英语国家概况
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料
Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况
2. Roman Occupation
1stto 5thcentury;
Julius Caesarcame for the first time;
The Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.
2)New Hampshire
3)Vermont
4)Massachusetts
5)Rhode Island
6)Connecticut
The birthplace of America;
The chief center of the American War of Independence;
Many famous universities located here, such asYale, Harvard, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
New Englanders were originally called Yankees(美国佬).
2. The Middle Atlantic States
1)New York
2)Pennsylvania
3)New Jersey
4)Delaware
5)Maryland
Washington D.C.is located here.
5)Wisconsin
6)Missouri
7)Iowa
8)Minnesota
9)Kansas
10)Nebraska
11)North Dakota
12)South Dakota
英语国家概况归纳
Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国●Full NameThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。
●Geography位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island（大不列颠岛）上，东濒North Sea（北海），西临Atlantic（大西洋），南与European Continent（欧洲大陆）以English Channel（英吉利海峡）、Denver Channel（多佛海峡）相隔。
由Great Britain（包括England、Scotland、Wales和Ireland东北部）和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。
陆界与Republic of Ireland （爱尔兰共和国）接壤。
国土总面积共24.18万平方公里，海岸线总长1.15万公里。
Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区）Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市（英国全境第三大城市），为苏格兰地区工业重镇，著名的Clyde（克莱德河）即流经此地。
市里有University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）、St Monger（圣蒙戈）大教堂和Hampton Court Park（汉普登公园）。
Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。
城区以Princes Street（王子大街）为界，一边是New Town，一边是Old Town。
著名古迹有：Edinburgh Castle（爱丁堡城堡）、St Giles′Cathedral（圣吉尔教堂）、National Gallery of Scotland（苏格兰国立美术馆）、Scott Monument（司各特纪念碑）、Palace of Holyroodhouse（圣十字架宫）等。
英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况笔记整理
英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言或为第一语言的国家。
这些国家有着丰富的历史和文化，并且在全球范围内都有着重要的地位。
以下是对一些典型英语国家的笔记整理。
英格兰英格兰是指大不列颠岛上最大的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
英格兰是全球最重要的文化和商业中心之一，是世界上最重要的旅游胜地之一。
它以其壮丽的城市风光、古老的大学、世界顶级艺术品和丰富的文化遗产而著名。
英格兰还是口音最标准、最古老的英语发源地之一。
苏格兰苏格兰是英国的一个国家，位于英国北部，与英格兰隔着哈德里安长城相隔。
苏格兰地处北极圈附近，因此气候较为寒冷，但是其美丽的山川湖泊和独特的文化使得它成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。
