价值管理-与麦肯锡在一起的日子-价值管理框架 精品

合集下载

价值管理-价值的本原 精品

价值管理-价值的本原 精品

价值的本原价值的终极本原是什么?这是长期以来争论不休的问题。

对应于不同的哲学派别有着不同的观点,目前在这个问题上存在着两个典型的错误观点:1、价值是伴随着人类的出现而出现,是由人类的主观意识来定义的。

“对象”有无价值,主要在于它能否引起快感,价值是一种“有效”的观念,是主观假定、主观满意、主观兴趣或占有情感的表达,因此价值只存在于人类的意识中,而根本不存在其他的价值本原,也就是说,只有人类才是价值的最终本原。

2、价值是一种超现实的规范或理想,是上帝的创造物。

事物是否有价值在于观念体系的逻辑规定,是一种超现实的、理想的境界,或者是上帝赋予的。

这两种观点都是片面的:第一种观点只看到了价值与人类之间的联系,看不到人类与物质世界之间的必然联系,不知道人类本身就是物质世界进化的产物,不知道人类的本原就是物质世界,因而不知道价值的本原就是物质世界;第二种观点只看到了价值意识与价值的相对独立性,看不到它们之间的必然联系,不知道价值意识与价值均来源于物质世界,看不到任何规范、理想或上帝都是客观存在的反映,都是物质运动的主观反映,看不到规范、理想或上帝的本原就是物质世界,因而看不到它们所赋予、所规定的价值的本原就是物质世界。

价值最初来源于特殊的物质系统——耗散结构的有序化运动,“有序化能量”是最原始意义上的“价值”。

随着人类的不断进化,“有序化能量”进一步发展成为“广义有序化能量”,才逐渐成为真正人类意义上的价值。

总之,价值来源于自然界,并随着人类的进化而化,随着社会的发展而发展,价值的终极本原只能是运动着的物质世界和劳动着的人类社会。

价值的本质关于价值的本质,存在多种观点。

1、“本性说”。

这种观点认为,我们赖以生活的价值是天生的,像包括真、善、美在内的人类的古老价值,以及后来的愉快、正义和欢乐等价值,都是人类本性固有的,是人的生物性质的一部分,是本能的而非后天获得的。

