国际法法条
国际法法条
第一章一般规定第一条为了明确涉外民事关系的法律适用,合理解决涉外民事争议，维护当事人的合法权益，制定本法。
第二条涉外民事关系适用的法律，依照本法确定。
其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用另有特别规定的，依照其规定。
本法和其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用没有规定的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系的法律。
第三条当事人依照法律规定可以明示选择涉外民事关系适用的法律。
第四条中华人民共和国法律对涉外民事关系有强制性规定的，直接适用该强制性规定.第五条外国法律的适用将损害中华人民共和国社会公共利益的，适用中华人民共和国法律.第六条涉外民事关系适用外国法律,该国不同区域实施不同法律的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系区域的法律。
第七条诉讼时效，适用相关涉外民事关系应当适用的法律。
第八条涉外民事关系的定性，适用法院地法律。
第九条涉外民事关系适用的外国法律，不包括该国的法律适用法.第十条涉外民事关系适用的外国法律,由人民法院、仲裁机构或者行政机关查明.当事人选择适用外国法律的，应当提供该国法律.不能查明外国法律或者该国法律没有规定的，适用中华人民共和国法律。
第二章民事主体第十一条自然人的民事权利能力，适用经常居所地法律。
第十二条自然人的民事行为能力,适用经常居所地法律。
自然人从事民事活动,依照经常居所地法律为无民事行为能力，依照行为地法律为有民事行为能力的，适用行为地法律，但涉及婚姻家庭、继承的除外。
第十三条宣告失踪或者宣告死亡，适用自然人经常居所地法律。
第十四条法人及其分支机构的民事权利能力、民事行为能力、组织机构、股东权利义务等事项，适用登记地法律.法人的主营业地与登记地不一致的，可以适用主营业地法律。
法人的经常居所地,为其主营业地。
第十五条人格权的内容,适用权利人经常居所地法律.第十六条代理适用代理行为地法律，但被代理人与代理人的民事关系，适用代理关系发生地法律.当事人可以协议选择委托代理适用的法律。
第十七条当事人可以协议选择信托适用的法律.当事人没有选择的，适用信托财产所在地法律或者信托关系发生地法律。
国际法
国际法总论第一章导论第一节国际法的名称一、近代观点1、“国际法之父”，荷兰法学家格老修斯，在1625年《战争与和平法》中，万国法。
2、英国法学家边沁，18世纪末，国际法，《道德及立法原理入门》。
3、public——国际公法。
privite——国际私法二、现代观点国际法的概念：在国际交往中形成的，主要调整国家间关系的，有法律拘束力的原则、规则和制度的总体。
国际法的特点：1、国际法的主体主要是国家，调整的关系主要是国家之间的关系。
传统观点：国家是国际法的唯一主体。
现代观点：国家是国际法的基本主体。
2、国际法主要是国家之间以协议的方式指制定的。
3、国际法的效力及于整个国际社会。
4、国际法采取不同于国内法的特殊的强制实施方式。
第二节国际法的效力根据（一）国际法的效力根据——国家间的协议1、国家间的协议反映了各国协调意志。
2、各国达成的协议是各国作为国际法制定者通过一定的立法程序共同制定的法律文件。
3、各国之间的协议是各国强制执行国际法的根据。
（二）国际法的实在根据1、各国的宪法（1）规定国际法在国内适用。
1987年韩国宪法第6条第一项：依据宪法缔结和颁布的条约和普遍承认的国际法规与国内法具有同等效力。
（2）承认国际法的优越性。
1959年荷兰宪法第63条：如为国际法律秩序发展的必要，条约可与宪法相抵触。
2、各国的实践。
1983年9月1日韩国民航机007号被前苏联击落。
3、国际条约的规定及国际组织的实践（1）《联合国宪章》第四条规定加入联合国的国家要承认宪章中的义务。
（2）各种国际法院是为直接适用国际法而设置的。
第三节国际法学说一、传统学说（一）格老修斯学派代表人物：德国的沃尔夫；瑞士的瓦尔特。
1、国际法效力的根据是依据自然法，是理性。
2、协定是国家的共同同意。
（二）自然法学派代表人物：普芬道夫提出所谓人类良知、人类理性、人类法律意识等一些抽象的自然法概念，作为国际法效力的根据。
（三）实在法学派代表人物：荷兰的宾客舒克国际法的效力依据，不是如自然法学派所说的“理性之所命”，而是由于国家的承认；国际法的规则不是依推理的程序来发现，而是用归纳的方法从国际交往中去推求；“公认”是国际法的唯一基础。
国际法院规约
国际法院规约第一条联合国宪章所设之国际法院为联合国主要司法机关，其组织及职务之行使应依本规约之下列规定。
第一章法院之组织第二条法院以独立法官若干人组织之。
此项法官应不论国籍，就品格高尚并在各本国具有最高司法职位之任命资格或公认为国际法之法学家中选举之。
第三条一．法院以法官十五人组织之，其中不得有二人为同一国家之国民。
二．就充任法院法官而言，一人而可视力一个国家以上之国民者，应认为属于其通常行使公民及政治极利之国家或会员国之国民。
第四条一．法院法官应由大会及安全理事会依下列规定就常设公断法院各国团体所提出之名单内选举之。
二．在常设公断法院并无代表之联合国会员国，其候选人名单应由各该国政府专为此事而委派之团体提出；此项各国团体之委派，准用一九O七年海牙和平解决国际纷争条约第四十四条规定委派常设公断法院公断员之条件。
三．凡非联合国会员国而已接受法院规约之国家，其参加选举法院法官时，参加条件，如无特别协定应由大会经安全理事会之提议规定之。
第五条一．联合国秘书长至迟应于选举日期三个月前，用书面邀请属于本规约当事国之常设公断法院公断员．及依第四条第二项所委派之各国团体．于一定期间内分别由各国团体提出能接受法官职务之人员。
二．每一团体所提人数不得超过四人，其中属其本国国籍者不得超过二人。
在任何情形下，每一团体所提候选人之人数不得超过应占席数之一倍。
第六条各国团体在提出上项人员以前，宜咨询本国最高法院．大学法学院．法律学校．专研法律之国家研究院．及国际研究院在各国所设之各分院。
第七条一．秘书位应依字母次序，编就上项所提人员之名单。
除第十二条第二项规定外，仪此项人员有被选权。
二．秘书长应将前项名单提交大会及安全理事会。
第八条大会及安全理事会各应独立举行法院法官之选举。
第九条每次选举时，选举人不独应注意被选人必须各具必要资格，并应注意务使法官全体确能代表世界各大文化及各主要法系。
第十条一．候选人在大会及在安全理事会得绝对多数票者应认为当选。
国际法
国际法求助编辑百科名片国际法指适用主权国家之间以及其他具有国际人格的实体之间的法律规则的总体。
国际法又称国际公法，以区别于国际私法或法律冲突，后者处理的是不同国家的国内法之间的差异。
国际法也与国内法截然不同，国内法是一个国家内部的法律，它调整在其管辖范围内的个人及其他法律实体的行为。
目录第一种解释国际习惯法的主要规则主权承认同意信实公海自由国际责任自卫第二种解释国际法的特征国际法的特征主要有国际法的基本原则战后国际关系新发展的特征主要特征现代国际关系的这些新变化《国际法院规约》第三十八条编纂法典国际法与国内法的关系国际法-分类国际法-渊源国际法-与国内立法的关系国际法-历史发展古代近代国际法的产生帝国主义阶段俄国十月革命以后现代国际法的主体国际法特征第三世界国家的影响数目庞大的国际组织国际经济变化的影响现代科学技术的影响国际法-中国与国际法古代国际法介绍到中国鸦片战争以后中华人民共和国的成立及其贡献国际法的编纂基本原则同名图书基本信息简介目录第一种解释国际习惯法的主要规则主权承认同意信实公海自由国际责任自卫第二种解释国际法的特征国际法的特征主要有国际法的基本原则战后国际关系新发展的特征主要特征现代国际关系的这些新变化《国际法院规约》第三十八条编纂法典国际法与国内法的关系国际法-分类国际法-渊源国际法-与国内立法的关系国际法-历史发展古代近代国际法的产生帝国主义阶段俄国十月革命以后现代国际法的主体国际法特征第三世界国家的影响数目庞大的国际组织国际经济变化的影响现代科学技术的影响国际法-中国与国际法古代国际法介绍到中国鸦片战争以后中华人民共和国的成立及其贡献国际法的编纂基本原则同名图书基本信息简介目录展开编辑本段第一种解释作为国际法律关系主体的国家（或者地区）之间制定和实施的法律。
国际法指适用主权国家之间以及其他具有国际人格的实体之间的法律规则的总体。
国际法又称国际公法，以区别于国际私法或法律冲突，后者处理的是不同国家的国内法之间的差异。
国际法
一、国际法的基本原则有：1、国家主权原则；2、国家平等原则；3、不干涉内政原则；4、和平解决争端原则；5、不使用武力或武力威胁原则；6、不歧视原则；7、国际合作原则；8、约定必须遵守原则；9、忠实履行国际义务原则；10、人民自决原则；11、尊重人权和基本自由原则。
国际法基本原则（概念）是指：必须对国际法特别重要；必须包含相对广泛的国际法规则；必须在国际法上非常典型或在现存国际法上非常有特点。
其特征：各国公认，具有普遍意义，适用于国际法一切效力范围，构成国际法的基础。
二、一般国际法强制规律（国际强行法）：指国际社会全体接受并公认为不许损抑且仅以后具有同等性质之一般国际法规律始得更改之规律。
（国际强行法：〈〈维也纳条约法公约〉〉第53条规定：条约在缔结时与一般国际法强制规律抵触者无效。
）三、在这个主要由主权国家组成的国际社会中，每一个国家都在它所管辖的固定的领土范围内行使着对内和对外主权。
国际法上的主权概念是国家对内的最高权和对外的独立权。
国家主权在国际关系中的排他性建立在国家领土主权的基础上，即国家对于在其主权管辖之下的地球的那部分享有完全排他的主权，其他国家不能管辖、不能干涉、不能侵犯。
国家主权原则的内容主要包括：国家同意原则、领土管辖权、领土之外的管辖权、不干涉内政原则、国际法主体在法律上平等的原则。
四、〈〈联合国宪章〉〉第1条第（3）款规定联合国组织是协调各国行动的核心，第2条第（4）款规定禁止使用武力或武力威胁是联合国及其会员国遵守的原则，第七章规定安全理事会如何在维护世界和平与安全方面协调各国的行动，其中包括国家的自卫活动。
第2条第（4）款规定：各会员国在其国际关系上不得使用威胁或武力，或以与联合国宗旨不符之任何其他方法，侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立（只要没有经过一国的同意而侵入该国领土范围就是对该国领土完整和政治独立的侵犯）。
五、联合国的宗旨包括：1维护世界和平与安全；2发展国家间友好关系；3促进人权和基本自由的尊重与遵行。
国际法完整版
第一章导论名词解释国际法（international law）：是指调整国际法主体之间、主要是国家之间关系的，有法律拘束力的原则、规则和制度的总体。
国际法主体：是指有能力享有国际法上权利和承担国际法上义务，有能力进行国际关系活动的实体。
国际法的渊源：是指国际法规范表现的形式或形成的过程、程序。
主要是国际条约和国际习惯。
国籍法的编纂（codification）：狭义一般是指把现有的国际法规则，特别是习惯法规则，加以准确的表述和条文化、系统化；广义则一般还包括修订、补充原有规则或提出新的规则，将它们编成条款草案，由一个有权确定的机构，通常是外交会议，予以认可，并通过一定程序，形成为国际公约。
问答题1、试述国际法的法律性质。
（国际法是不是法律）答：（一）世界各国公认国际法的存在及其约束力；（二）任何单位（单个）的国家不能改变国际法的规范；（三）遵守国际法是通常状况，违法国际法是例外；（四）违反国际法是要承担国际法律责任的：1.建立国际性司法机构（前南法庭，国际法院，国际刑事法庭）；2.限制并禁止条约的保留（《国际海洋法公约》）追求公平公正。
3、国际法的渊源有哪些？答：联合国《国际法院规约》第38条被认为是对国际法渊源的权威说明。
当前，普遍认为国际法的渊源包括：一、国际条约。
条约是指国家间、国家与国际组织间或国际组织相互间所缔结的书面协定，它是现代国际法最重要的渊源。
一般包括造法性条约和契约性条约。
二、国际习惯。
国际习惯是经接受为法律的一般实践、惯例或做法，它是国际法最古老的渊源。
国际习惯包括其主观要件，即国际法主体不断实践后确定法律概念、法律规范等，及客观要件，即国际法主体在国际实践中不断重复某种行为。
三、一般法律原则。
是“为文明各国国内法共同认可的一般法律原则”，是国际法渊源。
周鯁生认为，《国际法院规约》第38条列入这样一项规定，只能认为是准许法院在审判某种案件时，在从习惯或条约中都找不出适用的规范的场合，比照适用一般法律原则，作为变通解决办法；而那并不具有新创一种国际法渊源的作用。
国际法 第三章 国际法上的个人
国籍抵触的解决
国际法方法。国际社会为解决双重、多重国籍问题以及 无国籍问题缔结了一些国际公约，如1930年海牙《关于 国籍法冲突的若干问题的公约》、1957年《已婚妇女国 籍公约》、1954年《关于无国籍人地位的公约》、1961 年《减少无国籍状态公约》等。另外,有关解决双重国籍 问题的原则在一些区域性条约中也有规定,如1954年的 《阿拉伯联盟关于国籍的公约》和1963年欧洲理事会成 员国签定的《关于减少多重国籍及在多重国际时兵役义务 的公约>》。 • 有关国家也通过缔结双边条约途径解决双重国籍问题。如 1955年中国与印度尼西亚《关于双重国籍问题的条约》 成功地解决了两国存在的双重国籍问题。 • 国内法方法。从根本上说，解决国籍冲突的最基本最有效 的方法是通过各国的国内立法加以避免，国家在制订国籍 法时应尽量避免导致国籍冲突的情况发生。
《中华人民共和国国籍法》的基本原则
各民族平等和男女平等原则 不承认中国公民具有双重国籍原则 采取血统主义和出生地主义相结合的国籍 原始取得原则 防止和减少无国籍现象原则 国籍的加入、退出和恢复采取自愿申请和 审批相结合的原则
不承认中国公民具有双重国籍原则
中国国籍法第3条规定：“中华人民共和国不承认中 国公民具有双重国籍。”体现这一原则的内容是： 外国人在中国境内所生子女不具有中国国籍(第4条、 第 6条 )； 父母双方或一方为中国公民并定居在外国，本人出生 时即具有外国国籍的，不具有中国国籍(第5条)； 经批准加入中国国籍的，不得再保留外国国籍(第8条)； 定居外国的中国公民自愿加入或取消外国国籍，即自 动丧失中国国籍(第8条)； 申请恢复中国国籍获批准的，不得再保留外国国籍。 (第13条)。
2.2 外国人的入境、居留和出境
国际法第五章 国际法的居民
5－27
（三）互惠待遇（reciprocal treatment） 互惠待遇一般是根据条约规定国家间相互给予对方 国民的优惠待遇。 （四）差别待遇(differential treatment) 指外国公民或法人的民事权利在某些方面少于或小 于本国公司或法人。 差别待遇的另一种情况是对不同国籍的外国公民或 法人给予差别待遇。 ★案例：艾尔西（Elsi）公司案。
5－33
第三节 引渡和 庇护制度 一、引渡（extradition） 引渡的概念：引渡是指国家把当时在其境内的被别 国指控为犯罪或判刑的人应有关国家请求移交给该 国进行审判或执行刑罚的行为。 引渡的主体：国籍国、罪行发生地国和受害国。 对犯有国际罪行的人，基于普遍管辖权，罪犯所在 国以外的国家都有权要求引渡。 引渡的对象：普遍刑事犯罪者，可以是本国人也可 以是外国人或无国籍者。
5－８
（二）因加入而取得国籍 广义的入籍：所有非因血统而取得国籍，称为“继有 国籍” (derivative nationality) （与原始国籍相 对）。 狭义的入籍：指的是申请入籍（归化） naturalization 继有国籍的取得方式：1、由于婚姻。2、由于收养、 认知 。3、申请入籍（包含国籍恢复）。 入籍条件在国籍法中规定（年龄、居住年限、品德、 语言能力、遵守宪法和法律、职业等）。
5－35
引渡的条件：一是符合共同原则，即请求国 和被请求国的法律都认为是犯罪并且处罚达 到一定的高度。二是不属于政治犯、军事犯、 宗教或者其他原因可拒绝的情形。 引渡的程序和效果。 程序：①提出引渡请求；②被请求国审查； ③执行引渡，移交人犯。
国际战争法
国际战争法战争或武装冲突中调整交战国之间和交战国与中立国或非交战国之间关系以及作战方法和手段的原则、规则和规章制度。
它的作用在于保护中立国、非交战国和交战国的合法权益，保护平民，并使交战人员和战争受难者免遭不必要的和非法的伤害。
虽然国际法禁止在国际关系中使用武力或武力威胁，但在生产资料私有制、阶级和国家存在的情况下，产生战争的根源还存在，因而限制和约束作战手段和方法，以减少战争的残酷性，具有现实和重要的意义。
战争法的内容战争法可分为两个部分：第一部分是关于战争或武装冲突的开始和结束以及在此期间交战国之间、交战国与中立国或非交战国之间法律关系的原则、规则和规章制度；第二部分是关于作战规则，即关于武器、其他作战手段和作战方法以及保护平民、交战人员和战争受难者的原则、规则和规章制度。
第一部分内容的适用，对于具有法律上战争状态与不具有法律上战争状态的武装冲突是有区别的。
第一次世界大战、特别是第二次世界大战以来，许多重大国际武装冲突除两伊战争和海湾战争经过宣战外，都是不宣而战，没有法律上的战争状态的存在，因而也不适用传统意义上的缔结和约和中立等制度。
第二部分内容，即作战规则，不但在经过宣战、存在法律上战争状态的战争中适用，而且在一切国际、甚至非国际性武装冲突中适用。
作战规则在国际实践和西方国际法著作中常被称为“国际人道主义法”。
它也包括两部分内容：一部分内容是关于作战手段和方法的条约和惯例；另一部分是关于保护平民和战争受难者的条约和惯例。
这两部分内容既有差别，又有联系，有的条约也把这两部分内容规定在一个条约中，例如1977年关于1949年8月12日日内瓦公约的两项附加议定书就包括了这两个方面的内容。
战争的开始和结束通常当交战一方或双方宣战（或宣布战争状态），或一方使用武力而他方确认为战争行为时，战争状态即开始存在。
宣战是一个国家正式通知另一个国家它们之间的和平关系终止，进入战争状态。
宣战通常是用宣战书或最后通牒表示的。
国际法第二章 条约法及习惯法
第一节 条约概述
二、条约的名称（P377）
条约的名称在国际法上也没有统一的用法，采 用什么名称主要取决缔约国的选择。 条约一词有广义和狭义两种用法：
广义的条约泛指国际法主体间缔结的一切规定它们相互 间国际法上权利义务的国际文书； 狭义的条约仅指以条约为名称的那种国际协定。
条约法中的条约是指广义的条约而言。
第一节 条约概述
哪些主体具有缔结条约的能力？ 国家。《维也纳条约法公约》第六条 ：