苏格兰的联合王国象征是印有一只独角兽的盾牌。
苏格兰有着悠久的历史，并且拥有着独特的文化，比如苏格兰传统的音乐、服装和食品等。
威尔士威尔士是英国的一个国家，位于英格兰西部。
它以其壮观的山地风景和世界最佳的海岸线而著名。
威尔士人喜欢庆祝传统文化，并且其歌曲、舞蹈和风俗仍然在今天得到了广泛传承。
威尔士听起来有着特别的口音。
英国国旗上的红色龙即是威尔士的象征。
爱尔兰爱尔兰是一个欧洲国家，位于大不列颠岛西侧。
它分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰，后者是英国的一部分。
爱尔兰是一个美丽的国家，拥有许多独特的风景和文化遗产。
爱尔兰以其友好的人民、美妙的音乐和优美的文学而著名。
美国美国是世界上最强大的国家之一，是一个多元化的国家，拥有许多文化和民族。
美国以其灿烂多彩的文化、科技创新和政治制度而闻名于世。
美国是一个旅游胜地，拥有世界上最知名的城市之一，如纽约、洛杉矶和旧金山等。
在美国，许多地方需要汽车来进行通行，而且美国人也对汽车有着独特的热爱。
加拿大加拿大是北美洲最多元化和最友善的国家之一。
加拿大有着尽可能保持自然美和野生动物保护的承诺，拥有美丽的大自然风光，如落基山脉和尼亚加拉瀑布。
加拿大人民非常注重公民权利和社会公正，是全世界人权保护能见度最高的国家之一。
英语国家概况中文版
英语国家概况中文版简介英语是世界上最广泛使用的第二语言，也是联合国的一种官方语言。
英语国家是指以英语为母语或官方语言的国家，主要分布在北美、欧洲、澳大利亚和新西兰等地。
本文将介绍英语国家的概况和一些有趣的事实。
北美地区北美地区是英语国家的主要集中地。
美国是世界上最大的英语国家，英语是其最主要的官方语言。
美国的文化、商业和科技对全球产生了深远影响。
加拿大是除美国外人口最多的英语国家，英语是其官方语言之一。
加拿大是一个多元文化的国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和高质量的教育体系。
欧洲欧洲也是英语国家的重要区域。
英国是英语的发源地，英语是其官方语言。
英国对世界文学、艺术、政治和经济都有重要影响。
爱尔兰也是英语国家，英语是其官方语言之一。
爱尔兰以其独特的文化和友好的人民而闻名。
其他欧洲国家如澳大利亚和新西兰也是英语国家。
澳大利亚是南半球最大的英语国家，英语是其官方语言。
澳大利亚以其美丽的自然风景和多元文化而著名。
新西兰是一个位于南太平洋上的岛国，英语是其官方语言之一。
新西兰以其壮丽的自然风光和平静的生活方式而吸引着众多游客。
亚洲在亚洲地区，菲律宾是英语国家之一，英语是其官方语言之一。
菲律宾的人口中有很多人能以流利的英语进行交流。
印度也是一个使用英语广泛的国家，尽管其官方语言是印地语，但英语在印度的政府、商业和教育领域是普遍使用的。
非洲尽管非洲大多数国家的官方语言是其本土语言，但在一些前英国殖民地，如南非和尼日利亚，英语依然是重要的官方语言之一。
这些国家的人民通常会说至少两种或更多种语言。
结论英语国家的分布遍布全球，英语作为一种国际语言在全球范围内发挥着重要的作用。
这些国家的文化、历史和社会风貌各异，但他们之间通过英语语言建立了联系。
无论是在学习、旅游，还是商业交流中，英语都是一门重要的语言。
掌握英语不仅可以帮助我们更好地了解这些国家，还能够与世界各地的人民进行交流和沟通。
以上是对英语国家概况的简要介绍，希望对读者有所帮助。
英语国家概况笔记整理
英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家，主要分布在英联邦国家和美洲国家。
这些国家在文化、经济等方面有着广泛的联系和合作，具有丰富的历史及文化背景，是世界上最具影响力的国家之一。
下面将对英语国家的概况进行整理。
英联邦国家是指以英国为领袖的国际组织，由英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非、印度、巴基斯坦等53个国家和地区组成。
这些国家中以英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰为代表的国家，在经济、政治、文化、教育等方面有着密切的联系和合作，军事上也有协调和互助的关系。
英国是英语国家的中心，由四个国家：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。
英国拥有悠久的历史和文化背景，是文化艺术、科技创新、高等教育等方面的领袖国家。
英国的文化产业发达，英语是世界第一大语言，英国的音乐、电影、电视剧等文艺作品也备受全球瞩目。
澳大利亚位于太平洋和印度洋之间，是由六个州和两个地区组成的联邦制国家。
澳大利亚是一个多元化的国家，拥有丰富的自然资源和景观。
澳大利亚在旅游、采矿、农业等方面具有突出的优势，是世界经济中不可忽视的力量。
加拿大是北美洲最大的国家，拥有广阔的土地和丰富的自然资源。
加拿大是世界上最发达的国家之一，其经济主要以服务业和加工制造业为主。
加拿大在金融、信息技术等领域具有较强的实力。