2、“情感说”。

这种观点认为,价值的源泉在于情感:当合理性遭遇它的限度,对开明的理性的求助不再帮助我们时,那么思维的对位型式即情感可以帮助。

麦肯锡的七个思维方法

麦肯锡的七个思维方法

麦肯锡的七个思维方法麦肯锡(McKinsey & Company)是全球领先的管理咨询公司,以其卓越的解决问题能力和战略思维方法而闻名。

在长期的实践中,麦肯锡总结出了七个有效的思维方法,这些方法不仅适用于商业领域,也可以应用于日常生活中的决策和问题解决过程。

本文将简要介绍麦肯锡的七个思维方法,并说明其实践意义。

1. 框架思维(Framework Thinking)框架思维是麦肯锡最为核心的思维方法之一。

它将复杂的问题分解为可管理的模块,构建逻辑框架,用于分析和解决问题。

通过构建框架,可以更好地理清问题的结构和关系,有助于提供系统性的解决方案。

2. 结果导向(Results-Oriented)麦肯锡强调结果导向的思维方法。

在决策和行动之前,需要明确预期的结果,并能够为实现这些结果制定相应的计划和行动步骤。

结果导向的思维方法能够帮助人们更好地关注目标,提高决策和执行的效率。

3. 分析倒逼(Analytical-Driven)分析倒逼是麦肯锡思维方法的重要组成部分。

通过对大量数据和信息的收集、整理和分析,人们可以深入了解问题的背景和内在规律。

基于这些分析结果,可以更加准确地判断问题的本质和可能的解决方案。

4. 客户导向(Client-Centric)客户导向是麦肯锡思维方法的核心原则之一。

倾听客户需求,为客户提供定制化的解决方案是麦肯锡的核心价值观。

在日常生活中,我们也可以通过倾听他人的需求,并以他人为中心来解决问题,提供更有价值的帮助。

5. 创新思维(Innovative Thinking)麦肯锡鼓励创新思维方法的运用。

在解决问题和制定战略时,要树立创新意识,寻求与众不同的方案和方法。

创新思维方法可以帮助人们开阔视野,发掘新的机会和解决方案。

6. 沟通协作(Communication and Collaboration)麦肯锡非常重视沟通和协作的思维方法。

在团队合作和项目管理中,正确有效的沟通和协作是成功的关键。

麦肯锡战略概述与基本框架

麦肯锡战略概述与基本框架

麦肯锡战略概述与基本框架1. 引言麦肯锡(McKinsey & Company)是全球领先的战略咨询公司,成立于1926年。

该公司以其专业的管理咨询服务而闻名,为世界各地的公司和组织提供战略规划、运营改进、组织架构优化等综合解决方案。

麦肯锡的成功得益于其独特的战略概述与基本框架,本文将对此进行详细介绍。

2. 战略概述麦肯锡的战略概述是一个系统性的方法,用于帮助企业和组织制定战略决策。

其主要目的是帮助客户在不断变化的市场环境下获取竞争优势,并确保组织的长期发展。

该战略概述可以分为以下几个关键步骤:2.1 客户洞察在开始制定战略之前,麦肯锡首先进行客户洞察,以了解客户的需求和痛点。

这包括分析客户的市场定位、竞争对手、消费者画像等因素,从而为后续的战略制定提供依据。

2.2 目标设定在客户洞察的基础上,麦肯锡帮助客户设定明确的战略目标。

这些目标应当具备可量化性和可实现性,并与组织的愿景和价值观相一致。

目标的设定将为战略制定提供明确的方向。

2.3 环境分析麦肯锡进行全面的环境分析,以了解客户所处的市场环境和各种外部因素对业务的影响。

这包括经济、政治、技术、社会等领域的因素,并通过数据分析和市场调研等手段进行具体分析。

2.4 竞争分析在环境分析的基础上,麦肯锡进行竞争分析,评估客户与竞争对手之间的竞争力。

通过分析竞争对手的战略、资源和能力,麦肯锡可以为客户制定有效的竞争策略,并提出潜在的增长机会。

2.5 战略制定在前面的步骤基础上,麦肯锡与客户共同制定战略。

这包括明确的市场定位、业务模式、组织结构等方面的规划。

战略制定需要考虑各种约束条件和风险,以确保战略的可行性和有效性。

2.6 实施与评估战略制定完成后,麦肯锡与客户一起进行战略的实施和评估。

这包括制定详细的行动计划、监测战略执行情况,并根据实际结果进行持续的优化和调整。

3. 基本框架麦肯锡的基本框架是一套通用的思维工具,旨在解决复杂问题和辅助决策。

价值管理-麦肯锡公司价值评估详细指导(英文版)

价值管理-麦肯锡公司价值评估详细指导(英文版)