每一国家皆有缔结条约之能力。
有缔约能力的国际组织。《关于国家和国际组
织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约》： 第六条 国际组织缔结条约的能力依照该组织的 规则。 如《联合国宪章》第43条、63条、77条、105 条第三项等。
保留的接受公约第20条1条约允许的保留无须其他缔约国接受保留是国家单方行为cisg通知书2按谈判国数目条约目的和宗旨需要由每个国家同意时须全体当事国同意3国际组织宪章的保留须经该组织有权机关接受4不属于上述情况的由各缔约方自行决定是否接受一项保留保留的效力公约第21条保留国与接受国按保留后的条约履行义务其他当事国之间权利义务不发生变化保留在保留国和反对国之间不发生效力保留的撤回公约第22条1保留可随时撤回无须他国同意2对保留的反对也可随时撤回3保留及保留反对的撤回自通知到达之日生效五我国缔结条约的程序宪法规定缔结条约程序法宪法规定全国人大常委会国家主席外交部决定同外国缔结的条约的批准和废除根据常委会决定批准和废除条约同外国缔结条约和协定以中华人民共和国名义或政府名义以中华人民共和国政府部门名义国务院总理或外交部长签署全权证书部门首长本人为全权代表的国务院总理或外交部长签署全权证书部门首长委派代表条约和重要协定签署外交部等报请国务院审核国务院提请全国人大常委会决定批准国家主席予以批准国家主席签署外交部长附署经全国人民代表大会常务委员会决定批准或者加入的条约和重要协定由全国人民代表大会常务委员会公报公布
国际法
第一章导论第二节国际法的发展国际法的开端：结束三十年战争的1648年威斯特伐利亚和约。
《威斯特伐利亚和约》确认了国家主权、主权平等的根本原则，标志着近代国际法的开始。
国际法的创始人：格老秀斯（荷兰）：国际法之父，《海洋自由论》、《战争与和平法》（为近代国际法奠定的基础）第四节国际法的渊源国际法的渊源：国际法规范表现的形式或形成的过程、程序。
两个基本渊源：（一）国际条约（原则上只对缔约国有约束力）指国家间、国家与国际组织间或国家组织相互间所缔结“而以国际法为准之国际书面协定”。
条约是两个或两个以上国际法主体之间缔结的、以国际法为准的、规定当事方权利义务的书面协议。
（二）国际习惯指经接受为法律的一般实践、惯例或做法。
两个构成要素：一是物质要素，即存在各国重复一致地从事某种行为的实践。
二是心理要素，它要求上述的重复一致的行为模式被各国认为具有法律约束力，即存在所谓法律确信。
一项国际习惯必须同时具备这两个要素，特别是心理要素。
第七节国际法与国内法关系A.一元论：认为二者同属一个法律体系。
（不做要求）B.二元论：认为国际法和国内法是两个绝对和完全不同的法律秩序。
主要依据是：第一，两者各有不同主体和调整对象。
国内法调整国家统治下的个人之间的和国家与个人之间的关系；国际法调整国际法主体之间、国际社会成员国之间的关系。
第二，两者的渊源不同。
国内法渊源是国家境内形成的习惯和立法机关制订的制定法；国际法的渊源则是国际社会之内形成的习惯和国际社会成员所缔结的条约，特别是造法性条约。
第八节国际法的基本原则（只记标题）国际法的七项基本原则：（一）禁止非法使用威胁或武力原则（二）和平解决国际争端原则（三）不干涉内政原则（四）国际合作原则（五）民族平等与自决原则（六）各国主权平等原则（七）履行依宪章所承担义务原则第二章国际法上的国家第一节国家概说国家：定居在特定的领土之上，并结合在一个独立自主的权利之下的人的集合体。
国家的四要素：（一）永久的人口（二）确定的领土（三）政府（四）主权国家的基本权利：(一) 独立权：是国家主权在对外关系方面的体现，在一定意义上独立权就是主权。
国际法法条-推荐下载
第一章一般规定第一条为了明确涉外民事关系的法律适用，合理解决涉外民事争议，维护当事人的合法权益，制定本法。
第二条涉外民事关系适用的法律，依照本法确定。
其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用另有特别规定的，依照其规定。
本法和其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用没有规定的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系的法律。
第三条当事人依照法律规定可以明示选择涉外民事关系适用的法律。
第四条中华人民共和国法律对涉外民事关系有强制性规定的，直接适用该强制性规定。
第五条外国法律的适用将损害中华人民共和国社会公共利益的，适用中华人民共和国法律。
第六条涉外民事关系适用外国法律，该国不同区域实施不同法律的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系区域的法律。
第七条诉讼时效，适用相关涉外民事关系应当适用的法律。
第八条涉外民事关系的定性，适用法院地法律。
第九条涉外民事关系适用的外国法律，不包括该国的法律适用法。
第十条涉外民事关系适用的外国法律，由人民法院、仲裁机构或者行政机关查明。
当事人选择适用外国法律的，应当提供该国法律。
不能查明外国法律或者该国法律没有规定的，适用中华人民共和国法律。
第二章民事主体第十一条自然人的民事权利能力，适用经常居所地法律。
第十二条自然人的民事行为能力，适用经常居所地法律。
自然人从事民事活动，依照经常居所地法律为无民事行为能力，依照行为地法律为有民事行为能力的，适用行为地法律，但涉及婚姻家庭、继承的除外。
第十三条宣告失踪或者宣告死亡，适用自然人经常居所地法律。
第十四条法人及其分支机构的民事权利能力、民事行为能力、组织机构、股东权利义务等事项，适用登记地法律。
法人的主营业地与登记地不一致的，可以适用主营业地法律。
法人的经常居所地，为其主营业地。
第十五条人格权的内容，适用权利人经常居所地法律。
第十六条代理适用代理行为地法律，但被代理人与代理人的民事关系，适用代理关系发生地法律。
当事人可以协议选择委托代理适用的法律。
第十七条当事人可以协议选择信托适用的法律。
国际法条文英文版
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.INTERNATIONAL LAWPART I ............................................................................................................................ 1 PART II ........................................................................................................................... 2 PART III ......................................................................................................................... 8 PART IV ....................................................................................................................... 11 PART V ........................................................................................................................ 14 PART VI ....................................................................................................................... 20 PART VII ...................................................................................................................... 23 PART VIII ..................................................................................................................... 30 PART IX ....................................................................................................................... 30 PART X ........................................................................................................................ 31 PART XI ....................................................................................................................... 32 PART XII ...................................................................................................................... 54 PART XIII ..................................................................................................................... 65 PART XIV .................................................................................................................... 71 PART XV ..................................................................................................................... 74 PART XVI .................................................................................................................... 79 PART XVII ................................................................................................................... 80 FINAL PROVISIONS . (80)PART IINTRODUCTIONArticle 1Use of terms and scope1. For the purposes of this Convention:(1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;(2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;(3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;(4) "pollution of the marine environment" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities; (5) (a) "dumping" means:(i) any deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;(ii) any deliberate disposal of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;(b) "dumping" does not include:(i) the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to, or derived from the normal operations of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea and their equipment, other than wastes or other matter transported by or to vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea, operating for the purpose of disposal of such matter or derived from the treatment of such wastes or other matter on such vessels, aircraft, platforms or structures;(ii) placement of matter for a purpose other than the mere disposal thereof, provided that such placement is not contrary to the aims of this Convention.2. (1) "States Parties" means States which have consented to be bound by this Convention and for which this Convention is in force.(2) This Convention applies mutatis mutandis to the entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(b), (c), (d), (e) and (f), which become Parties to this Convention in accordance with the conditions relevant to each, and to that extent "States Parties" refers to those entities.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.PART IITERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONESECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle2Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil1. The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea.2. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and subsoil.3. The sovereignty over the territorial sea is exercised subject to this Convention and to other rules of international law.SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEAArticle3Breadth of the territorial seaEvery State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.Article4Outer limit of the territorial seaThe outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea.Article5 Normal baselineExcept where otherwise provided in this Convention, the normalbaseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.Article6 ReefsIn the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is theseaward low-water line of the reef, as shown by the appropriate symbol on charts officially recognized by the coastal State.Article7 Straight baselines1. In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.2. Where because of the presence of a delta and other naturalconditions the coastline is highly unstable, the appropriate points may be selected along the furthest seaward extent of the low-water line and, notwithstanding subsequent regression of the low-water line, the straight baselines shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with this Convention.3. The drawing of straight baselines must not depart to any appreciable extent from the general direction of the coast, and the sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain to be subject to the regime of internal waters.4. Straight baselines shall not be drawn to and from low-tide elevations, unless lighthouses or similar installations which are permanently above sea level have been built on them or except in instances where the drawing of baselines to and from such elevations has received general international recognition.5. Where the method of straight baselines is applicable under paragraph 1, account may be taken, in determining particular baselines, ofeconomic interests peculiar to the region concerned, the reality and the importance of which are clearly evidenced by long usage.