基于GIS的城市生态廊道形态研究

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重庆大学Fra Baidu bibliotek士学位论文
those in abroad. Based on the comparison of the calculation result, the research summarizes six evident differences of urban ecological corridors in domestic cities and those in abroad. The author discusses the reasons and results of all these differences through studying unique geographic and cultural factors in different cities. The comparison of the quantitative results not only reflects the morphological differences of urban eco-corridor among different cities and the rationality of the quantitative indexes, but also reflects the possible methods to optimize morphology of urban eco-corridors in domestic cities. Thus, the quantitative indexes of morphology in the morphological research of urban eco-corridor can provide numerical reference on morphology in the planning of urban ecological corridors in domestic cities. Key words: Urban Planning, Ecological Corridor, GIS, Morphology
重庆大学硕士学位论文
中文摘要
摘
要
城市中的生态廊道(ecological corridor)能有效串连生态孤岛，形成连续的城市 生态空间并提升生态空间的稳定性。生态廊道形态是城市生态规划中需要考虑和 依据的内容。但过去国内学者对城市生态廊道形态的量化描述研究一直较少涉足。 数字规划将传统的城市规划理论与以信息技术为代表的现代科学技术相结 合，在实践中逐步形成关于城市规划的量化理论与技术方法。数字规划的概念已 被广泛接受，并正在成为一个研究热点。加之目前规划领域极少将 GIS 作为规划 设计的分析手段加以运用，因此，本研究主要是探讨城市生态廊道的形态，提出 城市生态廊道形态量化描述指标，并形成基于 GIS 的对城市生态廊道形态的定量 描述与计算方法。 在前人对城市景观生态研究以及城市规划数字化方法研究的基础上，本研究 的核心是建立对城市生态廊道形态量化分析的指标。论文由绪论、生态廊道相关 研究理论综述、生态地物信息预处理方法、城市生态廊道形态特征与量化描述， 国内外城市生态廊道形态比较这五部分组成。通过对搜集得到的卫星图片进行城 市地物信息预处理，分离出生态地物图形信息的前提下，根据生态廊道形态的基 本特征，应用现有 GIS 应用软件进行特征值的计算。通过归纳这些形态的基本特 征值，将生态廊道归纳划分为线状、块状和带状三种形态。其中块状和带状的生 态廊道属于面状生态廊道的范畴。研究中提出生态廊道密度、节点密度、丰裕度 等七项城市生态廊道形态量化描述指标，这 7 个形态指标从 3 个方面反映了城市 生态廊道形态的主要特征。应用这些指标对中外城市生态廊道形态进行量化计算。 在中外城市生态廊道形态量化指标计算结果对比的基础上，总结得到国内外城市 生态廊道明显差异的 6 个方面。通过国内外各城市独特的地理、人文等因素，作 者探讨了国内外城市中生态廊道形态差异产生的原因与结果。中外城市生态廊道 形态量化结果的对比不仅反映了各城市生态廊道形态之间的差异，生态廊道形态 量化指标的合理性， 还反映了国内城市生态廊道形态可优化的途径。 因而基于 GIS 的城市生态廊道形态研究所提出的形态量化分析指标，可为国内城市进行生态廊 道合理规划提供形态数值的参考。 关键词：城市规划，生态廊道，GIS，形态
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英文摘要
ABSTRACT
The ecological corridors in the cities can effectively make links between ecological islands, creating continuous urban ecological space and improving the stability of it. So, ecological corridor has been considered as one of the urban planning objects in the urban ecological planning. But there are rare researches about the quantitative description of morphology of urban ecological corridor. Digital Planning combines the traditional urban planning theory with the modern technologies represented by information technology, thus gradually form a quantitative theory and working method about urban planning. The concept of Digital Planning has been widely accepted and became one of the hotspots in urban research. However, GIS are rarely used as the analytical method in the urban planning field. The thesis tries to discuss the morphology of urban ecological corridor by providing indexes of quantitative description of it, and to form morphological arithmetic and analytical methods of the urban eco-corridor’ s morphology based on GIS. Based on the former urban ecological research and digitalizing urban planning research method, the core of the thesis is to set up the indexes of quantitative analysis of the morphology of urban ecological corridor. The research consists of five parts which are introduction, summary of the correlative theory in the study of ecological corridor, pretreatment of ecological ground object information, morphological description and quantitative description of urban ecological corridor, and comparison between the morphology of the ecological corridors in Chinese cities and those abroad. Based on pretreatment to the urban ground object information from the collected satellite maps, distilling necessary morphological information of the ecological ground object out of it, the thesis uses GIS software to calculate eigenvalues of basic morphological characters of urban eco-corridor. By concluding all these morphological eigenvalues, the thesis categorizes urban ecological corridors into three morphologies— linear corridor, block corridor and strip corridor (among which, block corridor and strip corridor belongs to surface corridor elements). The thesis uses seven quantitative indexes such as corridor density, node density, and plentiful degree to describe the main morphological character of urban ecological corridor from three aspects. Further more, the thesis applies these indexes into the quantitative calculation of the urban ecological corridors in China and
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重庆大学硕士学位论文
图 目 录
.................................................................................... 6 图 2.1 廊道示意图 .......................................................................................... 9 图 2.2 廊道功能类型 ..................................................................................... 10 图 2.3 垫脚石示意图 ..................................................................................... 11 图 3.1 台北城市局部分辨率为 1 米的灰度影像 .................................................... 25 图 3.2 北京的局部分辨率为 2.2 米................................................................... 25 图 3.3 泰山地区 TM 影像 ................................................................................ 26 图 3.4 根据解读标志提取得到的泰山地区的城市生态地物信息 ............................... 26 图 3.5 R2V 矢量化边界示意图 ......................................................................... 27 图 3.6 去除重叠示意图 .................................................................................. 27 图 3.7 拓展收缩后的效果 ............................................................................... 28 图 3.8 拓展示意图 ........................................................................................ 29 图 3.9 渥太华卫星遥感影像局部 ...................................................................... 32 图 3.10 同一影像在使用不同矢量化方法后得到的结果 ......................................... 32 图 4.1 R 值变化曲线的第一种典型特征 ............................................................. 33 图 4.2 R 值变化的第二种典型特征 ................................................................... 33 图 4.3 R 值变化的第三种典型特征 ................................................................... 33 图 4.4 R 值曲线可能存在的起始特征 ................................................................ 34 图 4.5 生态廊道宽度示意图 ............................................................................ 39 图 4.6 提取中心线选项 .................................................................................. 40 图 4.7 拓扑处理中错误处理选项的作用 ............................................................. 41 图 4.8 生态廊道网络连接的几种形态特征 .......................................................... 41 图 4.9 深圳生态绿道规划图 ............................................................................ 47 图 5.1 北京中心区卫片 .................................................................................. 51 图 5.2 北京中心区卫片提取后的城市生态地物信息 .............................................. 51 图 5.3 纽约中心区卫片 .................................................................................. 52 图 5.4 纽约中心区卫片提取后的城市生态地物信息 .............................................. 52 图 5.5 南京卫片 ........................................................................................... 53 图 5.6 南京卫片提取后的城市生态地物信息 ....................................................... 53 图 5.7 罗马卫片 ........................................................................................... 54