A Tutorial on the McKinsey Model forV aluation of CompaniesL.Peter Jennergren∗Fourth revision,August26,2002SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Business Administration No.1998:1AbstractAll steps of the McKinsey model are outlined.Essential steps are:calculation of free cashflow,forecasting of future accounting data(profit and loss accounts andbalance sheets),and discounting of free cashflow.There is particular emphasis onforecasting those balance sheet items which relate to Property,Plant,and Equip-ment.There is an exemplifying valuation included(of a company called McKay),as an illustration.Key words:Valuation,free cashflow,discounting,accounting dataJEL classification:G31,M41,C60∗Stockholm School of Economics,Box6501,S-11383Stockholm,Sweden.The author is indebted to Joakim Levin,Per Olsson,and Kenth Skogsvik for discussions and comments.1IntroductionThis tutorial explains all the steps of the McKinsey valuation model,also referred to as the discounted cashflow model and described in Tom Copeland,Tim Koller,and Jack Murrin:Valuation:Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies(Wiley,New York; 1st ed.1990,2nd ed.1994,3rd ed.2000).The purpose is to enable the reader to set up a complete valuation model of his/her own,at least for a company with a simple structure (e.g.,a company that does not consist of several business units and is not involved in extensive foreign operations).The discussion proceeds by means of an extended valuation example.The company that is subject to the valuation exercise is the McKay company.The McKay example in this tutorial is somewhat similar to the Preston example(con-cerning a trucking company)in Copeland et al.1990,Copeland et al.1994.However, certain simplifications have been made,for easier understanding of the model.In par-ticular,the capital structure of McKay is composed only of equity and debt(i.e.,no convertible bonds,etc.).The purpose of the McKay example is merely to present all essential aspects of the McKinsey model as simply as possible.Some of the historical income statement and balance sheet data have been taken from the Preston example. However,the forecasted income statements and balance sheets are totally different from Preston’s.All monetary units are unspecified in this tutorial(in the Preston example in Copeland et al.1990,Copeland et al.1994,they are millions of US dollars).This tutorial is intended as a guided tour through one particular implementation of the McKinsey model and should therefore be viewed only as exemplifying:This is one way to set up a valuation model.Some modelling choices that have been made will be pointed out later on.However,it should be noted right away that the specification given below of net Property,Plant,and Equipment(PPE)as driven by revenues is actually taken from Copeland et al.2000.The previous editions of this book contain two alternative model specifications relating to investment in PPE(cf.Section15below;cf.also Levin and Olsson1995).In one respect,this tutorial is an extension of Copeland et al.2000:It contains a more detailed discussion of capital expenditures,i.e.,the mechanism whereby cash is absorbed by investments in PPE.This mechanism centers on two particular forecast assumptions, [this year’s net PPE/revenues]and[depreciation/last year’s net PPE].1It is explained below how those assumptions can be specified at least somewhat consistently.On a related note,the treatment of deferred income taxes is somewhat different,and also more detailed,compared to Copeland et al.2000.In particular,deferred income taxes are related to a forecast ratio[timing differences/this year’s net PPE],and it is suggested how to set that ratio.1Square brackets are used to indicate specific ratios that appear in tables in the spreadsheetfile.There is also another extension in this tutorial:An alternative valuation model is included,too,the abnormal earnings model.That is,McKay is valued through that model as well.The McKay valuation is set up as a spreadsheetfile in Excel named MCK1.XLS. Thatfile is an integral part of this tutorial.The model consists of the following parts(as can be seen by loading thefile):Table1.Historical income statements,Table2.Historical balance sheets,Table3.Historical free cashflow,Table4.Historical ratios for forecast assumptions,Table5.Forecasted income statements,Table6.Forecasted balance sheets,Table7.Forecasted free cashflow,Table8.Forecast assumptions,Value calculations.Tables in the spreadsheetfile and in thefile printout that is included in this tutorial are hence indicated by numerals,like Table1.Tables in the tutorial text are indicated by capital letters,like Table A.The outline of this tutorial is as follows:Section2gives an overview of essential model features.Section3summarizes the calculation of free cashflow.Section4is an introduc-tion to forecastingfinancial statements and also discusses forecast assumptions relating to operations and working capital.Sections5,6,and7deal with the specification of the forecast ratios[this year’s net PPE/revenues],[depreciation/last year’s net PPE],and [retirements/last year’s net PPE].Section8considers forecast assumptions about taxes. Further forecast assumptions,relating to discount rates andfinancing,are discussed in Section9.Section10outlines the construction of forecastedfinancial statements and free cashflow,given that all forecast assumptions have beenfixed.Section11outlines a slightly different version of the McKay example,with another system for accounting for deferred income taxes.2The discounting procedure is explained in Section12.Section13 gives results from a sensitivity analysis,i.e.,computed values of McKay’s equity when cer-tain forecast assumptions are revised.Section14discusses the abnormal earnings model and indicates how McKay’s equity can be valued by that model.Section15discusses two further discounted cashflow model versions,one of which may in a certain sense be considered“exact”.The purpose is to get a feeling for the goodness of valuations derived2This version of the McKay example is contained in the Excelfile MCK1B.XLS.A printout from that file is also included in this tutorial.The two versions of the McKay example are equivalent as regards cashflow and resulting value.In other words,it is only the procedure for computing free cashflow that differs(slightly)between them.by means of the McKinsey model,in particular the sensitivity to changes in certain model parameters.Section16contains concluding remarks.There are two appendices.Appen-dix1discusses how a data base from Statistics Sweden can be used as an aid in specifying parameters related to the forecast ratios[this year’s net PPE/revenues],[depreciation/last year’s net PPE]and[retirements/last year’s net PPE].Appendix2is a note on leasing. The point is that payments associated with leases can be viewed as pertaining either to thefirm’s operations,or to itsfinancing.If one is consistent,both views lead to the same valuation result.A similar remark also applies to payments associated with pensions.2Model OverviewEssential features of the McKinsey model are the following:1.The model uses published accounting data as input.Historical income statements and balance sheets are used to derive certain criticalfinancial ratios.Those historical ratios are used as a starting point in making