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.6. The system of straight baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.Article8 Internal waters1. Except as provided in Part IV, waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State.2. Where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article 7 has the effect of enclosing as internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, a right of innocent passage as provided in this Convention shall exist in those waters.Article9 Mouths of riversIf a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks.Article10 Bays1. This article relates only to bays the coasts of which belong to a single State.2. For the purposes of this Convention, a bay is a well-markedindentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.3. For the purpose of measurement, the area of an indentation is that lying between the low-water mark around the shore of the indentation and a line joining the low-water mark of its natural entrance points. Where, because of the presence of islands, an indentation has more than one mouth, the semi-circle shall be drawn on a line as long asthe sum total of the lengths of the lines across the different mouths.Islands within an indentation shall be included as if they were part of the water area of the indentation.4. If the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay does not exceed 24 nautical miles, a closing line may be drawn between these two low-water marks, and the waters enclosed thereby shall be considered as internal waters.5. Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles, a straight baseline of 24 nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.6. The foregoing provisions do not apply to so-called "historic" bays, or in any case where the system of straight baselines provided for in article 7 is applied.Article11 PortsFor the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermostpermanent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbour works.Article12 RoadsteadsRoadsteads which are normally used for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea.Article13 Low-tide elevations1. A low-tide elevation is a naturally formed area of land which issurrounded by and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide. Where a low-tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.island, the low-water line on that elevation may be used as the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea.2. Where a low-tide elevation is wholly situated at a distanceexceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, it has no territorial sea of its own.Article14Combination of methods for determining baselinesThe coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions.Article15Delimitation of the territorial sea between Stateswith opposite or adjacent coastsWhere the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured. The above provision does not apply, however, where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other specialcircumstances to delimit the territorial seas of the two States in a way which is at variance therewith.Article16Charts and lists of geographical coordinates1. The baselines for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea determined in accordance with articles 7, 9 and 10, or the limitsderived therefrom, and the lines of delimitation drawn in accordance with articles 12 and 15 shall be shown on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position. Alternatively, a list ofgeographical coordinates of points, specifying the geodetic datum, may be substituted.2. The coastal State shall give due publicity to such charts or lists of geographical coordinates and shall deposit a copy of each such chart or list with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEASUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPSArticle17Right of innocent passageSubject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal orland-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.Article18 Meaning of passage1. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of:(a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or(b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at such roadstead or port facility.2. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. However, passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress.Article19Meaning of innocent passage1. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law.2. Passage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State if in the territorial sea it engages in any of the following activities:(a) any threat or use of force against the sovereignty,文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;(b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; (c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal State;(d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defence or security of the coastal State;(e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft;(f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device;(g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State; (h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention;(i) any fishing activities;(j) the carrying out of research or survey activities; (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems ofcommunication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State;(l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage.Article20Submarines and other underwater vehiclesIn the territorial sea, submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.Article21Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage 1. The coastal State may adopt laws and regulations, in conformity with the provisions of this Convention and other rules of international law, relating to innocent passage through the territorial sea, in respect of all or any of the following:(a) the safety of navigation and the regulation of maritime traffic;(b) the protection of navigational aids and facilities and other facilities or installations;(c) the protection of cables and pipelines;(d) the conservation of the living resources of the sea; (e) the prevention of infringement of the fisheries laws and regulations of the coastal State;(f) the preservation of the environment of the coastal State and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution thereof;(g) marine scientific research and hydrographic surveys; (h) the prevention of infringement of the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State.2. Such laws and regulations shall not apply to the design, construction, manning or equipment of foreign ships unless they are giving effect to generally accepted international rules or standards.3. The coastal State shall give due publicity to all such laws and regulations.4. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea shall comply with all such laws and regulations and all generally accepted international regulations relating to the prevention of collisions at sea.Article22Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.1. The coastal State may, where necessary having regard to the safety of navigation, require foreign ships exercising the right ofinnocent passage through its territorial sea to use such sea lanes and traffic separation schemes as it may designate or prescribe for the regulation of the passage of ships.2. In particular, tankers, nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances ormaterials may be required to confine their passage to such sea lanes. 3. In the designation of sea lanes and the prescription of trafficseparation schemes under this article, the coastal State shall take into account:(a) the recommendations of the competent international organization;(b) any channels customarily used for international navigation;(c) the special characteristics of particular ships and channels; and(d) the density of traffic.4. The coastal State shall clearly indicate such sea lanes and traffic separation schemes on charts to which due publicity shall be given.Article23Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substancesForeign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances shall, when exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea, carrydocuments and observe special precautionary measures established for such ships by international agreements.Article24Duties of the coastal State1. The coastal State shall not hamper the innocent passage of foreign ships through the territorial sea except in accordance with thisConvention. In particular, in the application of this Convention or of any laws or regulations adopted in conformity with this Convention, the coastal State shall not:(a) impose requirements on foreign ships which have the practical effect of denying or impairing the right of innocent passage; or(b) discriminate in form or in fact against the ships of any State or against ships carrying cargoes to, from or on behalf of any State.2. The coastal State shall give appropriate publicity to any danger to navigation, of which it has knowledge, within its territorial sea.Article25Rights of protection of the coastal State1. The coastal State may take the necessary steps in its territorial sea to prevent passage which is not innocent.2. In the case of ships proceeding to internal waters or a call at a port facility outside internal waters, the coastal State also has the right to take the necessary steps to prevent any breach of the conditions to which admission of those ships to internal waters or such a call is subject.3. The coastal State may, without discrimination in form or in fact among foreign ships, suspend temporarily in specified areas of its territorial sea the innocent passage of foreign ships if such suspension is essential for the protection of its security, including weapons exercises. Such suspension shall take effect only after having been duly published.Article26Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships1. No charge may be levied upon foreign ships by reason only of their passage through the territorial sea.2. Charges may be levied upon a foreign ship passing through theterritorial sea as payment only for specific services rendered to the ship. These charges shall be levied without discrimination.SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSESArticle27Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship1. The criminal jurisdiction of the coastal State should not beexercised on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed on board the ship during its passage, save only in the following cases:(a) if the consequences of the crime extend to the coastal State;(b) if the crime is of a kind to disturb the peace of the country or the good order of the territorial sea; (c) if the assistance of the local authorities has been requested by the master of the ship or by a diplomatic agent or consular officer of the flag State; or(d) if such measures are necessary for the suppression of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.2. The above provisions do not affect the right of the coastal State to take any steps authorized by its laws for the purpose of an arrest or investigation on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal waters.3. In the cases provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2, the coastal State shall, if the master so requests, notify a diplomatic agent or consular officer of the flag State before taking any steps, and shall facilitate contact between such agent or officer and the ship's crew. In cases of emergency this notification may be communicated while the measures are being taken.4. In considering whether or in what manner an arrest should be made, the local authorities shall have due regard to the interests of navigation.5. Except as provided in Part XII or with respect to violations of laws and regulations adopted in accordance with Part V, the coastal State may not take any steps on board a foreign ship passing through theterritorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed before the ship entered theterritorial sea, if the ship, proceeding from a foreign port, is only passing through the territorial sea without entering internal waters.Article28Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships1. The coastal State should not stop or divert a foreign ship passingthrough the territorial sea for the purpose of exercising civil jurisdiction in relation to a person on board the ship.2. The coastal State may not levy execution against or arrest the ship for the purpose of any civil proceedings, save only in respect of obligations or liabilities assumed or incurred by the ship itself in the course or for the purpose of its voyage through the waters of the coastal State.3. Paragraph 2 is without prejudice to the right of the coastal State, in accordance with its laws, to levy execution against or to arrest, for the purpose of any civil proceedings, a foreign ship lying in the territorial sea, or passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal waters.SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSESArticle29 Definition of warshipsFor the purposes of this Convention, "warship" means a ship belonging to the armed forces of a State bearing the external marks distinguishing such ships of its nationality, under the command of an officer dulycommissioned by the government of the State and whose name appears in the appropriate service list or its equivalent, and manned by a crew which is under regular armed forces discipline.Article30Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulationsof the coastal State文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.If any warship does not comply with the laws and regulations of the coastal State concerning passage through the territorial sea and disregards any request for compliance therewith which is made to it, the coastal State may require it to leave the territorial sea immediately.Article31Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes The flag State shall bear international responsibility for any loss or damage to the coastal State resulting from the non-compliance by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes with the laws and regulations of the coastal Stateconcerning passage through the territorial sea or with the provisions of this Convention or other rules of international law.Article32Immunities of warships and other government shipsoperated for non-commercial purposesWith such exceptions as are contained in subsection A and in articles 30 and 31, nothing in this Convention affects the immunities ofwarships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes.SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONEArticle33 Contiguous zone1. In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:(a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;(b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulationscommitted within its territory or territorial sea.2. The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.PART IIISTRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATIONSECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle34Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation 1. The regime of passage through straits used for internationalnavigation established in this Part shall not in other respects affect the legal status of the waters forming such straits or the exercise by the States bordering the straits of their sovereignty or jurisdiction over such waters and their air space, bed and subsoil.2. The sovereignty or jurisdiction of the States bordering the straits is exercised subject to this Part and to other rules of international law.Article35 Scope of this PartNothing in this Part affects:(a) any areas of internal waters within a strait, except where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article 7 has the effect of enclosing asinternal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such;(b) the legal status of the waters beyond the territorial seas of States bordering straits as exclusive economic zones or high seas; or(c) the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits.。
【精品】国际法条文英文版
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.【关键字】精品INTERNATIONAL LAWPART I ............................................................................................................................ 1 PART II ........................................................................................................................... 2 PART III ......................................................................................................................... 8 PART IV ....................................................................................................................... 11 PART V ........................................................................................................................ 14 PART VI ....................................................................................................................... 20 PART VII ...................................................................................................................... 23 PART VIII ..................................................................................................................... 30 PART IX ....................................................................................................................... 30 PART X ........................................................................................................................ 31 PART XI ....................................................................................................................... 32 PART XII ...................................................................................................................... 54 PART XIII ..................................................................................................................... 65 PART XIV .................................................................................................................... 71 PART XV ..................................................................................................................... 74 PART XVI .................................................................................................................... 79 PART XVII ................................................................................................................... 80 FINAL PROVISIONS . (80)PART IINTRODUCTIONArticle 1Use of terms and scope1. For the purposes of this Convention:(1) "Area" means the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;(2) "Authority" means the International Seabed Authority;(3) "activities in the Area" means all activities of exploration for, and exploitation of, the resources of the Area;(4) "pollution of the marine environment" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities; (5) (a) "dumping" means:(i) any deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;(ii) any deliberate disposal of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea;(b) "dumping" does not include:(i) the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to, or derived from the normal operations of vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea and their equipment, other than wastes or other matter transported by or to vessels, aircraft, platforms or other man-made structures at sea, operating for the purpose of disposal of such matter or derived from the treatment of such wastes or other matter on such vessels, aircraft, platforms or structures;(ii) placement of matter for a purpose other than the mere disposal thereof, provided that such placement is not contrary to the aims of this Convention.2. (1) "States Parties" means States which have consented to be bound by this Convention and for which this Convention is in force.(2) This Convention applies mutatis mutandis to the entities referred to in article 305, paragraph l(b), (c), (d), (e) and (f), which become Parties to this Convention in accordance with the conditions relevant to each, and to that extent "States Parties" refers to those entities.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.PART IITERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONESECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle2Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil1. The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea.2. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and subsoil.3. The sovereignty over the territorial sea is exercised subject to this Convention and to other rules of international law.SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEAArticle3Breadth of the territorial seaEvery State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.Article4Outer limit of the territorial seaThe outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea.Article5 Normal baselineExcept where otherwise provided in this Convention, the normalbaseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.Article6 ReefsIn the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is theseaward low-water line of the reef, as shown by the appropriate symbol on charts officially recognized by the coastal State.Article7 Straight baselines1. In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.2. Where because of the presence of a delta and other naturalconditions the coastline is highly unstable, the appropriate points may be selected along the furthest seaward extent of the low-water line and, notwithstanding subsequent regression of the low-water line, the straight baselines shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with this Convention.3. The drawing of straight baselines must not depart to any appreciable extent from the general direction of the coast, and the sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain to be subject to the regime of internal waters.4. Straight baselines shall not be drawn to and from low-tide elevations, unless lighthouses or similar installations which are permanently above sea level have been built on them or except in instances where the drawing of baselines to and from such elevations has received general international recognition.5. Where the method of straight baselines is applicable under paragraph 1, account may be taken, in determining particular baselines, ofeconomic interests peculiar to the region concerned, the reality and the importance of which are clearly evidenced by long usage.