理工科学术英语摘要(完整版)
学术英语(理工)_Unit 6
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
2 Organizing the content
1 Function: Describe the outline of the talk 2 Function: Introduce the topic 3 Function: Indicate the shift from one idea to another 4 Function: Give closing remarks 5 Function: Summarize the talk
1) Use less formal or even colloquial language 2) Use simple language 3) Use more examples and analogies to illustrate your
points 4) Use few pronouns and do not be afraid of repetition. 5) Check the pronunciation of difficult, unusual, or foreign
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
2 Organizing the content
1 Yes, he wanted to draw the audience attention immediately.
2 To introduce his topic and raise the awareness about the seriousness of global warming.
take notes, or time to think about what you are saying. d) Use examples or anecdotes to illustrate your point whenever
理工科学生学术英语(EAP)需求分析——以西安市理工类高校为例
2018年26期总第414期高等教育研究ENGLISH ON CAMPUS理工科学生学术英语(EAP)需求分析——以西安市理工类高校为例文/刘丹【摘要】我国大学生的多种学术英语需求长期没有得到应有的重视。
本研究通过对西安几所高校的理工科学生进行问卷调查和访谈来了解该学生群体的学术英语需求。
结果表明，理工科学生最为需要的学术英语技能是阅读，其余依次为写作、听力和口语；词汇是学术英语学习中最困难的一项；同时发现EAP课程在西安地区高校并未广泛开展，学生对学术英语的概念仍较为模糊。
基于以上发现，本研究旨在对EAP课程的开展提出些建议。
【关键词】学术英语；需求分析；理工科学生【作者简介】刘丹(1994- )，西安交通大学在读研究生，研究方向：语言测试与评估。
一、引言学术英语课程是未来课程设置的一大趋势。
2016年最新版的《指南》中肯定了学术英语在大学英语教学中应有的地位，而理工类学科成果频出, 与国际交流的频繁，因此理工类学生经常会遇到EAP使用情境，良好的EAP技能对理工科学生，尤其是研究生和博士生必不可少的。
二、文献回顾随着高等教育国际化发展，专门用途英语教学(ESP)开始在大学发展。
ESP可分为学术英语(EAP)和职业英语(EVP)。
EAP课程开设的是以“需求分析”调查为前提。
国内已有类似的实证研究，如罗娜和陈春梅(2012)通过对某大学理工科硕士生导师进行访谈和问卷调查来了解该学生群体的学术英语需求。
喻志刚、付莉苹(2015)则对江苏省某重点大学理工科研究生的EA需求和课程进行调查。
三、研究问题西安地区理工类学生对学术英语的需求程度如何？他们在学习学术英语时存在的困难有哪些？四、研究方法1.问卷编制。
本研究问卷主要参考了Alexander，Argent ＆Spencer(2008 ) 对学术英语语言技能的描写和Evans和Green(2007)对学术英语学习难点的总结。
通过咨询专家，同行讨论和小规模试测，修改措辞和结构，最终的问卷包括三个部分：学生基本信息，EAP需求分析和学术英语具体难点调查。
学术英语(理工)_Unit 6
c) Introduce the major points in the beginning.
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
8 Participating in discussions
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
1 Preparing your oral
presentation
How to prepare for the presentation
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
you find it difficult or abstract for the audience to understand.
e) Use analogies.