predictions for the same ratios in future years.2.The object of the McKinsey model is to value the equity of a going concern.Even so, the asset side of the balance sheet is initially valued.The value of the interest-bearing debt is then subtracted to get the value of the equity.Interest-bearing debt does not include deferred income taxes and trade credit(accounts payable and other current liabilities). Credit in the form of accounts payable is paid for not in interest but in higher operating expenses(i.e.,higher purchase prices of raw materials)and is therefore part of operations rather thanfinancing.Deferred income taxes are viewed as part of equity;cf.Sections9 and10.It may seem like an indirect approach to value the assets and deduct interest-bearing debt to arrive at the equity(i.e.,it may seem more straight-forward to value the equity directly,by discounting future expected dividends).However,this indirect approach is the recommended one,since it leads to greater clarity and fewer errors in the valuation process(cf.Copeland et al.2000,pp.150-152).3.The value of the asset side is the value of operations plus excess marketable secu-rities.The latter can usually be valued using book values or published market values. Excess marketable securities include cash that is not necessary for operations.For valu-ation purposes,the cash account may hence have to be divided into two parts,operating cash(which is used for facilitating transactions relating to actual operations),and ex-cess cash.(In the case of McKay,excess marketable securities have been netted against interest-bearing debt at the date of valuation.Hence there are actually no excess mar-ketable securities in the McKay valuation.This is one of the modelling choices that were alluded to in the introduction.)4.The operations of thefirm,i.e.,the total asset side minus excess marketable secu-rities,are valued by the WACC method.In other words,free cashflow from operations is discounted to a present value using the W ACC.There is then a simultaneity problem (actually quite trivial)concerning the WACC.More precisely,the debt and equity values enter into the WACC weights.However,equity value is what the model aims to determine.5.The asset side valuation is done in two parts:Free cashflow from operations is forecasted for a number of individual years in the explicit forecast period.After that, there is a continuing value derived from free cashflow in thefirst year of the post-horizon period(and hence individual yearly forecasts must be made for each year in the explicit forecast period and for one further year,thefirst one immediately following the explicit forecast period).The explicit forecast period should consist of at least7-10years(cf. Copeland et al.2000,p.234).The explicit forecast period can be thought of as a transient phase during a turn-around or after a take-over.The post-horizon period,on the other hand,is characterized by steady-state development.This means that the explicit forecast period should as a minimal requirement be sufficiently long to capture transitory effects,e.g.,during a turn-around operation.6.For any future year,free cashflow from operations is calculated from forecasted income statements and balance sheets.This means that free cashflow is derived from a consistent scenario,defined by forecastedfinancial statements.This is probably the main strength of the McKinsey model,since it is difficult to make reasonable forecasts of free cashflow in a direct fashion.Financial statements are forecasted in nominal terms(which implies that nominal free cashflow is discounted using a nominal discount rate).7.Continuing(post-horizon)value is computed through an infinite discounting for-mula.In this tutorial,the Gordon formula is used(cf.Brealey and Myers2002,pp.38 and64-65).In other words,free cashflow in the post-horizon period increases by some constant percentage from year to year,hence satisfying a necessary condition for infinite discounting.(The Gordon formula is another one of the modelling choices made in this tutorial.)As can be inferred from this list of features,and as will be explained below,the McKinsey model combines three rather different tasks:Thefirst one is the production of forecastedfinancial statements.This is not trivial.In particular,it involves issues relating to capital expenditures that are fairly complex.(The abnormal earnings model uses forecastedfinancial statements,just like the McKinsey model,so thefirst task is actually the same for that model as well).The second task is deriving free cashflow from operations fromfinancial statements. At least in principle,this is rather trivial.In fairness,it is not always easy to calculate free cashflow from complicated historical income statements and balance sheets.However,all financial statements in this tutorial are very simple(and there is,in any case,no reason to forecast accounting complexities if the purpose is one of valuation).The third task isdiscounting forecasted free cashflow to a present value.While not exactly trivial,this task is nevertheless one that has been discussed extensively in the corporatefinance literature, so there is guidance available.This tutorial will explain the mechanics of discounting in the McKinsey model.However,issues relating to how the relevant discount rates are determined will largely be brushed aside.Instead,the reader is referred to standard text books(for instance,Brealey and Myers2002,chapters9,17,and19).3Historical Financial Statements and the Calcula-tion of Free Cash FlowThe valuation of McKay is as of Jan.1year1.Historical input data are the income statements and balance sheets for the years−6to0,Tables1and2.Table1also includes statements of retained earnings.It may be noted in Table1that operating expenses do not include depreciation.At the bottom of Table2,there are a couple offinancial ratio calculations based on historical data for the given years.Short-term debt in the balance sheets(Table2)is that portion of last year’s long-term debt which matures within a year.It is clear from Tables1and2that McKay’sfinancial statements are very simple, and consequently the forecasted statements will also have a simple structure.As already mentioned earlier,McKay has no excess marketable securities in the last historical balance sheet,i.e.,at the date of valuation.From the data in Tables1and2,historical free cashflow for the years−5to0 is computed in Table3.Each annual free cashflow computation involves two balance sheets,that of the present year and the previous one,so no free cashflow can be obtained for year−6.Essentially the same operations are used to forecast free cashflow for year1and later years(in Table7).The free cashflow calculations assume that the clean surplus relationship holds.This implies that the change in book equity(including retained earnings)equals net income minus net dividends(the latter could be negative, if there is an issue of common equity).The clean surplus relationship does not hold, if PPE is written down(or up)directly against common equity(for instance).Such accounting operations may complicate the calculation of free cashflow from historical financial statements(and if so,that calculation may not be trivial).However,there is no reason to forecast deviations from the clean surplus relationship in a valuation situation.EBIT in