语言学讲义4

Sentence maximally free form what about these? He is a lazy man. He is not a lazy man. He is hardly lazy. Hardly can I say he is a lazy man. Is that him? How lazy he is!
Chapter4 syntax
Attention: In terms of syntax, we are primarily concerned with the grammatical structure of a sentence; Whether a word can occupy a certain position in a sentence depends on its grammatical category rather than its meaning ____________________________________________________ Ex. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. This is a very interesting sentence, because it shows that syntax can be separated from semantics___ that form can be separated from meaning. The sentence doesn’t seem to mean anything coherent, but it sounds like an English sentence.
Chapter4 syntax
4.3.1.2 paradigmatic relation Refers to the relations among the members which can be used to replace one another in a specific position in a structure. Ex. A police officer found the puppy in the garden. Your neighbor found the puppy in the garden. This yellow cat found the puppy in the garden. The substituting of one for another will not violate syntactic rules. So the replacing words and the replaced words are said to be in paradigmatic relation. They belong to the same syntactic category.( NP)
4.3 The structural approach 4.3.1 syntactic relations ___ proposed by Saussure and other American structuralists from the structural perspective. 4.3.1.1 syntagmatic relation Refers to the linear grouping of words and phrases within a sentence. There are syntactic and semantic conditions the words must meet. Ex. The boy kicked the ball. The ball kicked the boy. Boy the ball kicked the.
A (sentence)
B I
C learn Chinese and French art
Endocentric structure: with a head or centre Exocentric structure: without a head or centre Coordination Subordinstion
刚才来了个美国人，进到办公室，前台小姐左看右看，大家都在打游戏，只 有面带微笑的迎上去。 前台小姐：“hello.” 美国人：“hi.” 前台小姐：“you have what thing？” 美国人：“can you speak english？” 前台小姐：“if i not speak english，i am speaking what？” 美国人：“can anybody else speak english？” 前台小姐：“you yourself look. all people are playing，no people have time， you can wait， you wait，you not wait，you go！” 美国人：“good heavens. anybody here can speak english？” 从 melody的 qq空间下载 的 空间下载 语法问题，虽然词句都好。 语法问题，虽然词句都好。
IC analysis Cut sentences into two or more segments He //died yesterday. Old women and men I learn Chinese and French art.
I learn Chinese and French art.
Syntactic relations Three kinds Positional relation (word order, syntagmatic relations, chain relations, horizontal relations) Linear/ linearity Relations of substitutability (vertical/choice/paradigmatic relations) Relations of co-occurrence
Chapter Four syntax
维特根斯坦的话：
语言是 “一座由小胡同和广场、新旧房屋以及在不 同时期增建的房屋组成的迷宫”。 --Wittgenstein, L. Philosophical Investigation[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958:82 “语言对每个人都包含着相同的圈套；大量持续的/可 行的/错误的道路网络。” --维特根斯坦，维特根斯坦全集，第12卷，石家 庄：河北教育出版社，2003：47-48
Top-down perspective
Text chapter paragraph sentence group sentence clause phrase word syllable letter/sound
Chapter4 syntax
To grammar, even kings bow.
Grammar Syntax and morphology (syntax, syntactic, syntactical, syntactically)
study of rules governing the ways in which words, word groups and phrases combine to form sentences study of well-formedness of sentences
Howard Lasnik, The human Language: Program 1 _________________________________________________________________
Hale Waihona Puke The sentence above doesn’t make much sense, but it’s syntactically well formed. 4.3.1.3 hierarchical relation
Chapter4 syntax
4.1 what is syntax? The study of sentence formation; how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 4.2 The traditional approach Traditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. Eg. She has everything a man wants. She wants everything a man has. She wants a man that has everything.
look: two dogs two German dogs
two dogs and three cats (coordination) Two dogs are coming this way Two dogs are coming this way and three cats are jumping onto the roof. (coordination)
He is a lazy man so when he is at home he rarely does any housework.
Simple, compound and complex sentences
Sentence
Statement, constative, representative Question, interrogative, rogative Directive, command, order, request, imperative Exclamation, exclamatory s Declaration, declarative s