新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，由北岛和南岛以及其他一些小岛组成。
新西兰优美的自然环境使其成为了世界上著名的旅游胜地，同时其在农业、林业、渔业等领域也有着不俗的表现。
美洲国家是指以英语为官方语言的南、北美洲国家，包括美国、加拿大和13个加勒比国家。
这些国家在经济、政治、文化等方面也有着紧密的联系和合作。
美国是世界经济最大的国家之一，是世界级的大国和超级大国。
美国拥有强大的军事实力和文化影响力，同时也在国际事务中发挥着重要作用。
美国是全球科技、金融和文化中心之一，其在电影、音乐、时尚、饮食等方面也有着巨大的影响力。
加勒比国家是指坐落在加勒比海与墨西哥湾之间的一批岛国，其中比较著名的包括牙买加、海地、巴哈马等。
英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
主要英语国家概况第4版
主要英语国家概况第4版
主要英语国家指的是以英语为官方语言且主要使用英语进行交流和教育的国家。
以下是主要英语国家的概况：
1.英国(United Kingdom)：英国是英语的发源地，也是世界上第一个大规模使用英语的国家。
英国是欧洲经济强国，拥有丰富的文化遗产和历史背景。
2.美国(United States)：美国是世界上最大的英语国家，也是全球最强大的经济实体之一。
美国是一个多元文化的国家，拥有广泛的领土和各种气候条件。
3.加拿大(Canada)：加拿大是北美洲第二大国家，也是一个双语国家，英语和法语都是其官方语言。
加拿大是一个多元文化的国家，拥有丰富的自然景观和资源。
4.澳大利亚(Australia)：澳大利亚是一个位于南太平洋的国家，也是一个英联邦国家。
澳大利亚是一个高发达的国家，拥有现代化的城市和良好的教育体系。
5.新西兰(New Zealand)：新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的国家，也
是一个英联邦国家。
新西兰拥有优美的自然风光和多元文化的社会。
6.印度(India)：印度是世界上人口第二多的国家，也是一个广泛
使用英语的国家。
英语在印度是官方语言之一，广泛用于政府、商务
和教育领域。
7.南非(South Africa)：南非是非洲最发达的国家之一，也是一
个多元文化和多语言的国家。
英语是南非的官方语言之一，广泛用于
商务和教育领域。
以上是主要英语国家的概况，每个国家都有其独特的文化和特点，同时也是全球交流和教育的重要中心。
英语国家概况
美国各州名称：亚拉巴马州 Alabama阿拉斯加州 Alaska亚利桑那州 Arizona阿肯色州 Arkansas加利福尼亚州 California加州科罗拉多州 Colorado哥伦比亚特区Columbia康涅狄格州 Connecticut特拉华州 Delaware佛罗里达州 Florida佐治亚州 Georgia夏威夷州 Hawaii爱达荷州 Idaho伊利诺伊州 Illinois印弟安纳州 Indiana爱荷华州 Iowa堪萨斯州 Kansas肯塔基州 Kentucky路易斯安那州 Louisiana缅因州 Maine马里兰州 Maryland马萨诸塞州 Massachusetts 密歇根州 Michigan明尼苏达州 Minnesota 密西西比州 Mississippi密苏里州 Missour蒙大拿州 Montana内布拉斯加州 Nebraska内华达州 Nevada新罕布什尔州 New Hampshire 新泽西州 New Jersey新墨西哥州 New Mexico纽约州 New York北卡罗来纳州 North Carolina 北达科他州 North Dakota俄亥俄州 Ohio俄克拉荷马州 Oklahoma俄勒冈州 Oregon宾西法尼亚州 Pennsyivania 罗得岛州 Rhode Island南卡罗来纳州 South Carolina 南达科他州 South Dakota田纳西州 Tennessee得克萨斯州 Texas犹他州 Utah佛蒙特州 Vermont弗吉尼亚州 Virgina华盛顿州 Washington西弗吉尼亚州 West Virginia 威斯康星州 Wisconsin怀俄明州 Wyoming美国历届总统1.乔治·华盛顿 George Washington (1789—1797)2.约翰·亚当斯 John Adams (1797—1801)3.托马斯·杰弗逊 Thomas Jefferson (1801—1809)4.詹姆斯·麦迪逊 James Madison (1809—1817)5.詹姆斯·门罗 James Monroe (1817—1825)6.约翰·昆西·亚当斯 John Quincy Adams (1825—1829)7.安德鲁·杰克逊 Andrew Jackson (1829—1837)8.马丁·范布伦 Martin Van Buren (1837—1841)9.威廉·亨利·哈里森 William H. Harrison (1841)10.约翰·泰勒 John Tyler (1841—1845)11. 詹姆斯·K·波尔克 James K. Polk (1845—1849)12. 扎卡里·泰勒 Zachary Taylor (1949—1850)13.