Table3means Earnings Before Interest and Taxes.NOPLAT means Net Op-erating Profits Less Adjusted Taxes.Taxes on EBIT consist of calculated taxes according to the income statement(from Table1)plus[this year’s tax rate]×(interest expense) minus[this year’s tax rate]×(interest income).Interest income and interest expense are taken from Table1.The tax rate is given in Table4.Calculated taxes according to the income statement reflect depreciation of PPE over the economic life.Change in deferredincome taxes is this year’s deferred income taxes minus last year’s deferred income taxes. In the McKay valuation example,it is assumed that deferred income taxes come about for one reason only,timing differences in depreciation of PPE.That is,fiscal depreciation takes place over a period shorter than the economic life.Working capital is defined net.Hence,working capital consists of the following balance sheet items:Operating cash plus trade receivables plus other receivables plus inventories plus prepaid expenses minus accounts payable minus other current liabilities.Accounts payable and other current liabilities are apparently considered to be part of the operations of thefirm,not part of thefinancing(they are not interest-bearing debt items).Change in working capital in Table3is hence this year’s working capital minus last year’s working capital.Capital expenditures are this year’s net PPE minus last year’s net PPE plus this year’s depreciation.Depreciation is taken from Table1,net PPE from Table2.Free cashflow in Table3is hence cash generated by the operations of thefirm,after paying taxes on operations only,and after expenditures for additional working capital and after capital expenditures.(“Additional working capital”could of course be negative.If so,free cashflow is generated rather than absorbed by working capital.)Hence,free cash flow represents cash that is available for distribution to the holders of debt and equity in thefirm,and for investment in additional excess marketable securities.Stated somewhat differently,free cashflow is equal tofinancial cashflow,which is the utilization of free cashflow forfinancial purposes.Table3also includes a break-down offinancial cashflow. By definition,free cashflow must be exactly equal tofinancial cashflow.As suggested in the introduction(Section1),certain payments may be classified as pertaining either to free cashflow(from operations),or tofinancial cashflow.In other words,those payments may be thought of as belonging either to the operations or the financing of thefirm.This holds,in particular,for payments associated with capital leases.If one is consistent,the resulting valuation should of course not depend on that classification.This issue is further discussed in Appendix2.We now return briefly to thefinancial ratios at the end of Table2.Invested capi-tal is equal to working capital plus net PPE.Debt at the end of Table2in the ratio [debt/invested capital]is interest-bearing(short-term and long-term).Thefinancial ratio [NOPLAT/invested capital]is also referred to as ROIC(Return on Invested Capital).It is a better analytical tool for understanding the company’s performance than other return measures such as return on equity or return on assets,according to Copeland et al.(2000, pp.165-166).Invested capital in the ratio[NOPLAT/invested capital]is the average of last year’s and this year’s.It is seen that McKay has on average provided a fairly modest rate of return in recent years.It can also be seen from Table3that the free cashflow has been negative,and that the company has handled this situation by increasing its debt. It is also evident from the bottom of Table2that the ratio of interest-bearing debt toinvested capital has increased substantially from year−6to year0.Table4contains a set of historicalfinancial ratios.Those ratios are important,since forecasts of the same ratios will be used to produce forecasted income statements and balance sheets.Most of the items in Table4are self-explanatory,but a few observations are called PPE(which is taken from Table2)enters into four ratios.In two of those cases,[depreciation/net PPE]and[retirements/net PPE],the net PPE in question is last year’s.In the other two cases,[net PPE/revenues]and[timing differences/net PPE],the net PPE in question is this year’s.Retirements are defined as depreciation minus change in accumulated depreciation between this year and last year(accumulated depreciation is taken from Table2).This must hold,since last year’s accumulated de-preciation plus this year’s depreciation minus this year’s retirements equals this year’s accumulated depreciation.The timing differences for a given year are measured between accumulatedfiscal depre-ciation of PPE and accumulated depreciation according to PPE economic life.For a given piece of PPE that is about to be retired,accumulatedfiscal depreciation and accumulated depreciation according to economic life are both equal to the original acquisition value. Consequently,non-zero timing differences are related to non-retired PPE only.The ratio [timing differences/net PPE]in Table4has been calculated byfirst dividing the deferred income taxes for a given year by the same year’s corporate tax rate(also given in Table 4).This gives that year’s timing differences.After that,there is a second division by that year’s net PPE.4Forecast Assumptions Relating to Operations and Working CapitalHaving recorded the historical performance of McKay in Tables1-4,we now turn to the task of forecasting free cashflow for years1and later.Individual free cashflow forecasts are produced for each year1to12.The free cashflow amounts for years1to 11are discounted individually to a present value.The free cashflow for year12and all later years is discounted through the Gordon formula,with the free cashflow in year12 as a starting value.Years1to11are therefore the explicit forecast period,and year12 and all later years the post-horizon period.Tables5-8have the same format as Tables1-4.In fact,Table5may be seen as a continuation of Table1,Table6as a continuation of Table2,and so on.We start the forecasting job by setting up Table8,the forecast ing assumptions (financial ratios and others)in that table,and using a couple of further direct forecasts of individual items,we can set up the forecasted income statements,Table5,and the forecasted balance sheets,Table6.From Tables5and6,we can then in Table7derivethe forecasted free cashflow(just like we derived the historical free cashflow in Table3, using information in Tables1and2).Consider now the individual items in Table8.It should be noted in Table8that all items are the same for year12,thefirst year of the post-horizon period,as for year11, the last year of the explicit forecast period.Since thefirst year in the post-horizon period is representative of all subsequent post-horizon years,all items are the same for every post-horizon year as for the last year of the explicit forecast period.This is actually an important condition(cf.Levin and Olsson1995,p.38):If that condition holds,then free cashflow increases by the same percentage(the nominal revenue growth rate for year 12in Table8,cell T137)between all successive years in the post-horizon period.This means that a necessary condition for discounting by means of the Gordon formula in the post-horizon period is satisfied.The