/T 信汇Telegraphic transfer = T/T 电汇Demand draft = D/D 票汇Payment in advance 预付货物Payment after arrival of goods 货到付款Banker's demand draft 银行即期汇票Remittance against documents 凭单付款Principal = customer 委托人/本人/（银行的）客户Subagent 代理人的代理人Remittance letter 托收委托书Privity of contract 合同关系Remitting bank 托收行Collecting bank 代收行Drawee 付款人/汇票受票人Clean collection 光票托收Documentary collection 跟单托收Documents against payment = D/P 付款交单Documents against acceptance = D/A 承兑交单Uniform Rules on the Collection = URC 《托收统一规则》URC522 Collection order 托收指令Collection instruction 托收指示Discount 贴现Application form 开证申请书Applicant 开证申请人Issuing bank 开证行Advising bank 通知行Beneficiary 受益人Negotiating bank 议付行Confirming bank 保兑行Paying bank 付款行Transferee = second beneficiary 受让人/第二受益人Reimbursing bank 偿付银行/清算银行Documentary L/C 跟单信用证Clean L/C 光票信用证Revocable L/C 可撤销信用证Irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证Unconfirmed L/C 不保兑信用证Sight L/C 即期信用证Usance L/C 远期信用证Transferable L/C 可转让信用证Divisible L/C 可分割信用证Revolving L/C 循环信用证Non-revolving L/C 非循环信用证Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证Standby L/C 备用信用证/担保信用证/保证信用证/履约信用证Binding promise 有约束力的允诺Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit = UCP 《跟单信用证统一惯例》UCP600All discrepancies 全部不符点Accounting receivable = A/R 应收账款Factoring 保理Forfaiting = invoice discounting 福费廷/发票贴现/包买票据Securitization 资产证券化Project financing 项目融资The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law = UNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会Origin contract 原始合同Assignment contract 转让合同Assignment 转让Assignor 转让人Assignee 受让人Obligor 债务人Subsequent assignment 后继转让Assignment of international receivables 国际应收款的转让International assignment of receivables 应收款的国际转让Notification of the assignment 转让通知Payment instruction 付款指示Competing creditors 竞合求偿人Trust receipt T/P 信托收据International factoring 国际保付代理/国际保理第五章WTO与中国的对外贸易管理制度GATT 关税与贸易总协定WTO 世界贸易组织IMF 国际货币基金组织Round （各轮贸易谈判）回合Plurilateral trade agreement 诸边贸易协议/复边贸易协议Marrakesh Agreement onEstablishing the World Trade Organization 《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》/《WTO 协定》Forum 场所Doha development agenda = DDA 多哈发展议程Contracting party 缔约方Member 成员方Separate customs territory 单独关税区Chinese Taipei 中华台北Free riding 免费搭车Ministerial conference 部长会议General council 总理事会Council 理事会Committee 委员会Dispute Settlement Body & Appellate Body 争端解决机构与上诉机构Secretariat 秘书处Most-favored-nation Treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇原则GSP 普遍优惠制Enabling clause 授权条款National treatment 国民待遇GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Schedule 减让表TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Transparency 透明度原则Decision: Accession of the People's Republic of China 《关于中华人民共和国加入的决定》Protocol on the Accession of the People's Republic of China 《中华人民共和国加入WTO议定书》Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China 《中国加入工作组报告》Protocol of Provisional Application = PPA = Grandfather clause 《临时适用议定书》/祖父条款Marrakesh Protocol to the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 《1994年GATT马拉喀什议定书》1.Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协定》2.Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures = SPS 《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》3.Agreement on Textiles and Clothing = ATC 《纺织品与服装协定》Multifibre Arrangement = MFA 《国际纺织品贸易协定》/《多种纤维协定》4.Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade = TBT 《技术性贸易壁垒协定》5.Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议6.Agreement on Antidumping = AD 《反倾销协定》Material injury 实质性损害7.Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 《海关估价协定》/《关于履行GATT1994第7条的协定》8.Agreement on Preshipment Inspection = PSI 《装运前检验协定》9.Agreement on Rules of Origin = RO 《原产地规则协定》10.Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures 《进口许可程序协定》11.Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures = SCM 《补贴与反补贴措施协定》/《反补贴协定》12.Agreement on Safeguards = SG 《保障措施协定》Serious injury 严重损害General Agreement on Trade in services = GATS 《服务贸易总协定》Specific commitments 具体承诺开价单Schedule of specific commitments 具体义务承诺表Cross-border supply 跨境提供Consumption abroad 境外消费Commercial presence 商业存在Movement of personnel 自然人流动Horizontal commitments 水平承诺Sector-specific commitments 部门承诺Plurilateral trade agreement 复边协议Trade Policy Review Mechanism = TPRM 贸易政策评审机制Sunset clause 日落条款Material injury 实质损害Close Economic Partnership Arrangement = CEPA 《内地与香港/澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement = ECFA 《两岸经济合作架构协议》第六章国际投资法UNCTAD 联合国贸发会议Equity joint venture 中外合资经营企业/股权式合营企业Contractual joint venture 中外合作经营企业/契约式合营企业Wholly owned foreign enterprise 外商独资企业Build-Operate-Transfer = BOT 建设——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate-Transfer = BOOT 建设——拥有——经营——转让Build-Own-Operate = BOO 建设——拥有——经营Build-Lease-Transfer = BLT 建设——租赁——转让Build-Transfer-Operate = BTO 建设——转让——经营Stabilization clause 稳定条款Lex contractus = law of the parties 契约条款法/当事人法Association of Southeast Asian Nations = ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟/东盟North America Free Trade Agreement = NAFTA 《北美自由贸易协定》FTAA 美洲自由贸易区Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States 《解决国家与他国国民之间投资争议公约》/《华盛顿公约》International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 《多边投资担保机构公约》/《汉城公约》Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures = TRIMs 《与贸易有关的投资措施协定》/TRIMs 协议第七章国际金融法Bank for International Settlement = BIS 国际清算银行Purchase 购买Repurchase 重购Draw 提取Special drawing right = SDR 特别提款权World Bank Group = WBG 世界银行集团The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development = IBRD 国际复兴开发银行The International Finance Corporation = IFC 国际金融公司The International Development Association = IDA 国际开发协会International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency = MIGA 多边投资担保机构Operations evaluation department = OED 评价检查部门Hard loan 硬贷款/世界银行贷款Soft loan 软贷款/国际开发协会援助贷款Blend 混合贷款United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations 联合国跨国公司中心The Basle Committee on Banking Supervision 巴塞尔银行监管委员会London Inter-Bank Offered Rated = LIBOR 伦敦同业银行拆放率Definition and interpretation 定义与释义Loan currency 贷款货币Loan amount 贷款金额Purpose for loan 贷款的用途Condition precedent 贷款的先决条件条款Final maturity and disbursement 贷款期限和发放Interest rate and interest 贷款的利率和利息Representation and warranties 陈述与保证Covenant 约定事项Negative pledge 消极保证条款/保证不作为条款Pari passu covenant 平等地位条款Financial covenant 财务约定事项Repayment 贷款的偿还Pre-repayment 贷款的提前偿还Governing law and jurisdiction 法律适用和司法管辖条款Assignment 权利或义务的让与Set-off 抵消条款Events of default 违约事件条款Syndicated loan = Corporate Finance 国际辛迪加贷款/国际商业银团贷款/银团贷款Lead manager 经理行Term sheet 贷款条件清单Mandate letter 委任书Commitment letter 义务承担书Information memorandum 信息备忘录Novation = substitution 更新/合同更新/合同替代Assignment 让与Sub-loans 转贷款Transferable loan certificate = TLC 可转让贷款证Transferable participating certificate = TPC 可转让贷款参与证Transferable loan instrument = TLI 可转让贷款票据Lead