米勒德·菲尔莫尔 Millard Fillmore (1850—1853)14.富兰克林·皮尔斯 Franklin Pierce (1853—1857)15.詹姆斯·布坎南 James Buchanan (1857—1861)16.亚伯拉罕·林肯 Abraham Lincoln (1861—1865)17.安德鲁·约翰逊 Andrew Johnson (1865—1869)18.尤利塞斯·S·格兰特 Ulysses S. Grant (1869—1877)19.拉瑟福德·B·海斯 Rutherford B. Hayes (1877—1881)20.詹姆斯·A·加菲尔德 James A. Garfield (1881)21.切斯特·A·阿瑟 Chester A. Arthur (1881—1885)22.格罗弗·克利夫兰 Grover Cleveland (1885—1889)23.本杰明·哈里森 (1889—1893)24.格罗弗·克利夫兰 Grover Cleveland (1893—1897)25.威廉·麦金莱 William McKinley (1897—1901)26.西奥多·罗斯福 Theodore Roosevelt (1901—1909)27.威廉·H·塔夫脱 William H. Taft (1909—1913)28.伍德罗·威尔逊 Woodrow Wilson (1913—1921)29.沃伦·G·哈定 Warren G. Harding (1921—1923)30.卡尔文·柯立芝 Calvin Coolidge (1923—1929)31.赫伯特·C·胡弗 Herbert Hoover (1929—1933)32.富兰克林·罗斯福 Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933—1945)33.哈里·S·杜鲁门 Harry S. Truman (1945—1953)34.德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔 Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953—1961)35.约翰·F·肯尼迪 John F. Kennedy (1961—1963)36.林登·B·约翰逊 Lyndon B. Johnson (1963—1969)37.理查德·M·尼克松 Richard M. Nixon (1969—1974)38.杰拉尔德·R·福特 Gerald R. Ford (1974—1977)39.吉米·卡特 Jimmy Carter (1977—1981)40.罗纳德·里根 Ronald Reagan (1981—1989)41.乔治·布什 George Bush (1989—1993)42.比尔·克林顿 Bill Clinton (1993—2001)43.乔治布什 George W. Bush Jr. (2001—2009)44. 贝拉克·奥巴马Barack Hussein Obama II (2009-)英国各郡名称：1贝德福德Bedfordshire2白金汉Buckinghamshire3剑桥Cambridgeshire4柴郡Cheshier5康沃尔Cornwall6坎布里亚Cumbria7德比Derbyshire8德文Devon9多塞特Dorset10达勒姆Durham11东萨塞克斯East Sussex12埃塞克斯Essex13格洛斯特Gloucestershire14大伦敦Greater London15大曼彻斯特Greater Manchester 16汉普郡Hampshire17赫里福德Herefordshire18伍斯特Worcestershire19赫特福德Hertfordshire20肯特Kent21兰开夏Lancashire22莱斯特Leicetershire23林肯Lincolnshire 24默西塞德Merseyside25诺福克Norfolk26北安普敦Northamptonshire27诺萨伯兰Northumberland28北约克郡North Yorkshire29诺丁汉Nottinghamshire30牛津Oxfordshire31施洛普Shropshire32萨默塞特Somerset33南约克郡South Yorkshire34斯塔福德Staffordshire35萨福克郡Suffolk36萨里Surrey37泰恩-威尔Tyne and Wear38沃里克Warwickshire39西米德兰兹West Midlands40西萨塞克斯郡West Sussex41西约克郡West Yorkshire42威尔特郡Wiltshire根据1998年建立地区开发署的法案，英格兰含伦敦还被划分为9个地区：伦敦、东部、东南部、西南部、东米德兰、西米德兰、约克与休姆伯、东北、西北与默西塞苏格兰被划分为32个设有单一地方议会的行政区：1阿伯丁郡Aberdeenshire2阿伯丁市Aberdeen City3安格斯Angus4阿吉尔与布特Argyll and Bute5东艾尔郡East Ayrshire6南艾尔郡South Ayrshire7北艾尔郡North