文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.6. The system of straight baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.Article8 Internal waters1. Except as provided in Part IV, waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State.2. Where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article 7 has the effect of enclosing as internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, a right of innocent passage as provided in this Convention shall exist in those waters.Article9 Mouths of riversIf a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the mouth of the river between points on the low-water line of its banks.Article10 Bays1. This article relates only to bays the coasts of which belong to a single State.2. For the purposes of this Convention, a bay is a well-markedindentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.3. For the purpose of measurement, the area of an indentation is that lying between the low-water mark around the shore of the indentation and a line joining the low-water mark of its natural entrance points. Where, because of the presence of islands, an indentation has more than one mouth, the semi-circle shall be drawn on a line as long asthe sum total of the lengths of the lines across the different mouths.Islands within an indentation shall be included as if they were part of the water area of the indentation.4. If the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay does not exceed 24 nautical miles, a closing line may be drawn between these two low-water marks, and the waters enclosed thereby shall be considered as internal waters.5. Where the distance between the low-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles, a straight baseline of 24 nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.6. The foregoing provisions do not apply to so-called "historic" bays, or in any case where the system of straight baselines provided for in article 7 is applied.Article11 PortsFor the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea, the outermostpermanent harbour works which form an integral part of the harbour system are regarded as forming part of the coast. Off-shore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbour works.Article12 RoadsteadsRoadsteads which are normally used for the loading, unloading and anchoring of ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea.Article13 Low-tide elevations1. A low-tide elevation is a naturally formed area of land which issurrounded by and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide. Where a low-tide elevation is situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.island, the low-water line on that elevation may be used as the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea.2. Where a low-tide elevation is wholly situated at a distanceexceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, it has no territorial sea of its own.Article14Combination of methods for determining baselinesThe coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions.Article15Delimitation of the territorial sea between Stateswith opposite or adjacent coastsWhere the coasts of two States are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two States is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its territorial sea beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of each of the two States is measured. The above provision does not apply, however, where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other specialcircumstances to delimit the territorial seas of the two States in a way which is at variance therewith.Article16Charts and lists of geographical coordinates1. The baselines for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea determined in accordance with articles 7, 9 and 10, or the limitsderived therefrom, and the lines of delimitation drawn in accordance with articles 12 and 15 shall be shown on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position. Alternatively, a list ofgeographical coordinates of points, specifying the geodetic datum, may be substituted.2. The coastal State shall give due publicity to such charts or lists of geographical coordinates and shall deposit a copy of each such chart or list with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.SECTION 3. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEASUBSECTION A. RULES APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPSArticle17Right of innocent passageSubject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal orland-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.Article18 Meaning of passage1. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of:(a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or(b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at such roadstead or port facility.2. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. However, passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress.Article19Meaning of innocent passage1. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law.2. Passage of a foreign ship shall be considered to be prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State if in the territorial sea it engages in any of the following activities:(a) any threat or use of force against the sovereignty,文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;(b) any exercise or practice with weapons of any kind; (c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal State;(d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defence or security of the coastal State;(e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft;(f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device;(g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State; (h) any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention;(i) any fishing activities;(j) the carrying out of research or survey activities; (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems ofcommunication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State;(l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage.Article20Submarines and other underwater vehiclesIn the territorial sea, submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.Article21Laws and regulations of the coastal State relating to innocent passage 1. The coastal State may adopt laws and regulations, in conformity with the provisions of this Convention and other rules of international law, relating to innocent passage through the territorial sea, in respect of all or any of the following:(a) the safety of navigation and the regulation of maritime traffic;(b) the protection of navigational aids and facilities and other facilities or installations;(c) the protection of cables and pipelines;(d) the conservation of the living resources of the sea; (e) the prevention of infringement of the fisheries laws and regulations of the coastal State;(f) the preservation of the environment of the coastal State and the prevention, reduction and control of pollution thereof;(g) marine scientific research and hydrographic surveys; (h) the prevention of infringement of the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State.2. Such laws and regulations shall not apply to the design, construction, manning or equipment of foreign ships unless they are giving effect to generally accepted international rules or standards.3. The coastal State shall give due publicity to all such laws and regulations.4. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea shall comply with all such laws and regulations and all generally accepted international regulations relating to the prevention of collisions at sea.Article22Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.1. The coastal State may, where necessary having regard to the safety of navigation, require foreign ships exercising the right ofinnocent passage through its territorial sea to use such sea lanes and traffic separation schemes as it may designate or prescribe for the regulation of the passage of ships.2. In particular, tankers, nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances ormaterials may be required to confine their passage to such sea lanes. 