manager 牵头银行/经理银行Agent bank 代理银行Participant 参与贷款银行Project finance 国际项目贷款Take or pay contract 提货或付款协议第八章知识产权国际保护的法律制度Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights = TRIPS 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Convention Establishing World Intellectual Property Organization 《建立世界知识产权组织公约》World Intellectual Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权巴黎公约》Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 《保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约》/《伯尔尼公约》Universal Copyright Convention 《世界版权公约》Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations = Rome Convention 《保护表演者、录音制品制作者与广播组织罗马公约》Copyright and Related Rights 版权和邻接权Trademark 商标Geographical indications 地理标志Industrial designs 工业品外观设计Patent 专利权Cross-license 交叉许可Layout-designs of integrate circuits 集成电路布图设计/拓扑图IPIC 《集成电路知识产权条约》/《IPIC条约》Protection of undisclosed information 未披露信息的保护Contractual licences 协议许可Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks 《商标国际注册马德里协定》/《马德里协定》Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purpose of the Registration of Marks 《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》/《尼斯协定》Hologram mark 全息商标Patent Co-operation Treaty 《专利合作条约》International Patent Classification = IPC 国际专利分类法第九章国际税法Tax residence 税收居所The source of income 所得来源地/所得来源国Substantial presence test 实际存在标准OECD 经济合作与发展组织The tie-breaker clause 序列选择性冲突规范的解决原则Effective management 实际管理Principle of permanent establishment 常设机构原则Distinct place 显著的地点Stability, productivity, dependence 稳定性、生产性和依附性Associated permanent establishment 关联性常设机构Unassociated permanent establishment 非关联性常设机构Dependent agent 非独立地位的代理人Principle of fixed base 固定基地原则International double non-taxation 国际双重免税Tax-systematic double taxation 税制性双重征税Juridical double taxation 法律性双重征税Economic double taxation 经济性双重征税Method of tax exemption 免税法/豁免法Method of full exemption 全额免税法Method of exemption with progression 累进免税法Method of tax deduction 扣除法Method of tax credit = foreign tax credit 抵免法/外国税收抵免Full credit 全额抵免Ordinary credit 限额抵免/普通抵免Limitation on credit 抵免限额Direct credit 直接抵免Indirect credit 间接抵免Dividend-deduction system 股息扣除制Split-rate system 分劈税率制/双税率制Imputation credit system 归集抵免制/估算抵免制Schedular treatment 其他处理法International tax sparing credit = shadow tax credit 国际税收绕让抵免/饶让抵免/影子税收抵免/虚构抵免Tax evasion 逃税Tax avoidance 避税Tax refugee 税收逃难者Associated enterprises 跨国关联企业/联属企业Transfer pricing = Transferring price 转移定价/转让价格/划拨价格Arm's length deal 公平市场上的正常交易Tax haven 避税港/避税地Base company 基地公司Thin capitalization 资本弱化Foreign source income 外国来源所得Deferral of domestic taxation 延期纳税/国内纳税递延Unitary entity theory 单一实体论Separate entity theory 独立实体论Controlled foreign company = CFC 受控外国公司Agreement on Exchange of Information in Tax Matters 《税收事务情报交换协定》International tax treaty 国际税收协定/国际税收条约Tax treaty shopping 滥用国际税收协定/套用税收协定Direct conduit company 直接导管公司Stepping-stone conduit company 踏脚导管公司The abstinence approach 禁止法The exclusion approach 排除法The look-through approach 透视法Beneficiary owner 受益所有人The subject-to-tax approach 征税法The channel approach 渠道法The derivative approach 衍生法第十章国际经济争端处理法律制度Mediation or conciliation 调解Arbitration 仲裁/公断International arbitration = Inter-state arbitration国际仲裁/国家间仲裁Domestic arbitration 国内仲裁International commercial arbitration = transnational arbitration 国际商事仲裁/跨国仲裁Subject-matter 客体Commercial 商事Arbitration court of International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会仲裁院CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁议定书Lex arbitri 仲裁地法Country of origin 裁决地法Delocalized arbitration 非内国化或非地方化仲裁Anchored 定位于Floating 浮动的Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes = DSU 《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Dispute settlement body = DSB 争端解决机构Negative consensus 全体一致否决/反向协商一致Good offices, conciliation, mediation 斡旋、调解和调停Composition 组成Compliance panel 相符性专家组/21.5条专家组Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损General average = G.A. 共同海损General average contribution 共同海损分摊Sue and labour expenses 诉讼与营救费用Salvage charges 救助费用Abandonment 委付Subrogation 代位求偿Free from particular average 平安险/单独海损不赔With particular average 水渍险All risks 一切险Additional risks 附加险General additional risks 一般附加险Theft,pilferage and non-delivery 偷窃提货不着险Rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险Risk of shortage 短量险Risk of contamination 玷污险Unvalued insurance 不定值保险合同Voyage 航程保单Time policy 定期保单Open policy 预约保险合同/预约保单/开口保单Original slip 原始承保条Floating policy 流动保险合同/流动保单Insurable interest 保险利益/可保利益Legal interest 法律所认可的利益Pecuniary interest 经济上的利益Definite interest 确定的利益Utmost good faith 绝对诚信Disclosure 告知Warranty 保证Promissory warranty 允诺的担保Principle of indemnity 损失补偿Proximate 近因原则Perils of the sea 海上风险/海难Natural calamity 自然灾害Fortuitous accidents 意外事故Extraneous risks 外来风险Total loss 全部损失Actual total loss 实际全损Constructive total (loss) 推定全损Partial loss 部分损失Particular average = P.A. 单独海损。
国际经济法授课教案（正式双语版）
国际经济法授课教案（正式双语版）《国际经济法》授课教案双语教学Teaching Plan for International Economic LawBilingual Teaching郭德香By Guo Dexiang郑州大学法学院Law School of Zhengzhou UniversityChapter1 General Introduction of IEC（第一章国际经济法概述）1.1Concept and System of IEC国际经济法的概念和体系1.1.1Relative Theories of IEC国际经济法的有关学说1.1.1.1 Narrow definition（狭义说)：两种主体1.1.1.2 Broad definition（广义说)：四种主体（自然人、法人、国家、国际经济组织）1.1.1.3Generalization（总结)：广义说符合现代国际经济发展的实践，是大多数国家应该采取的观点。
With regard to the theory of IEC, most Chinese scholars hold that a broad definition of IEC is appropriate. We hold that there are narrow and broad definitions of IEC. Under the broad definition, the scope of IEC shall not only include regulation-related IEC, which is mainly consisted of the domestic economic administrative laws and regulations with foreign elements and public international laws in close connection with international regulation and governance of economic activities conducted by private(natural or legal)persons, but also include transaction-specific IEC mainly consisted of the domestic commercial law with foreign elements and international commercial laws. Under the narrow definition, the scope of IEC shall only include regulation-related IEC, which os mainly consisted of the domestic economic administrative laws and regulations with foreign elements and public international laws in close connection with international regulation and governance of economic activities conducted by private(natural or legal)persons.1.2Features and Coverage of IEC国际经济法的特征和体系1.2.1The Features of IEL国际经济法的特征1.2.1.1Unique Subjects of Public IELSubjects of IEL cover not only subjects of national or regional private laws but also transnational economic organizations at national,regional or global levels. The fact that sovereignty countries and multinationals become the subjects of the rights and obligations in economic relationship is a remarkable feature of IEL in relation to