Ayrshire8柯莱克曼楠郡Clackmannanshire 9登佛里斯与盖洛韦Dumfries Galloway 10丹迪市Dundee11东登巴顿郡 East Dunbartonshire 12西登巴顿郡 West Dunbartonshire 13爱丁堡市City of Edinburgh14伐尔科克Falkirk 15费扶Fife16格拉斯哥市City of Glasgow 17因沃克莱德Inverclyde18南拉纳克郡South Lanarkshire 19北拉纳克郡North Lanarkshire 20东洛衫East Lothian21西洛衫West Lothian22米德洛衫Midlothian23默里Moray24佩思与金罗斯Perth and Kinross 25任扶里郡Renfrewshire26东任扶里郡East Renfrewshire 27斯特林Stirling28苏格兰边境区Scottish Borders 29苏格兰高地Highland30奥克尼群岛Orkney31设德兰群岛Shetland32西部群岛Western Isles威尔士划分为22个设单一地方议会的行政区：1加的夫Cardiff2纽波特Newport3托尔番Torfaen4布莱诺-格温特Blaenau Gwent5凯尔费里Caerphilly6斯温西Swansea7朗达-塞南-塔佛Rhondda Cynon T aff 8布里占德Bridgend9默瑟尔提德维尔Merthyr Tydfil 10格拉摩根谷地Vale of Glamorgan 11扶林特郡Flintshire12尼斯-塔尔伯特港Neath Port T albot 13沃里萨姆Wrexham14登比郡Denbighshire15蒙默思郡 Monmouthshire16康维 Conwy17安格尔西岛 Isle of Anglesey18彭布鲁克郡 Pembrokeshire19卡马森郡 Carmarthenshire 20格威尼德 Gwynedd21瑟利迪真 Ceredigion22泼威思 Powys北爱尔兰划分为26个设地方议会的行政区：1安特利姆Antrim2阿尔兹Ards3阿尔马Armagh4拜里米纳Ballymena5拜里默尼Ballymoney6班布里治Banbridge7贝尔法斯特Belfast8卡里科费噶斯Carrickfergus9卡斯勒里Castlereagh10科里雷恩Coleraine11库克斯汤Cookstown 12科雷噶文Cragavon13德里Derry14道恩Down15北道恩North Down16登干南Dungannon17费尔马纳Fermanagh18拉恩Larne19利马瓦底Limavady20里斯波恩Lisburn21马赫拉费尔特Magherafelt22默尔Moyle23纽里与默恩Newry and Mourne 24纽汤纳比Newtownabbey25奥马Omagh26斯特拉班Strabane澳大利亚各州名称：全国第一州---- 新南威尔士（New South Wales, 首府：悉尼，全州人口：约680万人）阳光之州---- 昆士兰（Queensland, 首府：布里斯班，全州人口：约418万人）节日之州---- 南澳大利亚（South Australia, 首府：阿德雷德，全州人口：约155万人）花园之州----维多利亚（Victoria, 首府：墨尔本，全州人口：约500万人）野花之州---- 西澳大利亚州（Western Australia, 首府：珀斯，全州人口：略多于200万人）假日岛屿之州---- 塔斯曼尼亚州（Tasmania, 首府：霍巴特，全州人口：48万多人）首都领地（Australian National Territory - ACT，全领地人口：略多于32万人）北领地（Northern Territory, 首府：达尔文，全领地人口：略多于20万人）。
英语国家概况知识点总结
英语国家概况知识点总结概述:英语被广泛用于世界各地，特别是在英语国家。
英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家。
这些国家在文化、历史和政治方面有着共同的特点。
本文将总结关于英语国家的一些重要知识点。
1. 英语国家数量:目前，英语被作为官方语言或主要语言使用在75个国家和地区。
其中，英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚是英语国家中最重要的四个国家。
2. 英语的起源:英语起源于古代日耳曼语，并受到盎格鲁、撒克逊、日耳曼和诺曼底法语等语言的影响。
在中世纪，英语逐渐成为英格兰的主要语言，后来通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。
3. 英语的变体:英语有多种变体，包括英国英语、美国英语、澳大利亚英语和加拿大英语等。
这些变体在发音、拼写和用法方面有所不同。
4. 英语国家的文化:英语国家的文化多样且富有活力。
英国是莎士比亚、达尔文和牛津剑桥等的故乡，以其丰富的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。
