欧盟经济,社会与政策讲义--伦敦经济学院

reality from the early 1960s
until 1993
Common market Free mobility of factors across 1993-1999
member states
Economic union Harmonization of economic Early stages in 1993.
policies disappears – Central institutions become the centres of
economic decision-making
The stages of economic integration in the EU
Level of integration
policy
Partial economic union in
1999
Economic integration Completely unified economic Not yet achieved
policy
Economic integration to
achieve competitiveness
2.05
Finland
131.2
1.54
France
1399.2
16.47
Germany
2036.0
23.97
Greece
120.7
1.42
Ireland
101.1
1.19
Italy
1152.3
13.57
Luxembourg
19.9
0.23
Netherlands
399.1
4.70
Portugal
112.3
THE EUROPEAN UNION: ECONOMY, SOCIETY, AND
POLITY
by Andrés Rodríguez-Pose
London School of Economics
Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-874286-X
Part I
ECONOMY
GDP per capita (2000) in
Europe, the US and Japan
Country
Total GDP in % of the EU 2000 (billions economy
of €)
Austria
205.5
2.42
Belgium
244.0
2.87
Denmark
174.2
– Members give up powers. Strong central institutions which dictate common economic policy
• Complete economic integration:
– All economic policy areas are harmonised – The capacity of states to implement independent
• Why did a customs union (the EC) decide to increase the pace of economic integration during the 1980s and 1990s?
– Increasing globalisation of the world economy (increased competition, especially from the US, Japan, and the NICs)
monitor decisions adopted by member states
The stages of economic
integration (II)
• Economic union:
– Harmonisation of economic policies (generally monetary or fiscal policy)
• Customs union:
– Free trade between members and common external trade restriction
– Common regulatory bodies
• Common (or single) markets:
– Removal of all barriers to free factor mobility – Free mobility of goods, capital, labour, and services – Greater level of regulation and strong institutions to
– More sophisticated systems to dodge trade barriers (multinational corporations)
– Belief that market fragmentation (nationally divided markets) was reducing economies of scale
Main features
Period
Free trade area
Free trade among members From 1958 to the early
1960s
Customs union
Free trade with a common In theory from 1958, in
external tariff
1.32
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Spain
605.7
7.13
Sweden
248.8
2.93
United kingdom
1543.0
18.17
European Union
8493.0
100.00
United States
10738.7
126.44
Japan
5163.2
60.79
The limits of European competitiveness
Chapter 1
Competitiveness
The stages of economic
integration
• Free trade areas:
– Free trade between members, different external tariffs – Little or no institutional co-ordination