subjects.1.2.1.2Comprehensive Content of IELEconomic relations among national governments or between national governments and international organizations in areas of investment, trade, credit and technical transfer are all covered by IEL. In addition, an increasing number of international economic management relationships with government authority of one state as one party and an individual person or legal entity as the other party are also governed by IEL.1.2.2.3Vague Boundary as One of the Features of IELInternational investment is the one of the most commonphenomena in international business transactions, from which we can witness the mutual penetration, integration and supplementation of international law, domestic law, public law and private law, the traditionally classified disciplines of law, in addressing international economic relations.1.3The Coverage of IEL国际经济法的范围The Relationship with Respect to International Trade RegulationThe Legal Relationship on International Investment RegulationRelationship on International Monetary and Financial RegulationRelationship on International TaxationRelationship on Other International Affairs1.4 Legal Sources of IEL国际经济法的渊源1.4.1 International Economic Treaties(Conventions)国际经济条约International economic treaties, an important source of IEl, are legally binding written agreements between states(regions) for the determination of their mutual economic rights and obligations. According to the number of contracting parties, international economic treaties can be classified into bilateral and multilateral treaties, or into global treatiesand regional agreements. In view of their coverages, there are comprehensive international economic treaties and special international economic treaties; in terms of the legal relationship addressed, there are public international economic treaties and private international economic treaties.例如:《关税及贸易总协定》、《国际货币基金协定》、《国际复兴开发银行协定》、《关于国际货物买卖合同成立统一法公约》、《国际货物买卖时效期限公约》、《商标国际注册马德里协定》等等1.4.2 International Economic Customs国际经济惯例There are some famous customs in international economic fields which are accepted voluntarily by businessmen of different countries just as the followings:《托收统一规则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》、《约克——安特卫普规则》、《国际贸易术语解释通则》等等1.4.3 Resolutions of Important International Organizations such as United Nations General Assembly联合国大会等国际组织决议According to the mainstream Chinese scholars of international law, some special resolutions of the UN General Assembly that aim at announcing principles and norms of international law should have legal effect and some other resolution s are gradually accepted in international practice and become legally binding norms. In terms of international economic affairs, the UN General Assembly has adopted a series of important resolutions since the 1960s, for example, 1962年的《关于自然资源永久主权宣言》、1974年的《关于建立新的国际经济秩序宣言》、《各国经济权利和义务宪章》等等1.4.4Demestic Legislation on Regulation of External Economic Activities国内经济立法Domestic legislations of states for regulation and control of foreign-related economic relations are an important legal source of public IEL for the following reasons:Firstly, because of the lack of uniform international law in many areas, domestic legislations on regulation of foreign-related economy arean indispensable component of cross-border legal framework for economic regulation.Secondly, domestic legislation that regulates foreign-related economy remains an important legal origin for implementation of the above international laws. For example,中国的《民法通则》、《合同法》、《外资企业法》等等1.4.5 Other Auxiliary Legal Sources of IEL其他辅助性渊源1.4.5.1 Precedents of IEL 判例（国内判例和国际判例）Precedents made by the International Court of Justice on International Economic DisputesPanel Reports and Appellate Body Reports Adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)ICSID Arbitration Awards on Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other StatesPrecedents by Domestic Courts of Participants regarding External Economic Disputes1.4.5.2 Theories on Public IEL1.5 Basic Principles of IEC国际经济法的基本原则1.5.1 The Principle of National Economic Sovereignty国家经济主权原则The sovereignty principle has long been one of the accepted basic principles of public international law. A definition of national sovereignty is that a sovereignty state enjoys exclusive jurisdiction over all peoples and objects on its territory except for those entitled to exemption under international law.1.5.2The principle of Equity and Mutual Benefits公平互利原则The so-called equity means that all states, as equal members of the international community, enjoy equitable and fair treatments, i.e., equitable treatments in both form and substance. Mutual benefits means taking care of interests of all parties rather than seek interest of one party at the price of other parties’ interests. Integration of equity and mutualbenefit into one has become an important principle of IEL, which indicates that equity and mutual benefit are unified in implications and mutually based.1.5.2.1Generalized System of Preferences are One of the Outcomes of Applying the Principle of Equity and Mutual Benefit in Trade1.5.2.2―Special and Differential Treatment‖ is the More Substantial Outcome of Implementing the Principle of Equity and Mutual Benefit in the Multilateral Trade System1.5.3 The Principle of International Cooperation for Development principle国际合作以谋发展原则1.5.3.1 Sincere an Open South-North Cooperation is the Core Component of International Cooperation南北合作：发达国家和发展中国家之间的合作1.5.3.2 Practical Effective South-South Cooperation is a Driver of International Economic Cooperation南南合作：发展中国家和发展中国家之间的合作普惠制是其典型实例1.5.3.3 Establishment and Improvement of Fair and Effective Dispute-Settlement-Bodies within Various International Economic Cooperation Organizations is the Key to SuccessfulInternational Economic Cooperation1.5.4 The Principle that Obligations Must Be Performed义务必须履行1.5.4.1 Treaties Must Be Honored1.5.4.2 Legitimately Concluded Contracts in Force Must Be HonoredExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What are the features of IEL?2.Which one do you think is appropriate, the broad definition ofIEL or the narrow definition?3.What are the basic principles of IEL?Chapter 2 Generalization of the Legal System of International Trade( 第二章国际贸易法律制度概述)2.1 The Definition , Scope of International Trade Law2.1.1 Brief Introduction to International TradeInternational trade, also referred to an world trade, is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders or territories. It is the main form that countries or regions relate with each other based on international division of labor and reflects the interdependence between countries or regions.2.1.2 Definition of International Trade Law2.1.2.1Definition of International Trade Law