美国则以好莱坞电影、摇滚音乐和现代科技创新而著名。
澳大利亚和加拿大拥有美丽的自然风光，并注重多元文化的融合。
5. 英语国家的政治体制:英语国家有各种不同的政治体制。
英国是君主制国家，美国是联邦共和制国家，澳大利亚和加拿大则是联邦议会制国家。
这些国家在政治制度上有着明显的区别，但都保持着相对稳定的政治体系。
6. 英语的全球影响力:英语是联合国和其他国际组织的官方语言之一。
它也是全球商务和文化交流的主要语言。
掌握英语可以给人们提供更多的就业机会和交流平台。
7. 英语教育:英语是世界上最广泛学习的第二语言。
在许多英语国家，英语教育是义务教育的一部分。
英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚都有世界一流的教育体系，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
结论:英语国家在全球范围内有着重要的地位和影响力。
了解英语国家的概况能够帮助人们更好地理解英语语言及其文化背景。
掌握英语不仅是国际交流的必要工具，也是扩大人们视野和增加自身竞争力的关键。
英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况(汉英对照)Isles consist of two large islands and several hundred small islands。
The two large XXX larger and is the home of England。
Scotland。
XXX is also part of the United Kingdom and is locatedin the northern part of XXX。
the official name of the country isthe United Kingdom of Great XXX。
due to its length。
people often refer to it as Britain。
the United Kingdom。
or simply the UK。
The UK is a country located on the island of Great Britain。
with its capital in London。
Another country。
the Republic of Ireland or simply Ireland。
is also located on the island of Ireland。
It occupies the rest of the island。
in the south。
It gained independence in 1949 and its capital is Dublin.Ⅱ.英国的地理和气候2.Geography and Climate of the UK英国位于欧洲西北部，是一个由四个国家组成的岛国。
英格兰、苏格兰和XXX占据了大不列颠岛的大部分面积，而北爱尔兰则位于爱尔兰岛的东北部。
英国地形多样，有山地、丘陵、平原、海岸等。
英国的气候温和而多雨，因为受到暖流的影响，所以冬季不会太冷，夏季也不会太热。
英语国家概况
加拿大 Canada （英语法语）
• 主要城市排名：Toronto, Montreal (Quebec), Vancouver, Ottawa 渥太பைடு நூலகம்(capital), Quebec City (Q’s capital) • Constitutional monarchy: head of state = Elizabeth II, representated by Governor-General • Parliamentarian democracy: House of Commons (election every 5 years) + the Senate (appointed) • Head of gov’t: Prime Minister (Cabinet)(5 years term) • Major political parties: Conservative (现执政), Liberal Party (主要在野党), New Democratic Party, Partie Quebeçois • Federation: 10 provinces, 3 territories • Earliest inhabitants: 原称为Indians，现称为the First Nations. • Major religion: Christianity • National sports: hockey in winter, lacrosse 长曲棍球in summer
• 1642: the republican Roundheads, Oliver Cromwell处死Charles I。 • 1660: restoration复辟Charles II • 1689，the Bill of Rights: the king would never be able to ignore the parliament.