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
2 Organizing the content
Three parts of a presentation:
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
3 Using proper language
Tips for using proper language
Task 1
Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation
3 Using proper language
2 Organizing the content
Three parts of a presentation:
学术英语(理工版)摘要(完整版)
Text1 How do computer hackers “get inside”a computerAbstract：Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updatinganti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.摘要：计算机漏洞经常被黑客破解使用。
学术英语-理工-lecture11-原文
学术英语-理工-lecture11-原文Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All the conversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underest imate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in thosejourneys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners at Kleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate awhole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Well, it’s massive. They’re the largest private employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, theywon’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the p ay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in and year out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter)It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. Hestood up. Y ou know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-base d system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. Y ou know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate 83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story a bout national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s thefather of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would beflex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S., 5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have themd on’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs ins ide that country, and it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fact, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Sixthousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’re gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing s o, they’ll save a million lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugs to make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this technology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, they’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for saying the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, atKleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encoura ging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. But I’m really afraid we need much, much more. Forrefer ence, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’s new budget for renewable energy is barely a billion dollars in total, less than one day of E xxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country.And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch of surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would havethought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in the U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so somehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you wha t. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we succeed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hardquestion, if the trajectory of all the world’s companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to or and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and trade in U.S. greenhouse gas reductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Le t’s get one of them passed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution, in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to theconversation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
学术英语理工
学术英语理工l e c t u r e14(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--On March 11, 2011, a magnitude earthquake struck Japan, causing a devastating tsunami that tore through the coastal regions and leveled the villages in its path. The earthquake also severely damaged nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant, sparking explosions and the releaseof radioactive material.Recent reports suggest that leaks from thereactor's core may be extremely dangerous, not only threatening workersthere but also contaminating the facility and surrounding community on the longer term.As Japanese engineers, scientists, and firefighters work to control the continuing crisis at the vulnerable Fukushima plant -- efforts that are hindered by strong aftershock earthquakes -- fears about the scope of this nuclear disaster and the radiation's health effects continue to spread.Radiation is energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or particles. Ionizing radiation describes waves or particles that have enough energy to remove electrons from other atoms, thus creating chemically reactive ions (charged atoms) that can damage 年3月11日,日本发生级地震,造成毁灭性的海啸,横扫了沿海地区,摧毁了村庄的道路。
理工类大学学术英语教材的出版策略——以《理工英语读写教程》为例
作者： 席芳媛[1]
作者机构： [1]上海理工大学外语学院
出版物刊名： 出版广角
页码： 83-85页
年卷期： 2021年 第13期
主题词： 《理工英语读写教程》;学术英语;出版价值;编写策略
摘要：《理工英语读写教程》充分体现了党和国家对教材出版的要求,紧紧围绕立德树人的根本任务,以新时代大学英语课程建设的发展要求和新工科背景下人才培养需求为导向,积极推进多元化出版形态.在教材编写上,《理工英语读写教程》结合理工科大学生的特点和学术英语的发展方向,分别从阅读材料的真实性、教材结构设计的独特性、突出篇章结构的分析及强调学术写作能力和学术规范四个方面构建编写策略,旨在全方位培养学生的学术素养,帮助学生了解国际学术研究的规则规范,用英语开展本专业的学习研究和学术交流.。
学术英语理工类第三篇课文摘要
The text attempts to point out various advantages of cloud computing .At the beginning,the author defines cloud computing as a pay-per-use model which quickly enables people to obtain access to reliable resources according to their demands.This process involves the least consumers’ management.No matter what kind of cloud is,there are 3 common features---being quickly allocated,having real-time backup and catering to requirements of clients.Then the text presents 3 varieties of cloud services:SaaS,which gains the largest popularity among cloud services;PaaS,which supplies clients for diverse goals with a platform;IaaS,which provides infrastructure on demand.Furthermore,the author describes benefits of cloud computing under green computing,which is regarded as energy efficient in using computing resources.Making full use of cloud computing can further facilitate green computing.Since cloud computing can be utilized to re-provisioning of resources,you needn’t purchase the infrastructure when expanding.Hence,you not only save expenses but protect environment as well since more electricity should be used to cool off computer resources as you buy more infrastructure.Cloud computing also makes telecommuting possible to your employees,which indicates large savings and promote greatly to environmentally friendly green computing.In short,the author comes to a conclusion on the basis of the above discussion,including 4 main advantages of cloud computing--remote accessibility,easy expansion,security and environmentally friendly.。
学术英语(理工)Unit5
Learning Method
01
Inquiry-based learning
Students will engage in hands-on activities and experiments to
explore the topic and develop their understanding.