in GeneralInternational Trade Law is the body of rules and norms that regulates exchange relations concerning goods, technologies, services, and other relations relating to that exchange relations. These legal norms include international conventions, international business practices and domestic laws relating toforeign trade.2.1.2.2 Sphere of International Trade LawInternational trade law covers a wide range of fields, including international sale of goods, international carriage of goods, international trade regulation, etc.2.2 The Sources of International Trade Law国际贸易法的渊源2.2.1 Definition of Sources of International Trade LawThe sources of international trade law are what international tribunals rely on in determining the content of international trade law. Since we define international trade law as a combination of international rules and national rules concerning international trade, the sources of international trade law should include international treaties and conventions, international usages, bilateral treaties, national laws, case law in common law countries an international commercial customs or usages.2.2.2 Major Sources of International Trade Law2.2.2.1 International Treaties and Conventions国际公约：1980年《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》等：2.2.2.2 International Trade Customs and Usages国际惯例：《1932年华沙——牛津公约》、《国际贸易术语解释通则》（2010年版本）等；2.2.2.3.National Laws国内立法2.2.2.4.National Precedents国内司法判例2.3 Subjects and Fundamental Principles of International Trade Law国际贸易法的主体和基本原则2.3.1 Subjects of International Trade LawNatural PersonsLegal Persons (Juristic persons)International OrganizationsStates2.3.2 Fundamental Principles of International Trade LawTrade Liberalization PrinciplePrinciple of Equity and Mutual Benefit2.4 The Contract legal System of International Sale of Goods国际货物贸易合同法律制度2.4.1The Signing of the Contracts of International Trade of Goods国际货物贸易合同的签订2.4.1. 1The Offer要约2.4.1.1The Definition of OfferAccording to the CISG, a proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound I case of acceptance. The contract laws of most nations hold that an offer must be addressed to one or more specific persons.2.4.1.2 The Withdrawal of an OfferWithdrawal of an offer means the offeror’s action to prevent the offer from being effective. CISG permits the offeror to withdraw an offeras long as the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer. If the offer has already reached the offeree, the offeror loses the possibility to withdraw the offer.2.4.1.3 The Revocation of an OfferRevocation of an offer means that the offeror notifies the offeree before acceptance of the invalidity of the offer so as to be free from it. Common Law countries and civil law countriesstill differ to whether the offeror is entitled to do so, though those two legal systems are getting more and more similar. Article 16 of the CISG states:1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance. 2) However, an offer cannot be revoked:(a)if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or (b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance of the offer. Article 2.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts almost has the same language.2.4.1.4 The Termination of an OfferGenerally, an offer terminates when it is rejected by the offeree. If the offeree rejects the offer or does not accept it within the prescribed for acceptance or within reasonable time, the offer is terminated.2.4.2 The Acceptance 承诺2.4.2.1.The Definition of AcceptanceA contract isn’t formed until the offer is accepted by the offeree. According to the CISG, a statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Therefore ,acceptance is defined as the offeree; manifestation of his consent with the terms of the offer. Under the CISG, the offeree may accept the offer at any time as long as it is effective and an acceptance may take the form of a statement or any other conduct by the offeree that indicates the offeree’s intention to be bound to the contract. But silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.2.4.2.2 Requirements That a Presentation Made by the Offeree Must Meet to Constitute an AcceptanceAn acceptance must be made by the offeree.An acceptance must be made within the period of validity of the offer.An acceptance should match the terms and conditions of the offer exactly and unequivocally.2.4.2.3 Withdrawal of AcceptanceAn acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective. Under the Mail-box rule, an acceptance becomes effective when it is sent out. So it is not necessary to discuss the issue of withdrawal of acceptance since it is not possible. But under Receipt Theory, it is possible for the offeree to prevent the acceptance from being effective. Both the CISG and the Chinese Contract Law allow the offeree to withdraw an acceptance as long as the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.2.4.2.4 Form of a ContractA contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses. There is a parol evidence rule in common law tradition, which means that only the final integration will be considered as the contract between two parties, prior writings and oral testimonies will be ignored. Only when the final expression is not completed, it can be supplemented with prior writings and oral testimonies. But in CISG, there is no such restriction. Article 11 of the CISG provide s, ―A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.‖2.4.3 Performance of the Contract of International Trade in Goods国际货物贸易合同的履行After the conclusion of a sales contract, both the seller and the buyer should perform their respective obligations under the contract. The seller should deliver the goods, handover related documents and transfer the property of the goods. The buyer should pay the price and take the goodsdelivered to him.2.4.3.1The Obligations of the Seller卖方的义务2.4.3.1.1 Deliver the GoodsThe seller must deliver the goods strictly in compliance with the contract. In other words, he must deliver the goods specified in the sales contract at the proper time and place.2.4.3.1.2 The Handing over of DocumentsUsually, the seller should hand over the documents relating to the goods under a sales contract. These documents often include shipping document, insurance policy, certificate of origin, certificate of quantity, certificate of inspection, and so on. If the seller is bound to hand over these documents, he must hand them over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract. But of the seller has handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience of unreasonable expense.2.4.3.1.3 The Transfer of PropertyThe key feature of a sales contract is the exchange of the ownership of the goods for price. The seller transfers the property of the