3. In the designation of sea lanes and the prescription of trafficseparation schemes under this article, the coastal State shall take into account:(a) the recommendations of the competent international organization;(b) any channels customarily used for international navigation;(c) the special characteristics of particular ships and channels; and(d) the density of traffic.4. The coastal State shall clearly indicate such sea lanes and traffic separation schemes on charts to which due publicity shall be given.Article23Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substancesForeign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances shall, when exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea, carrydocuments and observe special precautionary measures established for such ships by international agreements.Article24Duties of the coastal State1. The coastal State shall not hamper the innocent passage of foreign ships through the territorial sea except in accordance with thisConvention. In particular, in the application of this Convention or of any laws or regulations adopted in conformity with this Convention, the coastal State shall not:(a) impose requirements on foreign ships which have the practical effect of denying or impairing the right of innocent passage; or(b) discriminate in form or in fact against the ships of any State or against ships carrying cargoes to, from or on behalf of any State.2. The coastal State shall give appropriate publicity to any danger to navigation, of which it has knowledge, within its territorial sea.Article25Rights of protection of the coastal State1. The coastal State may take the necessary steps in its territorial sea to prevent passage which is not innocent.2. In the case of ships proceeding to internal waters or a call at a port facility outside internal waters, the coastal State also has the right to take the necessary steps to prevent any breach of the conditions to which admission of those ships to internal waters or such a call is subject.3. The coastal State may, without discrimination in form or in fact among foreign ships, suspend temporarily in specified areas of its territorial sea the innocent passage of foreign ships if such suspension is essential for the protection of its security, including weapons exercises. Such suspension shall take effect only after having been duly published.Article26Charges which may be levied upon foreign ships1. No charge may be levied upon foreign ships by reason only of their passage through the territorial sea.2. Charges may be levied upon a foreign ship passing through theterritorial sea as payment only for specific services rendered to the ship. These charges shall be levied without discrimination.SUBSECTION B. RULES APPLICABLE TO文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.MERCHANT SHIPS AND GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSESArticle27Criminal jurisdiction on board a foreign ship1. The criminal jurisdiction of the coastal State should not beexercised on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed on board the ship during its passage, save only in the following cases:(a) if the consequences of the crime extend to the coastal State;(b) if the crime is of a kind to disturb the peace of the country or the good order of the territorial sea; (c) if the assistance of the local authorities has been requested by the master of the ship or by a diplomatic agent or consular officer of the flag State; or(d) if such measures are necessary for the suppression of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.2. The above provisions do not affect the right of the coastal State to take any steps authorized by its laws for the purpose of an arrest or investigation on board a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal waters.3. In the cases provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2, the coastal State shall, if the master so requests, notify a diplomatic agent or consular officer of the flag State before taking any steps, and shall facilitate contact between such agent or officer and the ship's crew. In cases of emergency this notification may be communicated while the measures are being taken.4. In considering whether or in what manner an arrest should be made, the local authorities shall have due regard to the interests of navigation.5. Except as provided in Part XII or with respect to violations of laws and regulations adopted in accordance with Part V, the coastal State may not take any steps on board a foreign ship passing through theterritorial sea to arrest any person or to conduct any investigation in connection with any crime committed before the ship entered theterritorial sea, if the ship, proceeding from a foreign port, is only passing through the territorial sea without entering internal waters.Article28Civil jurisdiction in relation to foreign ships1. The coastal State should not stop or divert a foreign ship passingthrough the territorial sea for the purpose of exercising civil jurisdiction in relation to a person on board the ship.2. The coastal State may not levy execution against or arrest the ship for the purpose of any civil proceedings, save only in respect of obligations or liabilities assumed or incurred by the ship itself in the course or for the purpose of its voyage through the waters of the coastal State.3. Paragraph 2 is without prejudice to the right of the coastal State, in accordance with its laws, to levy execution against or to arrest, for the purpose of any civil proceedings, a foreign ship lying in the territorial sea, or passing through the territorial sea after leaving internal waters.SUBSECTION C. RULES APPLICABLE TO WARSHIPS AND OTHER GOVERNMENT SHIPS OPERATED FOR NON-COMMERCIAL PURPOSESArticle29 Definition of warshipsFor the purposes of this Convention, "warship" means a ship belonging to the armed forces of a State bearing the external marks distinguishing such ships of its nationality, under the command of an officer dulycommissioned by the government of the State and whose name appears in the appropriate service list or its equivalent, and manned by a crew which is under regular armed forces discipline.Article30Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulationsof the coastal State文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word 版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.If any warship does not comply with the laws and regulations of the coastal State concerning passage through the territorial sea and disregards any request for compliance therewith which is made to it, the coastal State may require it to leave the territorial sea immediately.Article31Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes The flag State shall bear international responsibility for any loss or damage to the coastal State resulting from the non-compliance by a warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes with the laws and regulations of the coastal Stateconcerning passage through the territorial sea or with the provisions of this Convention or other rules of international law.Article32Immunities of warships and other government shipsoperated for non-commercial purposesWith such exceptions as are contained in subsection A and in articles 30 and 31, nothing in this Convention affects the immunities ofwarships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes.SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONEArticle33 Contiguous zone1. In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:(a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;(b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulationscommitted within its territory or territorial sea.2. The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.PART IIISTRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATIONSECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONSArticle34Legal status of waters forming straits used for international navigation 1. The regime of passage through straits used for internationalnavigation established in this Part shall not in other respects affect the legal status of the waters forming such straits or the exercise by the States bordering the straits of their sovereignty or jurisdiction over such waters and their air space, bed and subsoil.2. The sovereignty or jurisdiction of the States bordering the straits is exercised subject to this Part and to other rules of international law.Article35 Scope of this PartNothing in this Part affects:(a) any areas of internal waters within a strait, except where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article 7 has the effect of enclosing asinternal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such;(b) the legal status of the waters beyond the territorial seas of States bordering straits as exclusive economic zones or high seas; or(c) the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits.。