Grammar and Sentence Patterns
非谓语动词用法多
非谓语动词在本单元中频繁出现，包括不定式、现在分词 和过去分词等。学生需要了解这些非谓语动词的用法和区 别，以便在写作中更加灵活地运用。
Reading and Writing
阅读材料难度大 写作要求高
本单元的阅读材料涉及大量专业知识和理论，语 言难度较高。学生需要具备较好的阅读能力和技 巧，如快速阅读、归纳总结等，才能有效理解文 章内容。
Vocabulary and expression
抽象概念多
本单元涉及许多抽象的概念和理论，如量子力学、电路分析等。学生需要具备较好的逻辑思维和推理能力，才能理解这些概 念和理论的含义。
Vocabulary and expression
表达方式多样
为了更好地理解和应用科学和工程知识，学生需要掌握多种表达方式，如公式、图表、示意图等。此 外，学生还需要了解如何将这些表达方式与英语语言结合起来，以清晰地传达信息。
Students will work in groups to complete projects and tasks,
enhancing their teamwork and协作精神.
Learning Resources
01
Textbooks
The official textbook for this unit is "Science and Technology in Society: An Introduction to the Principles and Applications".
学术英语第二版理工
学术英语第二版理工简介《学术英语第二版理工》是一本致力于帮助理工科学生提高学术英语能力的教材。
本教材包含了丰富的例句和练习，涵盖了理工科常见的学术英语用语和表达方式。
通过学习本教材，学生能够提高自己的写作、阅读和口语能力，提升在学术领域的表达能力。
内容概述《学术英语第二版理工》的内容主要分为以下几个部分：1. 理工科学术写作基础本部分将介绍理工科学术写作的基本要素，包括论文结构、段落结构、句子结构等。
通过学习这些基础知识，学生能够写出更规范和条理清晰的学术文章。
2. 学术英语常用词汇本部分将介绍理工科学术写作中经常使用的单词和短语，包括专业名词、动词短语、形容词短语等。
学生可以通过掌握这些常用词汇，提高自己在学术领域的表达能力。
3. 学术英语表达技巧本部分将介绍一些学术英语的表达技巧和注意事项，包括如何正确引用他人的观点、如何写出精确的推理和论证等。
学生通过学习这些技巧，可以提高自己的学术写作水平。
4. 学术英语阅读技巧本部分将介绍一些学术英语阅读的技巧，包括如何快速找到重点内容、如何理解长难句等。
通过学习这些技巧，学生能够更高效地阅读学术文献，并理解其中的内容。
5. 学术英语口语表达本部分将介绍一些学术英语口语表达的技巧和习惯用法，包括如何用简洁明了的语言介绍自己的研究项目、如何进行学术交流等。
学生通过学习这些技巧，可以提高自己的学术口语能力。
学习方法学生可以按照以下步骤来学习《学术英语第二版理工》：1.阅读教材并做练习：学生可以按照章节顺序逐一阅读教材，同时完成每个章节后的练习。
通过练习，学生可以巩固所学知识。
2.多写作练习：学生可以选择一些学术主题进行写作练习。
通过多写作练习，学生可以提高自己的学术写作水平。
3.多阅读学术文献：学生可以选择一些与自己研究领域相关的学术文献进行阅读。
通过阅读学术文献，学生可以提高自己的学术阅读能力。
4.参加学术讨论和演讲：学生可以参加学术讨论和演讲活动，与他人进行学术交流。
以内容为依托的理工科大学学术英语类课程研究现状和意义
以内容为依托的理工科大学学术英语类课程研究现状和意义［摘要］以内容为依托的理工科大学学术英语类课程以可理解的语言输入为教学手段,让学生既可以学习目的语言, 又可以掌握学科知识。
是将外语学习同内容学习结合起来的一种有效教学途径。
国外针对这类课程的研究已开展多年，并取得了丰硕成果；而国内的研究则呈方兴未艾之势。
国内的学者们也已意识到这类课程在我国理工科大学的开设顺应了大学英语教学改革的潮流，凸显了理工科大学生英语学习实用性的要求，将是对现有大学英语课程的有益补充，是大学通用英语教学向专业英语教学转变的过渡阶段。
但国内真正具有实证性和开拓性的研究还有待继续深入。
［关键词］以内容为依托的英语教学；学术英语；实证性研究在当今全球化经济日益发展的背景下，中国社会各行各业对既懂英语又懂专业的复合型英语人才的需求也日益迫切，并且随着教育国际化的逼近，多国大学要求英语作为教学语言，将英语与所学专业结合在一起，以培养学生国际竞争力。
这就要求我国大学非英语专业英语教学应当在注重学习者英语能力培养的基础上，强调英语学习的实用性。
在这种背景下，以内容为依托（CBI）的大学英语学术英语类课程的开设便应运而生。
这类课程是现有大学英语课程的补充，是由普通英语向专业英语转变的过渡性课程。
上海市教委也于2013年3月提出将在试点高校以学术英语为核心，围绕“提高学生用英语直接从事本专业学习、工作的能力，并使其在专业领域具有较强的国际交往和竞争能力” 的教学培养目标（上海市教育委员会，2013）。
因此，针对这类课程的研究必将为推进大学英语教学改革提供理论和实证指导。
一、国内外研究现状（一）国外CBI课程的兴起与发展CBI以内容为依托的教学理论，全称content-based instruction是一种通过主题或学科内容教学达到外语习得目的第二语言教学理念。
CBI 理念下的教学方法就是以可理解的语言输入为教学手段, 从而让学生既可以学习目的语言, 又可以掌握学科知识。
理工科 论文摘要 英文翻译
AbstractThe pipe refers to the pipe fittings used for carrying all kinds of fluid in the pipe line. The common pipe fittings are the cast iron pipe, the steel pipe, the nonferrous metal tube, the non-metallic pipe ,the plastic pipe, etc. Pipes usually are circular and also they may be special-shaped pipes of non-circular cross-sections. It’s a kind of heat and quality transfer tool. And it used very extensively from the delivery pipe in daily life to the industrial pipeline and so on. We often meet with ordinary cross section pipe, and its simple structure and high performance features make it a wide range of applicability. Considering the heat transfer and the structure, the helical pipe has been used in many areas.The helical pipe is widely applied in the efficient steam generator and cooler, nuclear reactor,utility boiler, petrochemical industry, aviation and aerospace industry, cooling of microelectronic device, food and pharmaceutical, refrigeration and cryogenic technology due to its high heat transfer efficiency and compact structure and easy processing and manufacture. And the heat transfer efficiency of the helical pipe compared with the straight pipe is much higher, which is mainly because of the secondflow on the cross section perpendicular to