英语国家概况 英文
英语国家概况英文
英语是世界上最重要的语言之一，它在许多国家是官方语言或主要语言。
以下是一些以英
语为母语的国家的概况：
1. 英国：作为英语的诞生地，英国是最重要的英语国家之一。
英国不仅以其古老的历史和文化
而闻名，还是经济和科技的重要中心。
伦敦是英国的首都和最大城市。
2. 美国：作为全球最强大的经济体之一，美国是世界上最多样化和多元化的国家之一。
英语是
美国的官方语言，并在社交、经济和政治领域中广泛使用。
华盛顿特区是美国的首都。
3. 加拿大：加拿大是第二个最大的英语国家，英语是该国的一种官方语言，与法语并列。
加拿
大以其美丽的自然景观、多元的文化和友好的人民而闻名。
4. 澳大利亚：澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
英语是该国的官方语言，并广泛使用于各个领域。
悉尼是澳大利亚的最大城市和经济中心。
5. 新西兰：新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，英语是该国的主要语言。
新西兰以其壮丽的自
然景观、丰富的文化遗产和友善的人民而闻名。
6. 南非：英语是南非的官方语言之一，这个国家拥有多种语言和文化。
南非以其多样化的野生
动植物、美丽的海岸线和悠久的历史而著名。
除了这些国家，还有许多其他国家也使用英语作为官方语言或作为第二语言，并且英语在全球
范围内被广泛学习和使用。
使用英语的国家有助于促进各国之间的交流、商务合作和文化交流。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇一、地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.二、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State.澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States.新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government toa Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly calledDistrict or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.六、农业英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.七、对外贸易英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.八、当今面临的问题英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many ofAmerican people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.九、教育英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries.美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect ofAmerican higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays.爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591.加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the University fo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students.节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit)加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies.新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties.二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphia and the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.)2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour.3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States.4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers.5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country."6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool"7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents.8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death.9.Memorial Day/Last Monday in May (美国) This day,originally called "Decoration Day",was first celebrated after the Civil War. Now it is a day to honour the memory of those who have given their lives for their country and people enjoy a three-days weekend. It is celebrated in various ways. Parade,bands,concerts,speeches and dinners are held in every American city.10.Independent Day/July 4 (美国) Independent Day is a legal holiday throughour the United States.It is the birthday of the nation. On July 4,1776,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence,which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation. The army marks the occation by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. In Washington D.C the President traditionally holds open house at the White House and large national banquets.11.Halloween/October 31 (美国) Halloween is a night-time children's holiday.(Trick or treat)12.Guy Fawkes Day/Novemeber 5 (英国) The only other national festival,which the origin lies in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.13.Veteran's Day/Novmber 11 (美国） Veteran's Daywhich was called the Ameristice Day before,origionally celebrated the signing of the 1918 Ameistice (the end of WWI).Now it honours the memory of all men who have ever fought in defense of the country. People spend the day quietly at home and keep two minutes of silence at 11:00 a.m. hoping that future wars will avoided forever and that people will live in a peaceful,friendly world.14.Thanksgiving Day/Fourth Thursday of November (美国) Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday.It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth,Massachusetts on December 13,1621. Today the Americans usually hold a big family。
英语国家概况笔记整理
英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况：英语是目前世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，被称为国际语言。
以下是关于英语国家的概况。
1. 英语国家概述英语国家是指以英语作为官方语言或重要语言的国家。
主要的英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、爱尔兰等。
此外，英语也是许多其他国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言，如印度、菲律宾、南非等。
2. 英国英国是英语的发源地和最重要的英语国家之一。
它由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。
英国是一个世界上最多元化和文化历史最悠久的国家之一，拥有众多的名胜古迹，如大本钟、巨石阵、伦敦塔等。
3. 美国美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，拥有丰富的资源和多元文化。
美国是一个移民国家，人口大部分由来自不同国家的移民组成。
美国的经济实力雄厚，是世界上最大的经济体之一。
美国的主要城市有纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥等。
4. 加拿大加拿大是世界上第二大国家，拥有广袤的土地和丰富的自然资源。
英语和法语是加拿大的两种官方语言，但英语在加拿大的大部分地区得到广泛使用。
加拿大是一个文化多元化的国家，各个城市和地区拥有不同的文化特点。
5. 澳大利亚澳大利亚位于南半球，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚是一个拥有多种语言和文化的国家，但英语是其主要语言。
悉尼和墨尔本是澳大利亚最大的城市，也是该国的文化和商业中心。
6. 新西兰新西兰位于太平洋地区，是一个自然环境优美的国家。
英语是该国的官方语言，也是教育、商务和政府机构使用的主要语言。
新西兰是一个小而友好的国家，拥有丰富的户外活动和独特的文化。
7. 爱尔兰爱尔兰位于欧洲西部，是一个英语国家，英语是该国的官方语言。
爱尔兰是一个美丽而古老的国家，有着浓厚的文化和历史。
爱尔兰以其独特的音乐、文学和舞蹈而闻名，如爱尔兰民谣和著名的作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
8. 其他英语国家除了以上国家，英语也是印度、菲律宾、南非等许多国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言。