国际法
1．含义
所谓基本权利是指国家主权直接表现的，决定国家生存不可缺少不可交易的权利。它与国家在国际交往中产生的条约或国际习惯的权利不同，它是国家固有的，而后者是国家主权活动产生的派生的权利。
2．基本权利
（1）独立权，即独立自主地处理对内对外事务，不受他国干涉和控制。（2）平等权，国家有平等的主体地位，因此在国际交往中权利义务平等，具体有平等缔约、参加国际会议、参加国际组织的权利；国家间尊荣权平等、位次平等、相互无支配权。（3）自保权，即国家建设国防和抵抗外国武力攻击的权利。（4）管辖权，表现形式是属地、属人、保护、普遍管辖。这些管辖权发生冲突时，由有关国家协商、国内法协调、国际公约规定，如海洋法公约（书397页）。国家主权豁免权。是国家发生在外国的行为和在外国的财产不受该国的管辖。主要是司法豁免，即国家行为和财产不受外国法院管辖。国家主权豁免的放弃和发展。参见教材397-398页。
（二）国际组织一般制度
1．成员制度，国际组织一般有正式成员和非正式成员。
2．机构，国际组织机构一般有权力和决策机构、执行机构和行政机构。
（3）档案、债务的继承规则：只要与转移领土相关档案都继承。财产也要继承，但恶债例外。
三、国际组织
因为国际组织也是一类国际法主体，在国际关系发挥重要作用，故要知道它的规则。
（一）概念和地位
此处讲的是政府间的国际组织，是以各种国际合作为宗旨的由各国政府通过协议而建立的常设国际机构。国际组织是国际法主体之一类，在国际交往中可以缔结条约、派遣与接受使节权、承认与被承、继承与被继承、求偿与承担责任、享有特权与豁免。
2．中国处理二者关系的实践
对于我国处理国际法与国内法关系的实践，大家了解一下这几项原则：（1）尊重国际法，履行国际义务，包括遵守国际法的基本原则。这在宪法中做了规定。（2）目前宪法对我国缔结的条约和接受的习惯法在国内如何适用及它们在国内法处于什么地位，没有明确规定。但一些部门法作了可直接适用的规定。（3）条约与我国法律有不一致规定时优先适用条约。如民法通则等法律做了规定。但其他法律没有规定的，条约是什么地位？则是不明确的。（4）惯例即习惯问题除民法通则规定与该法冲突优先适用外，其他很多法无规定。
国际法
国际法渊源解释：1国际法作为有效法律规范所形成的方式；2国际法规范第一次出现的地方。
（定义即国际法原则和规则第一次出现的地方，使国际法的规范具有“合法性”的法律形式）内容：1945《国际法院规约》38条：①、不论普通或特别国际协约，确立当事国明白承认之规则者；②、国际习惯，作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者；③、一般法律原则为文明各国所承认者；④、在第五十九条规定之下，司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学家学说，作为确定法律原则之补助资料者；在这条规约中，国际条约和国际习惯是严格法律意义上的渊源，而后两者是广泛历史意义上的渊源。
包括：国际条约国际习惯一般法律原则国际组织的决定和决议判例（一般法律原则国际组织的决定和决议国际司法裁判有争议）国际条约概念：至少两个以上国际法主体意在原则上按照国际法产生、改变或者废止相互间权利义务的意思表示的一致。
基本原则：条约必须遵守含义：①主体是国际法主体②数量上至少要两个③一致的意思表示④目的⑤以国际法为准⑥书面形式分类：按照缔约国的数量不同；双方条约、复方条约、多方条约按照缔约国的权利义务：单边条约双边条约复边条约多边条约按照条约的目的和性质：契约性条约造法性条约条约的地位与国际习惯相比处于次要地位，不仅由于条约不具有普遍性，因为1条约的效力来自国际习惯，条约的形式基本也是以国际习惯为依据的。
2条约是要以国际习惯法为背景加以解释和适用的国际习惯定义：各国在实践中通过重复类似的行为形成的具有法律约束力的行为规则。
成立要素：1通例：①时间性②连续性③一般性 2法律确信：国家承认惯例所形成的规则具有拘束力使国家受其拘束。
国际法概念：实在国际交往中形成的，主要用以调整国家间关系的，具有法律约束力的各种原则、规则、规章和制度的总称。
具体来说：①主权国家之间的交往所形成的国际社会是国际法赖以产生与发展的基础，国际法既是国家之间交往的产物，反过来又为这种交往提供协调手段。
②国际法以国际关系为调整对象，其中主要调整国家之间的各种权利义务关系。
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第一章一般规定第一条为了明确涉外民事关系的法律适用，合理解决涉外民事争议，维护当事人的合法权益，制定本法。
第二条涉外民事关系适用的法律，依照本法确定。
其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用另有特别规定的，依照其规定。
本法和其他法律对涉外民事关系法律适用没有规定的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系的法律。
第三条当事人依照法律规定可以明示选择涉外民事关系适用的法律。
第四条中华人民共和国法律对涉外民事关系有强制性规定的，直接适用该强制性规定。
第五条外国法律的适用将损害中华人民共和国社会公共利益的，适用中华人民共和国法律。
第六条涉外民事关系适用外国法律，该国不同区域实施不同法律的，适用与该涉外民事关系有最密切联系区域的法律。
第七条诉讼时效，适用相关涉外民事关系应当适用的法律。
第八条涉外民事关系的定性，适用法院地法律。
第九条涉外民事关系适用的外国法律，不包括该国的法律适用法。
第十条涉外民事关系适用的外国法律，由人民法院、仲裁机构或者行政机关查明。
当事人选择适用外国法律的，应当提供该国法律。
不能查明外国法律或者该国法律没有规定的，适用中华人民共和国法律。
第二章民事主体第十一条自然人的民事权利能力，适用经常居所地法律。
第十二条自然人的民事行为能力，适用经常居所地法律。
自然人从事民事活动，依照经常居所地法律为无民事行为能力，依照行为地法律为有民事行为能力的，适用行为地法律，但涉及婚姻家庭、继承的除外。
第十三条宣告失踪或者宣告死亡，适用自然人经常居所地法律。
第十四条法人及其分支机构的民事权利能力、民事行为能力、组织机构、股东权利义务等事项，适用登记地法律。
法人的主营业地与登记地不一致的，可以适用主营业地法律。
法人的经常居所地，为其主营业地。
第十五条人格权的内容，适用权利人经常居所地法律。
第十六条代理适用代理行为地法律，但被代理人与代理人的民事关系，适用代理关系发生地法律。
当事人可以协议选择委托代理适用的法律。
第十七条当事人可以协议选择信托适用的法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用信托财产所在地法律或者信托关系发生地法律。
第十八条当事人可以协议选择仲裁协议适用的法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用仲裁机构所在地法律或者仲裁地法律。
第十九条依照本法适用国籍国法律，自然人具有两个以上国籍的，适用有经常居所的国籍国法律；在所有国籍国均无经常居所的，适用与其有最密切联系的国籍国法律。
自然人无国籍或者国籍不明的，适用其经常居所地法律。
第二十条依照本法适用经常居所地法律，自然人经常居所地不明的，适用其现在居所地法律。
第三章婚姻家庭第二十一条结婚条件，适用当事人共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用共同国籍国法律；没有共同国籍，在一方当事人经常居所地或者国籍国缔结婚姻的，适用婚姻缔结地法律。
第二十二条结婚手续，符合婚姻缔结地法律、一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律的，均为有效。
第二十三条夫妻人身关系，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用共同国籍国法律。
第二十四条夫妻财产关系，当事人可以协议选择适用一方当事人经常居所地法律、国籍国法律或者主要财产所在地法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用共同国籍国法律。
第二十五条父母子女人身、财产关系，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律中有利于保护弱者权益的法律。
第二十六条协议离婚，当事人可以协议选择适用一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用共同国籍国法律；没有共同国籍的，适用办理离婚手续机构所在地法律。
第二十七条诉讼离婚，适用法院地法律。
第二十八条收养的条件和手续，适用收养人和被收养人经常居所地法律。
收养的效力，适用收养时收养人经常居所地法律。
收养关系的解除，适用收养时被收养人经常居所地法律或者法院地法律。
第二十九条扶养，适用一方当事人经常居所地法律、国籍国法律或者主要财产所在地法律中有利于保护被扶养人权益的法律。
第三十条监护，适用一方当事人经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律中有利于保护被监护人权益的法律。
第四章继承第三十一条法定继承，适用被继承人死亡时经常居所地法律，但不动产法定继承，适用不动产所在地法律。
第三十二条遗嘱方式，符合遗嘱人立遗嘱时或者死亡时经常居所地法律、国籍国法律或者遗嘱行为地法律的，遗嘱均为成立。
第三十三条遗嘱效力，适用遗嘱人立遗嘱时或者死亡时经常居所地法律或者国籍国法律。
第三十四条遗产管理等事项，适用遗产所在地法律。
第三十五条无人继承遗产的归属，适用被继承人死亡时遗产所在地法律。
第五章物权第三十六条不动产物权，适用不动产所在地法律。
第三十七条当事人可以协议选择动产物权适用的法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用法律事实发生时动产所在地法律。
第三十八条当事人可以协议选择运输中动产物权发生变更适用的法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用运输目的地法律。
第三十九条有价证券，适用有价证券权利实现地法律或者其他与该有价证券有最密切联系的法律。
第四十条权利质权，适用质权设立地法律。
第六章债权第四十一条当事人可以协议选择合同适用的法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用履行义务最能体现该合同特征的一方当事人经常居所地法律或者其他与该合同有最密切联系的法律。
第四十二条消费者合同，适用消费者经常居所地法律；消费者选择适用商品、服务提供地法律或者经营者在消费者经常居所地没有从事相关经营活动的，适用商品、服务提供地法律。
第四十三条劳动合同，适用劳动者工作地法律；难以确定劳动者工作地的，适用用人单位主营业地法律。
劳务派遣，可以适用劳务派出地法律。
第四十四条侵权责任，适用侵权行为地法律，但当事人有共同经常居所地的，适用共同经常居所地法律。
侵权行为发生后，当事人协议选择适用法律的，按照其协议。
第四十五条产品责任，适用被侵权人经常居所地法律；被侵权人选择适用侵权人主营业地法律、损害发生地法律的，或者侵权人在被侵权人经常居所地没有从事相关经营活动的，适用侵权人主营业地法律或者损害发生地法律。
第四十六条通过网络或者采用其他方式侵害姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、隐私权等人格权的，适用被侵权人经常居所地法律。
第四十七条不当得利、无因管理，适用当事人协议选择适用的法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用当事人共同经常居所地法律；没有共同经常居所地的，适用不当得利、无因管理发生地法律。
第七章知识产权第四十八条知识产权的归属和内容，适用被请求保护地法律。
第四十九条当事人可以协议选择知识产权转让和许可使用适用的法律。
当事人没有选择的，适用本法对合同的有关规定。
第五十条知识产权的侵权责任，适用被请求保护地法律，当事人也可以在侵权行为发生后协议选择适用法院地法律。
第八章附则第五十一条《中华人民共和国民法通则》第一百四十六条、第一百四十七条，《中华人民共和国继承法》第三十六条，与本法的规定不一致的，适用本法。
第五十二条本法自2011年4月1日起施行。
最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》若干问题的解释（一）（2012年12月10日最高人民法院审判委员会第1563次会议通过）为正确审理涉外民事案件，根据《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》的规定，对人民法院适用该法的有关问题解释如下：第一条民事关系具有下列情形之一的，人民法院可以认定为涉外民事关系：（一）当事人一方或双方是外国公民、外国法人或者其他组织、无国籍人；（二）当事人一方或双方的经常居所地在中华人民共和国领域外；（三）标的物在中华人民共和国领域外；（四）产生、变更或者消灭民事关系的法律事实发生在中华人民共和国领域外；（五）可以认定为涉外民事关系的其他情形。
第二条涉外民事关系法律适用法实施以前发生的涉外民事关系，人民法院应当根据该涉外民事关系发生时的有关法律规定确定应当适用的法律；当时法律没有规定的，可以参照涉外民事关系法律适用法的规定确定。
第三条涉外民事关系法律适用法与其他法律对同一涉外民事关系法律适用规定不一致的，适用涉外民事关系法律适用法的规定，但《中华人民共和国票据法》、《中华人民共和国海商法》、《中华人民共和国民用航空法》等商事领域法律的特别规定以及知识产权领域法律的特别规定除外。
涉外民事关系法律适用法对涉外民事关系的法律适用没有规定而其他法律有规定的，适用其他法律的规定。
第四条涉外民事关系的法律适用涉及适用国际条约的，人民法院应当根据《中华人民共和国民法通则》第一百四十二条第二款以及《中华人民共和国票据法》第九十五条第一款、《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百六十八条第一款、《中华人民共和国民用航空法》第一百八十四条第一款等法律规定予以适用，但知识产权领域的国际条约已经转化或者需要转化为国内法律的除外。
第五条涉外民事关系的法律适用涉及适用国际惯例的，人民法院应当根据《中华人民共和国民法通则》第一百四十二条第三款以及《中华人民共和国票据法》第九十五条第二款、《中华人民共和国海商法》第二百六十八条第二款、《中华人民共和国民用航空法》第一百八十四条第二款等法律规定予以适用。
第六条中华人民共和国法律没有明确规定当事人可以选择涉外民事关系适用的法律，当事人选择适用法律的，人民法院应认定该选择无效。
第七条一方当事人以双方协议选择的法律与系争的涉外民事关系没有实际联系为由主张选择无效的，人民法院不予支持。
第八条当事人在一审法庭辩论终结前协议选择或者变更选择适用的法律的，人民法院应予准许。
各方当事人援引相同国家的法律且未提出法律适用异议的，人民法院可以认定当事人已经就涉外民事关系适用的法律做出了选择。
第九条当事人在合同中援引尚未对中华人民共和国生效的国际条约的，人民法院可以根据该国际条约的内容确定当事人之间的权利义务，但违反中华人民共和国社会公共利益或中华人民共和国法律、行政法规强制性规定的除外。
第十条有下列情形之一，涉及中华人民共和国社会公共利益、当事人不能通过约定排除适用、无需通过冲突规范指引而直接适用于涉外民事关系的法律、行政法规的规定，人民法院应当认定为涉外民事关系法律适用法第四条规定的强制性规定：（一）涉及劳动者权益保护的；（二）涉及食品或公共卫生安全的；（三）涉及环境安全的；（四）涉及外汇管制等金融安全的；（五）涉及反垄断、反倾销的；（六）应当认定为强制性规定的其他情形。
第十一条一方当事人故意制造涉外民事关系的连结点，规避中华人民共和国法律、行政法规的强制性规定的，人民法院应认定为不发生适用外国法律的效力。
第十二条涉外民事争议的解决须以另一涉外民事关系的确认为前提时，人民法院应当根据该先决问题自身的性质确定其应当适用的法律。
第十三条案件涉及两个或者两个以上的涉外民事关系时，人民法院应当分别确定应当适用的法律。