the helical line when the fluid flows in the helical pipe.The second flow improves the heat transfer capabilities of the fluid by destroying the boundary layer of the fluid heat transfer, meanwhile increases the resistance of the flow. So it’s of significance to study the flow characteristic of the helical pipe in engineering practice.At present the research question is mainly based on the experimental analysis and numerical simulation. In the recent years, numerical simulation method is also widely applied. This thesis carry out three-dimensional numerical simulation to flow and the heat transfer of the bending Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe by FLUENT software, and get micro information about temperature distribution and speed distribution of the fluid of the Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe. And according to the result of simulation, it reveals mechanism of the heat transfer of the fluid in the bending Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe and analyzes the performance of the flow and heat transfer of the Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe.The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:1 This article draws the physical model of the full development period fluid of Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe with the Gambit software,and also meshes and sets the boundary conditions with Gambit. Then take the 3-d simulation and calculation to the fluid flow and the heat transfer of the Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe with the Fluent software.2It obtained the micro information about temperature distribution and speed distribution of the fluid of the Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe by numerical simulation analysis with the Fluent software.It studies the speed distribution and pressure distribution and temperature distribution from the entrance of section of 1.5 times.And the research shows that the secondary flow would strengthen the fluid heat transfer when the fluid fully developed in the bending Semi-circular cross-section helical pipe. Owing to the certain deviation in the result of the experiment, and the offset existed after coordinate transformation, the result of the speed distribution of secondary flow is unsatisfactory. But for the helical pipe whose outside is straight, it still can be seen that the secondary flow on the section under the small Re number is thetwo vortex structure and it becomes the four vortex structure following the increase of the Re number.3.From study different Reynolds number’s influence to the resistance of bending semi-circular cross-section spiral pipe and it’s heat transfer, it shows that the resistance of the flow increases with the increase of the Reynolds number;and the heat transfer Nu increases with the Reynolds number too ,which means the heat transfer is enhanced.4.Study different pipe diameter ‘s influence to the resistance of bending semi-circular cross-section spiral pipe and it’s heat transfer,it shows that the resistance of the flow increases with the increase of the pipe diameter;and the heat transfer Nu increases with the pipe diameter too ,which means the heat transfer is enhanced.Key words:helical pipe;secondary flow; numerical; simulation; Reynolds number;flow;heat transfer摘要管子泛指用于管道中输送各种流体的管件。
学术英语(理工类)_Unit1-2-3-4-5全539页
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Additional questions for your understanding of Text 1
3 How to protect yourself against computer attacks?
In which aspect do the two essays share the same idea? Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
In which aspect do the two essays differ?