revenue growth in each future year is seen to be a combination of inflation and real growth.Actually,in years10and11there is no real growth,and the same assumption holds for all later years as well(in the application of the Gordon formula).The underlying assumption in Table8is apparently that real operations will initially expand but will eventually(in year10)settle down to a steady state with no further real growth.Inflation, on the other hand,is assumed to be3%in all coming years(including after year11).The ratio of operating expenses to revenues is assumed to improve immediately,e.g.,as a consequence of a determined turn-around effort.Apparently,it is set to90%year1 and all later years.To avoid misunderstandings,this forecast assumption(and the other ones displayed in Table8)are not necessarily intended to be the most realistic ones that can be imagined.The purpose is merely to demonstrate the mechanics of the McKinsey model for one particular scenario.A table in Levin and Olsson1995(p.124;based on accounting data from Statistics Sweden)contains information about typical values of the ratio between operating expenses and revenues in various Swedish industries(cf.also Appendix1for a further discussion of the Statistics Sweden data base).A number of items in the forecasted income statements and balance sheets are di-rectly driven by revenues.That is,those items are forecasted as percentages of revenues. In particular,this holds for the working capital items.It is thus assumed that as rev-enues increase,the required amounts of working capital of different categories increase correspondingly.It is not important whether revenues increase due to inflation or real growth,or a combination of both.Working capital turns over very quickly,and therefore it is a reasonable assumption that the working capital items are simply proportional to revenues.The ratios between the different categories of working capital and revenues for future years in Table8have been set equal to the average values of the corresponding historical percentages in Table4.Again,this is only for illustrative purposes.Another table in Levin and Olsson1995(p.125),again based on data from Statistics Sweden,reports average values of the ratio between(aggregate)working capital and revenues in different Swedish industries.5Forecast Assumptions Relating to Property,Plant, and EquipmentThe forecast assumptions relating to PPE will be considered next(this section and the following two).The equations that determine capital expenditures may be stated as follows(subscripts denote years):(capital expenditures)t=(net PPE)t−(net PPE)t−1+depreciation t,(net PPE)t=revenues t×[this year’s net PPE/revenues],depreciation t=(net PPE)t−1×[depreciation/last year’s net PPE].To this set of equations,we may add three more that are actually not necessary for the model:retirements t=(net PPE)t−1×[retirements/last year’s net PPE],(accumulated depreciation)t=(accumulated depreciation)t−1+depreciation t−retirements t, (gross PPE)t=(net PPE)t+(accumulated depreciation)t.In particular,this second set of three equations is needed only if one wants to produce forecasted balance sheets showing how net PPE is related to gross PPE minus accumulated depreciation.It should be noted that such detail is not necessary,since thefirst set of three equations suffices for determining net PPE,depreciation,and consequently also capital expenditures.3It is clear from thefirst three equations that forecasts have to be made for two partic-ular ratios,[this year’s net PPE/revenues]and[depreciation/last year’s net PPE].Setting those ratios in a consistent fashion involves somewhat technical considerations.In this section and the following one,one way of proceeding,consistent with the idea of the company developing in a steady-state fashion in the post-horizon period,will be outlined.To begin with,the idea of the company developing in a steady-state fashion has to be made more precise.As indicated in Section4,the forecast assumptions should be specified in such a manner that nominal free cashflow increases by a constant percentage every year in the post-horizon period.This is a necessary condition for infinite discounting 3If the historicalfinancial statements do not show gross PPE and accumulated depreciation,only net PPE,then it seems pointless to try to include these items in the forecastedfinancial statements.If so, the second set of three equations is deleted.In the McKay case,the historical statements do indicate gross PPE and accumulated depreciation.For that(aesthetic)reason,those items will also be included in the forecasted statements.by the Gordon formula.But if so,capital expenditures must also increase by the same constant percentage in every post-horizon year.For this condition on capital expenditures to hold,there must be an even age distribution of nominal acquisition values of successive PPE cohorts.More precisely,it must hold that the acquisition value of each PPE cohort develops in line with the assumed constant growth percentage that is applicable to the post-horizon period.As also mentioned in Section4,that constant percentage is the same as the assumed nominal revenue growth in the post-horizon period,3%in the McKay example.The general idea is now to set steady-state values of the two ratios[this year’s net PPE/revenues]and[depreciation/last year’s net PPE]for the last year of the explicit forecast period(year11in the McKay example).Those steady-state values will then also hold for every year in the post-horizon period(since all forecast assumptions have to be the same in thefirst year of the post-horizon period as in the last year of the explicit forecast period,as already explained in Section4).During the preceding years of the explicit forecast period,steady-state values of[this year’s net PPE/revenues]and[depreciation/last year’s net PPE]are not assumed.Values for these two ratios in the preceding explicit forecast period years arefixed in the following heuristic fashion in the McKay example:For thefirst year of the explicit forecast period, they are set as averages of the corresponding values for the historical years.4Values for intermediate(between thefirst and last)years in the explicit forecast period are then determined by linear interpolation.6The Ratios[this year’s net PPE/revenues]and[de-preciation/last year’s net PPE]It is helpful at this point to proceed more formally and introduce the following notation:g real growth rate in the last year of the explicit forecast period and in thepost-horizon period,i inflation rate in the last year of the explicit forecast period and in thepost-horizon period,c nominal(composite)growth rate=(1+g)(1+i)−1,4The value for the last year of the explicit forecast period of[retirements/last year’s net PPE]is also set as a steady-state value.For thefirst year of the explicit forecast period,that ratio is set equal to the corresponding value for the last historical year.An average of corresponding values for all historical years is not used in this case,since[retirements/last year’s net PPE]appears to have been unstable during years−5to0.The negative value of that ratio in year-2could have come about through purchases of used(second-hand)PPE.It is again noted that the ratio[retirements/last year’s net PPE]is actually not necessary for the valuation model.。