goods and receives payment of price and the buyer pays the price and possesses the ownership of the goods in return.2.4.3.2The Obligations of the Buyer买方的义务Compare to the obligations of the seller, the buyer’s obligations under the sales contract are relatively simple. He must pay the price and take delivery of the goods.2.4.3.2.1Payment of the PriceThe buyer’s oblig ation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to enable payment to be made. This is the preparation stage before the facilitation of the psyment.2.4.3.2.2Taking DeliveryThe buyer’s obligation to take delivery consists of two parts: first, the buyer should do all the preparation acts in order to enable the seller to make delivery. Second, the buyer should take the goods when the goodsare delivered to him. Taking delivery does not mean the buyer have the obligation to accept the goods. If the goods are not in conformity with the contract, the buyer still has the right to remedies. But the buyer should give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it of ought to have discovered it, otherwise he will lose the right to rely of a lack ofconformity of the goods.2.4.4 Breach of the Contract and the Remedies of the Buyer and Seller买卖双方的违约及其救济方法If the party does not fulfill his contractual obligation, or has given information to the other party that he will not perform his duty in the contract or if by his action and conduct he seems unable to perform the contract, he breaches the contract. If a party breaches the contract, the other party has the right of remedies.2.4.4.1 Fundamental Breach of Contract and Anticipatory Breach of ContractIn general, a breach of contract is fundamental if it results in severe detriment to the other party and the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen such result. If a party fundamental breached the contract, the other party may resort to any compatible remedies, as well as the avoidance of contract.Anticipatory breach occurs when the party declares his intention of not performing the contract before the performance is due. Article 71and 72 of the CISG deal with the situation where it becomes apparent or clear that one of the parties to an agreement will or may not perform a substantial part of its obligations.2.4.4.2 Remedies of the Breach of Contract by the SellerA seller may breach a contract in a number of different ways and the most common are: failing to make an agreed delivery; late delivery; delivering goods that do not conform to the contract; indicating an intention not to fulfill the obligations under the contract. In these cases, the sell can take the following remedies:Specific Performance This is a remedy which requires the party inbreach to perform his obligation under the contract. It is a major remedy in civil law countries because the civil law system takes the idea that the aggrieved party should be granted what he wants in the contract rather than just certain damage compensations. While in common law system, it is a specialized remedy used by courts when no other remedy will adequately compensate the aggrieved party.Avoidance of a Contract If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, the buyer is entitled to the avoidance of contract. If the seller does not deliver the goods within the period of time stipulated in the contract, the buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations.Reduction of the Price If the goods delivered do not conform with contract, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time. Price reduction for the buyer is used when the seller makes only a partial delivery, or when the goods are nonconforming.Repair If the seller has delivered goods which are not in conformity with the contract, he can repair the nonconforming goods at his own expenses and the buyer also has the right to ask the seller to make necessary repairs.Damages The aggrieved party is entitled to compensation if the breach of the contract has caused damages to him. His right to damages is not deprived of even when he has resorted to other remedies.2.4.4.3 Remedies for Breach of Contract by the BuyerThe buyer may breach the contract in different ways, for example, the buyer may not be able to pay the price at the due time or the buyer refuses to take delivery without legal grounds. In case the buyer has breached the contract, the seller can resort to different remedies including performance, avoidance of contract and damages.ExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What steps are needed if a contract in international sales ofgoods is formed?2.What obligations should be performed by the buyer and theseller in a contract in international sales of goods?3.What kinds of breach of contract are there of the buyer andthe seller in a contract in international sales of goods?Chapter 3 The Transportation Legal System of International Sale of Goods（第三章国际货物贸易运输法律制度）3.1Bill of Lading3.1.1Definition of B/LA bill of lading is a document which serves as an evidence of the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and based on which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods against surrendering the same. A provision in the document stating that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a named person, or to order, or to bearer, constitutes such an undertaking.3.1.2Types of B/LShipped B/L and Received for Shipment B/LClean B/L and Unclean B/NStraight B/L、Open B/L and Order B/LDirect B/L、Transshipment B/L and Multimodal transport B/L )Freight prepaid B/L and Freight payable at destination B/L）3.1.3Legal Functions of B/LAccording to Article 1 of United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea，the bill of lading has three legal functions: Evidence of the Contract of CarriageReceipt of Taking Over or Loading the GoodsDocument of Title3.2 International Conventions of Bill of Lading《海牙规则》(Hague Rules)《维斯比规则》(Visby Rules )《汉堡规则》(Hamburg Rules)《鹿特丹规则》(Rotterdam Rules)3.3 Charter Party（租船合同类型）The charter party is a contract whereby the charterer hires a vessel from the ship-owner. If the whole or a substantial part of the vessel is to be used, as would be the case with bulk cargoes, then a charter party is more likely to be used. Theoretically, charter parties are classified as a contract for the use of the vessel, as opposed to the bill of lading, which is classified as a contract for the carriage of goods. Charter parties differ from bill of lading contracts and are subject to none of the statutory provisions that govern the bills of lading.3.3.1 Types of Charter PartiesThree types of charter parties are in use:V oyage CharterTime CharterDemise CharterExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What is a B/L? and What types are there of a B/L?2.Please tell