这些国家拥有丰富的历史和文化遗产，每个国家都有自己独特的文化和风景。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较国英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇 [UseMoney=8]一、地理位置,面积: 英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres. 美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. 爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. 加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States. 澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south. 新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.三、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. 美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian. 3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate. 爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. 加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow. 澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry. 新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries. 英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首[UseMoney=8]英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. 美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is hisofficial residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most) 爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years) 加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State. 澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构[UseMoney=8]二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointedby the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.党派,司法机构[UseMoney=8]四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session. 二、农业[UseMoney=8]英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds. 美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291) 爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. 加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia. 澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of foodand natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years. 新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines. 四、对外贸易[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. 美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia. 爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports. 加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American. 澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports. 新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products. 五、当今面临的问题[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92) 美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that alwaysface the United States. 爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill. 加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs. 二、教育[UseMoney=8]英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries. 美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect of American higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays. 爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591. 加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the Universityfo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students. 节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit) 加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies. 新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties. 二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）[UseMoney=8]1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphiaand the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.) 2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour. 3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States. 4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers. 5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country." 6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool" 7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents. 8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death. 节日(二)。
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③Compared with the rest of the world, the UK had a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percent of older people.
2. Is it correct to describe contemporary British society as “multi-ethnic” and " multinational”? If so, why?
①The UK‘s contemporary population is predominantly of English, Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish stock, who have derived from varied settlement, internal migration and assimilation in history.
②Additionally, the British population is composed of immigrant minorities who have been in Britain over the centuries and have sometimes intermarried with other ethnic groups.
5. How has the English evolved in history?
Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who all arrived in Britain in the 5th century AD. It is also heavily influenced by the language of the Danes (Vikings), who beg an raiding the British Isles in about AD 790 and subsequently colonised parts of northern and eastern England. From the 11th to 14th century, under the Frenchspeaking Norman kings, a hybrid speech combining AngloSaxon and Norman French elements developed and gradually became the offi cial language known as Middle English today.
Why is it said that it is important to the UK'sclass structure?
Class is considered an incisive analytic tool for understanding social division , especially in British society that is traditionally class conscious. For much of the last two centuries, family background, main source of income , place of residence, cultural tastes and political affiliations were closely associated , and class position transmitted information about these aspects of social differences.
④The UK population is overwhelmingly urban.
4. What are the Celtic languages?
Celtic languages include Irish, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic.
Are they still living?
Yes, they are still living. About one-fifth of the total population of Wales, especially in the north and west, are able to speak Welsh.
• Scottish Gaelic is strongest among the inhabitants of the islands of the Outer Hebrides and Skye.
Unit two The People
1. What patterns of settlement and immigration has the UK demonstrated in history?
The British are often regarded as a “mixed” people, meaning that they are products of waves of invasion and immigration from different ethnic groups in the course of history.
3. What are the changing patterns of population distribution in the UK?
①The population of the United Kingdom has been increasing since at least 1086 AD