简述麦肯锡公司的一般价值链模型

简述麦肯锡公司的一般价值链模型

麦肯锡公司是全球知名的管理交流公司,成立于1926年,总部设在美国。

麦肯锡公司提供全方位的管理交流服务,涉及战略规划、组织管理、营销策略、运营管理等众多领域。

在进行管理交流时,麦肯锡公司常常采用一般价值链模型,通过分析企业内部价值链的各个环节,发现和创造附加值,从而为企业提供指导性的建议。

一般价值链模型常常用于分析企业的核心竞争力和附加值创造过程。

该模型将企业的运营活动分为主要和支持性两类,通过分析这些活动在价值链中的位置,找到提高竞争力和降低成本的关键环节。

一般价值链模型主要包括以下几个环节:1. 企业的基础设施企业的基础设施包括管理、财务等各方面的支持系统,它们为企业的各项活动提供支持和保障。

基础设施的完善程度和效率对企业的整体运营和管理起着至关重要的作用。

2. 人力资源管理人力资源管理是企业价值链的重要环节,它涉及企业的招聘、培训、激励、绩效评估等方面。

优秀的人力资源管理可以有效提高员工的工作效率和生产力,从而增加企业的附加值。

3. 采购采购是企业获取原材料、设备和服务的过程,它直接关系到企业生产成本和产品质量。

通过对采购环节的合理规划和控制,企业可以降低成本、提高产品品质。

4. 研发研发环节是企业创新和产品开发的重要环节,通过不断的研发和创新,企业可以推出新产品,提高产品的附加值,拓展市场。

5. 生产运营生产运营环节是企业核心的附加值创造环节,通过精细化的生产管理和优化流程,企业可以提高生产效率,降低生产成本。

6. 销售和市场营销销售和市场营销环节是企业产品推广和营销的重要环节,通过有效的渠道管理和市场推广,企业可以提高产品的知名度和销售量。

7. 售后服务售后服务环节是企业与客户维系关系的重要环节,通过提供优质的售后服务,企业可以增强客户满意度,建立品牌忠诚度。

8. 管理和支持性活动管理和支持性活动包括企业管理与决策制定、财务管理、法律事务、人力资源部门等各个方面的支持活动。

麦肯锡公司常常通过分析企业的一般价值链模型,找出其运营活动中的瓶颈和改进空间,提出相应的管理交流建议。

最经典实用有价值的管理培训课件之141麦肯锡Mckinsey

最经典实用有价值的管理培训课件之141麦肯锡Mckinsey
一系列紧密联系的举措
客户必须将业务概念转化为一系列有形的举措,使得: 1.顾客、竞争者、供应商、分销商改变其行为,而为客户创造财富,或 2.改变客户的成本结构和/或资产使用以在任何给定的产出水平上提高利润。
一系列紧密联系的举措: 业务系统
业务系统
行业
制造业
金融(如: 证券公司的债券业务)
餐饮业(如: 快餐业)
“价值方案”清晰、简单描述了客户为目标消费群体提供的利益及为利益索取的价格。价值方案可被认为是清晰、简单描述了为什么顾客选择客户而不是竞争者的产品或服务的原理。做任何选择时,顾客使用相互作用的两个标准: 利益和价格。利益是那些顾客认为是重要的东西。同样,“价格”是那些顾客认为是为产品而付出的所有东西。如果顾客发现(某个产品或服务的)总利益超出价格,这就代表了一个正的价值(经济学表述为消费者剩余)。即价值等于利益减价格。顾客选择客户的产品或服务,是因为他们认为其价值大于竞争者可提供的。经营单元提供给消费者一定的价值,即利益和价格的组合,这就是价值方案。
公司在如下几个条件下可以有持久的竞争优势: 顾客能感到客户与竞争者的产品在重要产品/传递特征上有明显的不同(即客户创造、传递并交流着一个卓越的价值方案)。这种不同直接来自与客户与竞争者的“能力差别”。竞争者不能或不愿采取行动弥补这种差别。第三个条件可能是最难达到的。
如何竞争: 持久竞争优势的种类
在哪儿竞争
一个完整的战略描述应该在五个相互协调的子轴上定义客户的业务活动: 顾客产品地理区域渠道垂直整合程度
如何竞争
一个完整的战略应该清楚地描述客户与四组市场参与者的关系: 为顾客提供“价值方案”防止客户在市场上被竞争者取代建立与主要供货商、分销商建立良好关系(有时)建立与其他利益相关者的良好关系

麦肯锡管理读书笔记(精品5篇)

麦肯锡管理读书笔记(精品5篇)