the functions of a B/L.3.What are the main contents of International Conventions of Billof Lading?Chapter 4 The Insurance Legal System of International Sale of Goods（第四章国际货物贸易海上保险法律制度）Marine cargo insurance is an insurance which covers the risks of the goods when they are being transported by sea. It is used to protect the insured against loss or damage. Although the term ―marine cargo insurance‖ is ordinarily used, it actually includes cover for the land transit commencing from the moment the goods leave the storage until they arrive at the final warehouse.4.1 Contract of Marine InsuranceAs is defined in English Marine Insurance Act 1906, a contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes, as agreed,to indemnify the loss to the subject matter insured and the liability of the insured caused by perils covered by the insurance against the payment of an insurance premium by the insured.4.2 Certain Terminologies in Cargo InsuranceInsurer(underwriter)Insured(assured)Subject-matter insuredApplicant for InsuranceInsurance AccidentsInsurable ValueInsured Amount4.3 Basic Principles of Marine InsurancePrinciple of Utmost Good FaithPrinciple of Insurable InterestPrinciple of IndemnityPrinciple of Proximate Cause4.4 Marine Insurance Policy4.4.1 Real Functions of the Insurance PolicyAn insurance policy itself is not the insurance contract but it contains the contents of the insurance contract, which can be used as an evidence of the marine insurance contract. In addition, since the policy usually has the details of an insurance contract, it is also the ground for the insured to claim and for the insurer to settle a claim. Different types of insurance policies may vary in the details, but usually the policy will record the parties of the insurance contract, the subject matter insured, the perils insured, the insured amount and the insured value, duration of the coverage, insurance premium, etc.4.4.2 Types of Marine Insurance PolicyValued and Unvalued PolicyV oyage and Time PolicyFloating PolicyOpen Cover PolicyBlanket Policy4.5 Perils and Losses Covered by Marine InsuranceGoods during transportation on sea and in the course of loading and unloading might meet various kinds of perils and thegoods might suffer loss4.5.1 PerilsPerils of the seaExtraneous risks4.5.2 LossesTotal lossPartial lossExercisesPlease Answer the Following Questions:1.What are the terminologies in Cargo Insurance?2.What is the principle of utmost good faith in marine insurance?3.How many perils and losses covered by marine insurance?Chapter 5 The Payment Legal System of International Sale of Goods（第五章国际货物贸易支付法律制度）5.1 Negotiable Instruments in the Payment in International Sale of Goods5.1.1 Definition of Negotiable InstrumentsA negotiable instrument is an unconditioned writing that promises or orders the payment of a fixed amount of money.5.1.2Features of Negotiable InstrumentsA negotiable instrument should be an order or promise to pay unconditionally.A negotiable instrument should be made strictly in compliance with the requirements of the lawA negotiable instrument can be transferred by way of negotiation, which means the right of payment on the negotiable instrument can be transferred to the holder through endorsement.The rights and obligations of the negotiable instrument shouldaccord to the words on it.5.1.3 Types of Negotiable InstrumentsBill of Exchange(Draft)Promissory NoteCheque5.1.4 Unification of the National Law on Negotiable Instruments5.1.4.1 The Geneva ConventionsIn 1930 and 1931, international conferences were held in Geneva and four conventions were approved: 1)Convention Providing a Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes,1930. 2）Convention of the settlement of Certain Conflicts of Laws in Connection with Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes,1930. 3）Convention on the settlement of Certain Conflicts of Laws in Connection with Cheques,1931.5.1.4.2 United NationsUnited Nations Convention on International Bill of Exchange and International Promissory Notes is a compromise between the Geneva system and common law system. It endeavors to unify the two systems in the form of negotiable instruments, the protection for the holder, forgery endorsement, etc. Unfortunately, this convention was adopted by the General Assembly on December 1988, but there are less contracting parties than what is required, which makes it still not effective.5.1.5 Acts on Negotiable InstrumentsIssuance: The issuance of a negotiable instrument refers to the act of a drawer to sign and deliver it to the payee.Presentment:It refers to the act of the holder to present the。
国际经济法(赵燕敏)
国际经济法(International Economic Law) The required text for the course is:▪Ray August, International business law text, cases, and readings, 4th ed. Prentice Hall,2004▪Ray August, International Business Law Text, Cases and Readings，高等教育出版社2002年版。
Recommended texts:▪郭寿康、赵秀文：《国际经济法》，中国人民大学出版社▪陈安主编：《国际经济法学》，第三版，北京大学出版社2005版▪余劲松、吴志攀主编：《国际经济法》，北京大学出版社2000版邮箱：yanmizlaw@密码：20082008第一章国际经济法的概念与体系(concept and system)一、国际经济法概念国际货物买卖、国际投资、国际知识产权、纠纷解决（WTO、仲裁）、重叠征税、国际金融（融资、担保）国际经济法调整不同国家的自然人、法人及其他经济实体之间、国家和国际组织之间，以及他们相互之间的经济关系：包括不同国家的平等当事人之间的经济交往关系、主权国家对此项交往进行管理和管制的关系，以及国家或国际经济组织就它们之间的经济关系进行相互协调的关系。
二、国际经济法的有关学说（一）狭义说G.Schwarzenberger, D.Carreau,国际经济法是国际公法的分支（国际公法是处理国家和国家以及国家与国际组织之间关系的法律），处理国家间经济往来的事务。
（二）广义说P. Jessup, John H. Jackson, A.Lowfeld包括经济交易、政府的管制、发生纠纷后的诉讼（litigation）、国际经济组织之间的关系。
Andress F.lowenfeld私人之间贸易关系、投资、政府对贸易的管制、货币金融、税法（三）我国学者王铁崖：国际经济法是国际公法的分支。
(完整版)国际经济法英汉双语课程教学大纲
《国际经济法（英汉双语）》课程教学大纲、课程基本信息、教学安排及方式总学时54 学时，讲课42 学时，模拟和讨论12 学时。
学时分配表：三、教学内容及基本要求第一章国际经济法总论教学目的和要求：这一部分要求学生了解国际经济法的调整对象、调整方法；国际经济法的性质以及它和相关学科之间的区别与联系；国际经济法的基本原则。
教学重点和难点：这部分内容教学重点有两个方面：第一，为明确国际经济法调整的二个层次及调整的二种基本方法。
国际经济法既涉及平等主体间法律关系的法律规范（此可称之为"私法"性质的规范），也包括国家管理经济的法律规范，包括各国协调国家管理经济行为的成果--相关国际条约以及国际组织的规范（此可称之为"公法"性质的规范），因此国际经济法既涉及以"私法"规范为基础的调整方法，也包括以"公法"规范为基础的调整方法；第二，为国际经济法的基本原则。
这部分内容教学的焦点问题包括：第一、国际经济法规范的形成与效力，国际经济法规范以国内法为主，还是以国际法为主，国际惯例的作用与效力如何？第二、国内法与国际法的关系？第三、国家经济主权的原则及其在新世纪的发展变化？第四、国家对自然资源永久主权原则的使用与国家竞争力的基础？第五、国际合作以谋求发展的新内涵。
教学方法与手段：此部分内容教学课时安排大致为 2 课时。
这部分内容以教学讲解为主，以便让学生对国际经济法有大致的了解，有概念性的准备。
教学内容：第一节国际贸易基本理论概述第二节国际经济法的概念与特征第三节国际经济法的主体第四节国际经济法的渊源第五节国际经济法的基本原则复习与作业要求：应要求学生通过阅读"国际商报"、"国际经贸消息"等报刊以了解国际经贸的最新情况；要求学生跟踪"法学"、"政法论坛"、"中外法学"、"法学家"等法学类核心期刊中关于国际经济法方面的文章以关注学科的最新研究成果；根据教学进度要求学生阅读相应的参考书目以更好地把握学科的基本知识。
国际经济学双语第1章
1.3 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo
Gains from Specialization and Trade with Comparative Advantage
The Change in the World Output Resulting from Specialization
1.3 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo
An Example of Compaarative Advantage
Country
iPads
Output per labor hour
Cost differences govern the international movement of goods. The concept of cost is founded upon the labor theory of value.