U.S. Dollars. 16 __e_x_p_lo_i_t ___ (开拓) a new market in the city 17 be absorbed in the social _n_e_t_w_o_r_k_in_g_ (社交网络) 18 __i_n_v_o_lv_e___ (涉及) unnecessary extra charges 19 only one __in_s_t_a_n_ce___ (实例) out of many 20 get to know more about the _s_p_e_c_ifi_c_a_ti_o_n (具体的细节) of
This term covers the entire range of folks, from those involved in organized criminal activities to insiders who are pushing the limits of what they are authorized to do on a system.
学术英语(理工)Unit
into the literature.
03
Critically Thinking
Don't just accept the findings at face value; question the
methods, results, and conclusions.
Writing Skills: How to Write Scientific Papers
提高专业英语水平
培养批判性思维
通过学习专业词汇、语法和写作技巧，帮 助学生提高专业英语水平，能够阅读和理 解科技论文和文献。
通过课堂讨论和案例分析，培养学生的批 判性思维和问题解决能力，使他们能够独 立思考和分析科学问题。
增强学术交流能力
了解学科前沿
通过模拟学术会议、小组讨论和口头报告 等活动，提高学生的学术交流能力，包括 口头表达和书面表达能力。
Title and Abstract
Make sure the title is concise and descriptive, and the abstract summarizes the research objectives, methods, results, and conclusions.
03
Reading and Writing Skills in Academic English (Science and Engineering)
Reading Skills: How to Quickly Understand
Scientific Literature
01
Key Takeaways
concepts.
Common Expressions in Academic English (STEM)
理工类英语概括大意（一）1
Successful Language Learners Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above.1. Paragraph 1__________2. Paragraph 2__________3. Paragraph 3__________4. Paragraph 4__________A. Ways to Learn a Language SuccessfullyB. Learning a language PurposefullyC. Learning a Language ActivelyD. Learning a Language IndependentlyE. Learning from MistakesF. Learning to Think in the Target Language5. Successful language learners derive conclusions___________6. Independent Language learners rely on themselves___________7. Active language learners seize every opportunity______________8. The author wrote this text_________________A. to discover sentence patterns and grammatical rulesB. to expand vocabularyC. to use the target languageD. to encourage unsuccessful language learners to learn independently, actively and purposefullyE. from cluesF. to say strange thingsKEY：ADCBEACD。
学术英语-理工-lecture11-原文
Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.” Wow. All the co nversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is, “There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underestimate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in thosejourneys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners at Kleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate awhole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Wel l, it’s massive. They’re the largest private employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, theywon’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the pay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in and year out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter)It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. Hestood up. Y ou know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-based system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. Y ou know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate 83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story about national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s thefather of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would beflex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S., 5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have them don’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced 40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs inside that country, an d it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fact, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Sixthousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’r e gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing so, they’ll save a million lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugs to make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this technology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, they’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for sayin g the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, atKleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encouraging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. Bu t I’m really afraid we need much, much more. For reference, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’s new budget for renewable energy isbar ely a billion dollars in total, less than one day of Exxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country.And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch o f surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would havethought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in th e U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so somehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we s ucceed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hardquestion, if the trajectory of all the world’s companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to or and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and trade in U.S. greenhouse gas r eductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Let’s get one of them passed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution, in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to theconvers ation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
学术英语(理工)_Unit_4
topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation.
