语言学讲义提纲

Lecture Outline of General Linguistics
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
1.1 Why study language? (p. 1)
Five senses of language:
1.2 What is language?
Definition:language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
1.3 Design features of language
Definition: the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
Arbitrariness:
Duality:
Creativity:
Displacement:
Cultural transmission:
Interchangeability:
Origin of language
(1) The divine-origin theory:
(2) The invention theory:
(3) The evolution theory:
(4) The “Bow-wow” theory
(5) The “Pooh-pooh” theory
(6) The “Ye-he-ho” theory
1.5 Functions of language
(1) I nformative:
(2) I nterpersonal:
(3) P erformative:
(4) E motive function:
(5) P hatic communion:
(6) R ecreational function:
(7) M etalingual function:
1.6 What is linguistics?
Linguistics: a scientific study of language Four principles for studying linguistics:
(1) Exhaustiveness
(2)Consistency
(3)Economy
(4) Objectiveness
1.7 Main branches of linguistics
Phonetics:
Phonology:
Morphology:
Syntax:
Semantics:
Pragmatics:
1.8 Macrolinguistics Psycholinguistics:
Sociolinguistics:
Anthropological linguistics:
Computational linguistics:
Applied linguistics:
Neurolinguistics:
1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics Prescriptive vs. descriptive
Synchronic vs. diachronic
Langue and parole Competence and performance
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2.0 Speech production and perception
2.1 How speech sounds are made?
2.1.1 Speech organs
2.1.2 The IPA
Segments
Divergence
2.2 Consonants and vowels
2. 2.1 Consonants
Manners of articulation
(1)Stop (or plosive)
(2)Fricative (擦音)
(3)(Median) Approximant:
(4)Affricates, trill and tap:
Places of articulation
(1)Bilabial:
(2)Labiodental:
(2)Dental:
(3)Alveolar(齿龈音)
(4)Postal veolar:
(5)Retroflex:
(6)Palatal:
(7)Velar:
(8)Uvular, pharyngeal and glottal
The consonants of English
2.2.2 Vowels
The theory of cardinal vowels
The criteria of vowel description
Vowel Glides
The vowel of RP
2.3 From phonetics to phonology
2.3.1 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription
Coarticulation
Broad and narrow transcription
2.3.2 Phonemes
Minimal pairs
Phoneme
2.3.3 Allophones
2.4 Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features 2.4.1 Assimilation
2.4.2 Epenthesis, rule ordering and the elsewhere condition
2.4.3 Distinctive features
2.5 Suprasegmentals
2.5.1 The syllable structure
r
p l
S + t + j
K w
Sonority scale
Syllabification and the maximal onset principle 2.5.2 Stress
Chapter 3 Lexicon 3.1 What is word?
3.1.1 Three senses of word
3.1.1.1 A physically definable unit
3.1.1.2 The common factor underlying a set of forms 3.1.1.3 A grammatical unit
Morpheme:
3.1.2 Identification of words
(1) Stability
(2) Relative uninterruptibility
(3) A minimum free form
3.1. 3 Classification of words
(1) Variable and invariable words
(2) Grammatical and lexical words
(3) Closed-class words and open-class words
(4) Word class
a. Particles
b. Auxiliaries
c. Pro-form
d. Determiners
Predeterminers:
Central determiners:
Postdeterminers:
3.2 The formation of word
3.2.1 Morpheme and morphology Morphology
Lexeme:
3.2.2 Types of morphemes
(1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme
(2) Root, affix and stem
(3) Inflectional affix and derivational affix
3.2.3 Inflection and word formation
1. Inflection:
2. Word formation:
i．Compound
ii. Derivation
3.2.4 The counterpoint of phonology and morpheme
1. Morpheme and phoneme
2. Morphemic structure and phonological structure
3. Allomorph
4. Morphophonology or morphophonemics
i. Phonologically conditioned
ii. Morphologically conditioned
3.3 Lexical change
1. Invention
2. Blending
A. the first part of the first word plus the last part of the second one.
B. the first part of the first word plus the first part of the second word:
C. whole form of the first word plus last part of the second word
D. first part of the first word plus whole form of the second word
3. Abbreviation
A. Back clippings
B. Front clippings
C. Front and back clippings
D. Phrase clippings:
4. Acronym
5. Back-formation
6. Analogical creation
7. Borrowing
(1) Loanwords:
(2) Loanblending
(3) Loanshift
.
(4) Loan translation 3.3.2 Phonological change
(1) Loss
(2) Addition
(3) Metathesis
(4) Assimilation。