1.2 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith
The gain from production and trade is the increase in the world output that results from each country specializing in its production according to its
comparative advantage.
The more efficient country should specialize in and export that good in which it is relatively more efficient (where its absolute advantage is bigger).
国际经济法：第一章
首先，国家有权缔结国际经贸条约和协定，这是国 家作为主权者所具有的专属权。
其次，国家有权管理、干预和监督对外经济活动， 这些权力须通过国家立法并赋予有关国家机构代表 国家行使。
再次，国家有权直接参与国际经贸活动，这项权利 既可以政府名义行使，也可由授权机关行使。
自然人成为国际经济法主体，一般必须符合如 下三个条件：
第一，必须具有行为能力。 (李查蒂案) 第二，必须拥有一定财产。 第三，必须按照法定形式并经过一定法定程序。
2. “谁”可以成为国际经济法的主体？
自然人(含本国自然人和外国自然人)作为国际 经济法主体，除了应符合上述条件外，还应同 时具备从事国际经济交往的权利能力或资格， 这种权利能力或资格通常由双边条约或国内法 赋予或确认。
本课所探讨的仅为政府间的国际经济组织。
2. “谁”可以成为国际经济法的主体？
作为国际经济法主体的国际经济组织首先 必须具备法律人格，而这种法律人格是成 员国授予的，其权利能力和行为能力来自 成员国的授权，并明确规定在成员国间缔 结的条约中。
国际经济组织的权利能力和行为能力主要 体现为有权签订契约；取得与处置动产与 不动产和进行法律诉讼等能力，并享有特 权和豁免权。
第一章 导 论
第一章 导 论
1. 什么是国际经济法？ 2. “谁”可以成为国际经济法的主体？ 3. 国际经济法的渊源是什么？ 4. 国际经济法与相邻法律部门的区别。
1. 什么是国际经济法？
国际经济法是调整国际经济关系的各种法 律规范的总称。
国际经济关系是国家与国家之间、国家与国际 经济组织之间、国际经济组织与国际经济组织 之间及其与自然人或法人之间在从事国际经济 交往活动中产生的。
国际经济法概述双语
第一章 国际经济法概述
Chapter One Introduction to International
Economic Law (IEL)
§1.1 Concept and Characteristics of IEL
§1.2 Development of IEL §1.3 Sources & System of IEL §1.4 Subjects of IEL §1.5 Principles of IEL
（二）国际经济法与相邻法律部门的关系
1、国际经济法与国际公法的关系
主要区别在于：
（二）广义说
主要观点：
1、国际经济法是个独立的法律部门；
2、调整对象是从事跨国经济交往的个人、法人、 国家及国际组织之间的经济关系；
3、范围不仅包括国际法规范，而且包括国内法 规范，如各国国内概念的界定
——国际经济法（international economic law） 是调整国家、国际组织、不同国家的法人与个 人之间经济关系的国际法规范和国内法规范的 总称。它是一个独立的、综合的、新兴的法律 部门。
Definition of IEL
As a discipline or branch of law, the IEL is largely defined as the body of rules and norms that regulates the cross-border economic relations between parties. The term “parties” includes natural persons, legal persons, international organizations, and states.
国际经济法
国际经济法名词解释1.fundamental breach of contract：根本上违约，是指合同一方当事人违反合同的行为，致使该合同的目的不能实现2.remedies cumulative clause：累加救济条款，即约定的上述救济措施是累加于法律规定的救济措施（外部救济措施）之上的，并不妨碍贷款人另行采取解除融资协议、请求损害赔偿、要求支付已到期本息以及申请借款人破产等法定的救济手段3.take-or-pay contract：提货或付款协议，是项目公司与项目产品购买人签订的一种长期买卖协议，主要规定，不论项目公司能否提供足够的或合乎要求的产品，购买人都必须支付约定的价款，这项约定的价款应足以偿还贷款人的贷款及项目的有关费用4.concession agreement:特许权协议，是指一个国家同外国私人投资者，约定在一定期间，在指定地区内，允许其在一定条件下享有专属于国家的某种权利，投资从事于公用事业建设或自然资源开发等特殊经济活动，基于一定程序，予以特别许可的法律协议5.resident tax jurisdiction:居民税收管辖权是指一国政府对本国纳税居民的环球所得享有的征税权。
纳税人承担的是无限纳税义务。
居民的认定标准：自然人主要有住所标准、居所标准和居住时间表准。
法人居民身份主要以及法人注册登记标准，实际控制与管理中心所在地标准或总机构所在地标准6.Income source tax jurisdiction:收入来源地税收管辖权是指征税国对跨国纳税人在共同境内的所得行使征税的权力，它是属地原则在国际税法上的体现，它以作为征税对象的非居民所得是来源于征税国领土作为连接因素，这种根据来源地行使税收管辖权的原则，也称为从源征税7.lumpsum price:总付，指许可合同中规定一个固定的数额作为全部技术转让费，由被许可方向许可方支付8.royaltyprice:提成价格9.no-challenge clause:权利不争条款,是指被许可方在获得许可专利技术后，在整个合同有效期内，不得对该专利的有效性和合法性提出异议或进行无效诉讼。
国际经济法(双语)毕博迁移课程ITL-introduction to Internationalaw
III. Enhance through reading relevant articles.
REQUIREMENTS
I. Preview the relevant part of the reading material,especially the relevant cases, preparing for discussion in the classroom.[group work]
<international business law> conducted in English will not only judge how well you can use your long-learned English, but will also improve your use of English.
B. THE MAKING OF TERNATIONAL LAW
1. No Formal Law-making Machinery 2. Basic Mechanism for Creating
International Law: Consensus of the international community. General consent of the international community Particular consent of a state
Be confident in yourself! You will make it! Don’t grudge your time after you have spent almost ten years in learning English!
国际经济法(双语版)
（二）广义说 主要观点： 1、国际经济法是个独立的法律部门； 2、调整对象是从事跨国经济交往的个人、法人、 国家及国际组织之间的经济关系； 3、范围不仅包括国际法规范，而且包括国内法规 范，如各国国内立法中的涉外经济法规等。 （三）国际经济法概念的界定 ——国际经济法（international economic law）是 调整国家、国际组织、不同国家的法人与个人 之间经济关系的国际法规范和国内法规范的总 称。它是一个独立的、综合的、新兴的法律部 门。
第一章 国际经济法概述
Chapter One Introduction to International Economic Law (IEL)
§1.1 Concept and Characteristics
of IEL §1.2 Development of IEL §1.3 Sources & System of IEL §1.4 Subjects of IEL §1.5 Principles of IEL
between Private International Law and International Economic Law?