2 Radiation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation
1 Writing a literature Review
Enhancing your academic language
Complete the following expressions or sentences. 1 a small breach (缺口) in the dam 2 shallow (浅的) foundation 3 implement (履行) a promise 4 the survivor(s) (幸存者) of the earthquake 5 hypothetical (假设的) situation 6 initiate (发起) a reform 7 have potential (潜力) as an artist 8 despite (不顾) their strong disagreement 9 neutralize (中和) acids 10 be in contact (联系) with each other 11 transport (运输) goods by lorry 12 the volume (大量) of exports
1 Writing a literature Review
3 Amber Cornelio holds a different attitude from the other three authors. He believes that radiation exposure will
学术英语理工第一篇课文摘要
Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging.The text mainly focuses on methods hackers attack computers.Initially,the author redefines the term “hacker””cracker”and ”getting inside”a computer.The term “unauthorized user”(UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group.Known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from terrible password protection to keeping a computer on,which can be accessible to others in the office.The author then compares two kinds of target systems--strongly protected and weakly protected .For the former ones,a UU should employ low-technology attacks.For the latter ones,a UU can use technical exploits where specifications of the target system must be firstly determined.Additionally,the text introduces two types of attacks--one that a UU makes sure the configuration of a target system through capabilities involved in hypertext transfer protocol(http) and one that is launched without any certain target by preprogramming against specific weakness.Realizing that if the UU’s motivations change the end goal of unauthorized access also varies is significant.At last,the author gives us suggestions to protect computers against attacks,including updating patches,making complicated password,getting a hardware firewall to get information only from websites you need,updating anti-virus software and backing up data.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Text1 How do computer hackers “get inside”a computerAbstract：Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updatinganti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.摘要：计算机漏洞经常被黑客破解使用。
每台计算机的安全性都在承受挑战。
本文首先重新定义了术语“电脑狂人”、“黑客”和“进入计算机内部”，并详细描述了该过程。
而术语“未授权用户”（UU）能更好的定义“侵入者”。
已知和未知的漏洞会不经意的被人利用，不管这些漏洞是低安全性密码保护，还是电脑持续开机，亦或是在办公室与其他访客的直接接触。
“未授权用户”利用技术漏洞的第一步即是确定目标系统的明细规范是什么。
有两种攻击方式，一种是针对超文本传输协议（HTTP）固有的功能，另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，没有任何具体目标。
黑客行动的多变性，警告用户不管是薄弱的还是强大的系统，都应当选择正确的方式来自我保护，不要轻易将授权给其他人。
最后，文章列出了避免安全漏洞的解决方案，包括更新补丁、使用复杂的密码、只从可靠的网站或服务中获取信息、及时更新杀毒软件和备份，以保护计算机中的数据不被黑客攻击。
Text 3 Advantages of Cloud computingAbstract：Cloud of computing is allowing you to use services that include infrastructure applications ,and storage space for a nominal fee. It should be able to quickly allot and relieve resources whenever required by clients and cater to the needs of clients without having to involve clients into management of the service and have real- time backup to offer maximum up time clients. The type of cloud services includes software as a service ,platform as a service ,infrastructure as a service .The advantages of cloud computing under green computing include reducing the consumption of electricity while also reducing emissions that damage the environment ,saving the environment while also saving on the expenses incurred due to a demand for expansion ,and allowing you to let you employees telecommute. Then ,here is a summary about the advantages of cloud computing: remote accessibility , easy expansion ,security and environmentally friendly.Keys words : advantage 、cloud computing service、 green computing摘要：云计算是可以让你使用基础设施和应用程序，并且为象征性的收费提供存储空间的服务。
它可以很快分配和释放资源，无论客户何时请求，能够迎合客户的需求，而不需要让客户参与服务的管理；而且它有实时的备份，为客户提供最大的正常运行时间。
云服务的类型包括软件即服务模型、平台即服务模型、基础构架即服务模型。
绿色背景下云计算的好处是降低了电力消耗，同时也降低了有害环境的排放量；挽救了环境，也节约了由于扩大的需求而带来的费用；允许你的员工远程上班。
然后，得出云计算有以下几项优点：远程利用、很容易扩展、安全、环境友好。
关键字：优势、云计算、服务、绿色计算Text5 Can You Compete with A.I. for the Next Job?Abstract:With the development of social and technology, Artificial intelligence may replace human jobs in the future. There are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades. People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution. Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic. Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happened. It bring better plows, planting and sowing machines. Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers’ children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen. So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food become cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spend money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines take over the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.摘要:随着社会和科技的发展，人工智能可能在未来取代人类工作。