语言学_Language_and_Society

Twoபைடு நூலகம்approaches to sociolinguistic studies
Macro sociolinguistics （a bird’s-eye view） 研究国家或地区的语言状况及其与社会发展的相互 关系（双语制或多语制社团中的语言选择、语言规 划、语言态度等方面的研究）

Micro sociolinguistics （a worm’s-eye view）

Sociolinguistics
Hudson (linguist） 社会语言学即联系社会对语言进行的研究。 Ervin-Tripp (psychologist) 系统研究语言形式及其社会意义相互之间关 系的学说。 Fishman (sociologist) 什么人对什么人，为了什么目的，什么时候， 说了什么
研究小群体的言语特征及其与社会环境的相互关系 （言语行为、言语事件、话语的顺序，同时还探讨 一个群体所用的语言的变化与社会因素的关系）
Speech communities 言语社团

A group of people who form a community, which may has as few members as a family or as many as a country, and share the same language or a particular speech variety of language.
指形成一个社团，小到一个家庭大到一个国家，并有一种 共同的言语或言语变体的一群人。
Speech variety



People who claim to be users of the same language do not speak the language in the same manner. Variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. Varieties are normally known as regional dialects地域方言, sociolects, 社 会方言and registers语域.

A sociolinguistic study of society (Sociology of language)
从语言变体和语言演变的事实，来解释相关的社会现象 及其演变和发展的过程。
A sociolinguistic study of language

Speech communities Language, dialects, and varieties Register


Regional dialect is a language variety used by people living in the same geographical region (e.g. Br.E. & Am.E.). Regional dialect often coincides with geographical barriers/ boundaries, like mountains, rivers, etc. [accent] Transition from one dialect to another is gradual rather than abrupt. Two neighboring dialects are often intelligible. Temporal dialect: the variety of language associated with a particular period of time. Old English; Middle English; Modern English [diachronic/historical]
exchange information as is generally assumed, but rather it is sometimes used to fulfill an important social function – to maintain social relationship between people.

Two kinds of sociolinguistic study

A sociolinguistic study of language (central concern of sociolinguistics)
从语言的社会属性出发，用社会学的方法研究语言，从 社会的角度解释语言变体和语言演变。

Language is not always used to exchange information as is generally assumed, but rather it is sometimes used to fulfill an important social function – to maintain social relationship between people.
Chinese vs. Cantonese

dialect
Regional dialect vs. temporal dialect 地域方言 时间方言/历时变体 Social dialect vs. idiolect 社会方言 个人语言 Standard dialect vs. non-standard dialect 标准方言 非标准方言
Language and Society
Netspeak



顶(支持) ddd(顶顶顶) bs/BS(鄙视) 楼猪(楼主) 滴(的、地)


555(呜呜呜) ding(顶) mm/MM(妹妹) LZ(楼主) DD/dd(弟弟) 88(拜拜) 偶(我)

Language is not always used to

In sociolinguistic study three types of speech variety are of special interest, i.e. regional dialects, sociolects and registers. （accent）
Regional dialect vs. temporal dialect

Used in a specific speech communities Valuable functions in intimate settings and for individual group identity
The relatedness between language and society
--There are many more indications of the interrelationship between language and society. (P110) The use of language is in part determined by the user’s social background. (social class, age, sex, education level, etc.) Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social ( the postvocalic [r] ).

Standard vs. non-standard dialect



Standard dialect is the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers A standard variety generally enjoys a wide range of intelligibility（接受度广） command of which is the goal of formal language instruction functions as the public means of communication Non-standard dialect
Interrelation between language and society


Any use of language is socially marked/stamped. “You are what you say.” (尔即尔所言)

简单说来，语言现象与社会现象的关系就是一种“共变”的 关系，互相影响，语言影响社会，社会影响语言
Social dialect vs. idiolect

Social dialect (also sociolect) refers to a variety of language associated with a particular social group.
Idiolect ：个人习语(language and individuality) is the speech variety of an individual. It is the features of speech or writing which distinguish one individual from others, such as voice quality, speech rhythm, diction, and other stylistic features. e.g Shakespeare's language.




Downes (sociologist ) Sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of languages which require reference to social , including contextual factors in their explanation. 社会语言学是语言学的一个分支，研究那些 只有通过社会及语境关联因素才能得到解 释的语言特性。


What is supposed to happen when two English people who have never met before come face to face in a train?
Interrelation between language and society
Language, dialects, and varieties


Language: writing system; may include several dialects; often politically defined Speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety of a language 方言是一种语言的变体。