Quiz4. 美国A公司在中国进行直接投资，设立一 家B公司。其涉及的关系如下： 首先，A公司要进入中国投资，需要根据中 国的涉外投资法的规定申请在中国设立B公司， 公司设立后根据中国有关外汇管理法律申请用 汇、同时根据涉外税法（包括有无税收优惠， 对哪些行为征税等）的规定纳税。 其次，为了保证投资的安全， A公司向美 国的海外投资保险机构对在中国生产经营过程 中可能遭遇的政治风险进行投保。美国为了取 得代位求偿权，已预先同中国签订了有关投资 保护的双边协定。
2、国际经济法与国际私法的关系
国际经济法课件
To calm this fear, the World Bank drafted the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States(host nation) and investor(home nation). Which created ICSID, to provide a reliable mechanism for impartially resolving disputes. The Convention has now been signed and ratified by more than half (149) the countries of the wbetween private persons, or between a private person and a state, or between a private person and an IGO, the dispute will normally end up in arbitration or in a municipal court. Arbitration between private individuals and states, and between individuals and individuals, it is commonly arranged through a permanent arbitration tribunal, such as the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes.
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All three of these steps are vital to establishing the jurisdiction of ICSID to resolve a dispute. None can be waived. 2.4 Selecting the Arbitrators. The ICSID Convention gives a wide range of choices in the selection of arbitrators. Any number may be agreed to by the litigants; but if it is more than one, the number must be odd. The arbitrators may be any persons agreeable to the litigants.
国际经济法(双语)_华南师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
国际经济法（双语）_华南师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.中国华泰公司从甲国埃拉公司以 DPU 术语进口一批货物，依据《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》和《1980 年联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，下列哪些判断是正确的?答案:埃拉公司应承担运输中的风险中国华泰公司应在发现或理应发现货物存在质量问题后的一段合理时间通知埃拉公司2.法国埃尔斯公司与中国仙林公司签订CIP 合同从法国出口货物到中国，依据《2020 年国际贸易术语解释通则》，下列哪一选项是正确的?答案:如果双方合同约定投保平安险，法国埃尔斯公司只需投保平安险3.中国甲公司与非洲A国乙公司签订 CIF 合同出口一批瓷器，货物运到A国时遭遇 A国内乱，部分货物毁损，中国和A国都是《1980 年联合国国际销售合同公约》的成员国，下列哪项判断是正确的?答案:在没有特殊约定情况下，甲公司应投保平安险4.法国甲公司与中国乙公司签订FOB合同出口红葡萄酒，因法国甲公司的酒庄到装运港有一段陆地需要陆路运输，现买卖双方发生纠纷诉至我国法院，根据《2010 国际贸易术语解释通则》和《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》，下列哪些判断是正确的?答案:法国甲公司在装运港将货物装上指定船舶即完成了交货5.营业地位于不同国家的甲、乙两公司签订了货物买卖合同，约定使用 FCA术语为交货条件，根据国际经济法的相关规则和实践，关于该术语哪项判断是错误的?答案:该术语只能适用于海运运输合同6.中国仙林公司从甲国艾尔公司进口一批电子设备，合同中约定了设备规格，并选用了 DPU 术语。
艾尔公司制作好样品后，将样品邮寄至仙林公司，请求确认并按照样品履行。
仙林公司收到样品后确认收到并回复:“请依合同履行”。
设备到货后与样品相符。
但与合同不符，中国仙林公司要求甲国艾尔公司承担违约责任。
中国和甲国都是1980年《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的缔约国。
下列哪一选项是正确的?答案:甲国艾尔公司应承担违约责任，因其交付的设备不符合同约定规格7.甲国瑞尼尔公司从乙国绿地公司进口三批粮食，合同选用《2020年国际贸易术语解释通则》的 CIF 术语。
赵秀文英文国际经济法的PPT课件
WTO DS
Disputes between WTO members DSB under WTO Rules Settlement disputes in accordance with
WTO Rules (DSU & Various Agreements)
6
ICSID DS
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States
Alternative by the parties’ consent Legal status of the resolution Application of ADR
10
Expression of ADR
Negotiation Conciliation or mediation Good offices Mini-trial Joint conciliation
17
Arbitration
Voluntary method for the settlement of disputes
Based on the arbitration agreement Binding force for the award Enforcement mechanism basedween Nationals of Different States
Judicial method:litigation Non-judicial method
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
9
Characteristics of ADR
国经 第一章
§4 Basic principles of IEL
1. North-south imbalances and the evolution of basic principles of IEL 2. The principle of economic sovereignty • The reasons of being put forward • Substances 3. The principle of fair and mutual benefit • Implication • Practice 4. The principle of global cooperation • North-south cooperation • South-south cooperation
4. The differences and similarities between IEL and International Commercial Customs • 国际商务惯例因其独特之处，从而有别于国 际经济法整体中的其他组成部分或其他类型 的行为规范。 (1)establish, (2)the origin of legal binding, (3)arbitrariness
（2） Broad Sense：a marginal complex • 国际经济法是调整超越一国国境的经济交 往的法律规范。它调整的对象不限于国际 法主体之间的经济关系；其内容也不限于 国际公法规范，还包括用以调整一切跨越 国境的经济关系的国际私法、国际商法和 国际商务惯例，以及各国经济法、民商法 的涉外部分。
• General concept：国际经济法是调整 国际经济关系的各种法律规范的总称。 • 对国际经济关系的不同理解导致了对 于国际经济法之涵义和范围的分歧。
国际商法第一章(双语)
QUESTIONS, CONTINUED
What shall I do, and how shall I behave, as a company, so as to comply with those regulations in order to do business more successfully without any such ramifications? ------------------------------------------------ NOW, these are the legal risks and business risks we will primarily deal with throughout this course.
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INTRODUCTION TO IBL
mechanics of, covered by, IBL;
and
In this course, I will walk you through the
and
rules
I will deal particularly with some important aspects of IBL, such as international trade law, and how to identify and prevent business as well as legal risks.
Scenario 1:
You decide to do business or invest in Country A that is on the list of trade embargo imposed by Country B, a country that exerts strict control over export & import, especially of technologies subject to the regulation of, like,