麦肯锡管理读书笔记(精品5篇)麦肯锡管理读书笔记篇1麦肯锡管理读书笔记麦肯锡公司是全球知名的管理咨询公司,其独特的管理理念和方法一直引领着企业管理的潮流。

*将介绍麦肯锡的管理理念和方法,并对其中的一些内容进行读书笔记的整理。

一、背景介绍麦肯锡公司成立于1926年,总部位于美国纽约。

该公司提供各种咨询服务,包括战略、组织架构、流程等方面。

其客户来自各行各业,包括许多世界500强企业。

麦肯锡公司以其专业性和高效率而著称,其管理理念和方法也因此而备受关注。

二、理论分析1.战略思考麦肯锡强调战略思考的重要性,认为企业要想获得长期成功,必须制定明确的战略方向,并在实践中不断优化和调整。

麦肯锡的战略思考基于五步分析法,即识别关键驱动因素、确定短期目标、制定长期目标、制定实现目标的路径和评估方案的可行性。

通过这种方法,企业可以更好地把握市场机遇和挑战,制定出更有效的解决方案。

2.解决问题的方法麦肯锡认为解决问题是管理的核心任务之一,因此提供了一种高效解决问题的方法。

该方法基于解决问题的四步法,即定义问题、分析问题、设计方案和实施方案。

这种方法可以帮助企业更好地理解问题的本质,找到有效的解决方案,并在实践中不断优化和调整。

3.团队建设麦肯锡非常重视团队建设,认为一个高效的企业必须有一个高效、协作的团队。

麦肯锡的团队建设基于三个原则,即尊重个人、强调沟通和强调结果。

通过这三个原则,企业可以更好地发挥团队的优势,提高工作效率和质量。

三、个人观点我认为麦肯锡的管理理念和方法非常实用,可以帮助企业更好地应对市场挑战和机遇。

其中,我最喜欢的部分是解决问题的方法,因为它可以帮助我更好地理解问题的本质,找到有效的解决方案。

同时,麦肯锡也非常注重团队建设,认为一个高效的企业必须有一个高效、协作的团队。

我认为这个观点非常重要,因为一个企业的成功不仅仅取决于个人的能力,更取决于团队的合作和协调。

四、总结麦肯锡的管理理念和方法非常实用,可以帮助企业更好地应对市场挑战和机遇。

财务管理模型--麦肯锡经典资料

财务管理模型--麦肯锡经典资料

市场经济中的资本流动
企业 工业
愿意提供资本为公司成长融资 并创造就业机会
金融
但期望获得高于投资成本或 大于其它投资机会的回报 服务业
资本提供者 • 股东 –国家,省级 或地方政府 –雇员 –机构 –私人投资者 • 债权人 –银行 –机构
中国某集团似乎在创造价值
销售收入 人民币亿元 年递增率 =35%
投资资本回报 百分比 10% 5.0 6.6
8
÷ 营运资本 人民币亿元 16 2 + -2 固定资产和其它 营业资产 人民币亿元 463 514 228
1993 1994 1995 投资资本 人民币亿元 461 530 230
资料来源:年度报告;麦肯锡分析
该集团实际上在破坏价值
投资资本回报 百分比 差幅 百分比 4.3 -2.6 X -5.3 12.0 投资资本 人民币亿元 461 230 -1.0 资本成本 百分比 7.6 5.7% 权重=85% 7.6 股权成本 百分比 15% 530 15 15 67% 67% 10% 5.0 6.6 债务成本 百分比 4%
• 差幅* • 经济利润
• 考虑资本投资者的要求 (WACC) • 比较容易计算 • 有效的管理工具
• 折现现金流量 • 净现值 • 股价 • 股票市值 • 股东回报(RTS)
*
• 考虑长期投资的时间价值 • 难以作为公司日常经营的 管理工具 • 可以适用于非上市公司 • 完全透明化 • 容易计算 • 可能不能完全反映将来的 现金流量 • 只能衡量上市公司
优秀的核心 经营程序
严格的内 控程序
今天将讨论的内容围绕财务管理, 今天将讨论的内容围绕财务管理,分别归属于 不同的层次
说明
• 以创造价值为导向的战略思想

麦肯锡-组织-概述与基本框架

麦肯锡-组织-概述与基本框架

•“绩优公司(HPO)”的绩效与授权
PPT文档演模板
•高
•绩 效
•平均
•低
•关注绩效的、 自上而下驱动 的组织
•HPO s
•绩效驱动的、 授权的并自负 其责的组织
•等级制的、命 令与控制导向
的的、 “entitled”的组 织
•以行动为驱动 力的、承诺与 授权的组织
•命令与控制
•承诺与授权
•管理途径
•需要怎样的变革?
•组织绩效中存 在什么差距?
•存在哪些组织 方面的挑战?
•客户应如何进行变革?
•变革的进程中包 括哪些阶段?
•我们如何为变革 的进程创造动力?
•由最高领导层驱动
• 通过不懈地追求前瞻性的战略 /远景来建立
•竞争激烈、以绩效驱动的环境 作为内驱力
•通过简化结构与核心流程来调 整
• 以世界级技能为基础
•卓越的选址
•不断开发新产品
•强有力的产品与麦 当劳形象推广
PPT文档演模板
•质量 •服务 •清洁 •价格
麦肯锡 组织 概述与基本框架
•改进组织绩效
•定型的
•战略
•核心技能
•远景
•共同价值观
•解冻
•不连贯性
•外部冲击 •新的竞争者、 经济 •新技术 •解除管制 •内部变化 •新的期望 •新的领导人
PPT文档演模板
麦肯锡 组织 概述与基本框架
变革板
•要建立的技 能
•首席经理 执行官(或
同等的)
•将改变的领 域的领导团队
•受影响的直 到一线的员工
*
•外成分**
PPT文档演模板
•*根据公司情况作适度修改 •**如:顾客、供应商、工会

麦肯锡--以价值为导向的企业战略规划

麦肯锡--以价值为导向的企业战略规划
33%
股权成本
百分比
15%
15
15
-
X
举例说明
投资者为公司提供资本目的是得到大于投资成本的回报
工业 金融 服务业
企Hale Waihona Puke 资本提供者 股东 国家,省级或地方政府 雇员 机构 私人投资者 债权人 银行 机构
愿意提供资本为公司成长融资并创造就业机会
但期望获得与投资成本相等或大于其它投资机会的回报
中国某集团似乎在创造价值
销售收入 人民币亿元
资料来源: 年度报告;麦肯锡分析
1993
1994
1995
年递增率=35%
净利润 人民币亿元
1993
1994
1995
年递增率=26%
举例说明
… 然而,传统的企业业绩衡量方法并不完善
不能提供财务业绩方面的信息 可能会产生误导;在亏损的情况下增加产量和市场份额反而会破坏价值
研讨会的内容
战略规划与价值管理的关系 战略规划的要素 战略规划的主要工具
研讨会的内容
战略规划与价值管理的关系 基本概念 从现有业务中创造价值 从新业务中创造价值 战略规划的要素 战略规划的主要工具
战略规划与公司价值创造密切相关
在真实市场,价值创造是通过获取高于资本机会成本的投资收益实现的 高于资本成本收益的投资越多,创造的价值就越大(即只要投入资本的收益率超过资本成本,业务的扩展就能创造更大的价值) 战略规划的目的是使预期现金流量现值或经济利润现值(无论选择这两个中的哪一个,结果都相同)最大化 股市上公司股票的价值长远来说等于其内在价值,内在价值以市场对公司未来绩效的期望为基础,但市场对公司未来绩效的期望可能不是一种公平的估计 期望的变化对股票的决定作用,超过了公司的实际绩效所起的作用。清晰的有说服力的战略规划使资本市场能充分了解公司的价值

价值管理

价值管理

内部控制、价值管理和企业价值一、问题的提出随着价值最大化上升为公司整体的管理思想,价值管理作为一种以创造价值、实现价值增长为目标,在公司的经营管理和财务管理中遵循价值理念。

依据价值增长规则和规律,探索价值创造的运行模式和管理技术,逐渐成为企业现代管理实践的最佳模式。

1985年,波特在《竞争优势》中提出价值、价值链以及价值管理的思想,在过去近20年的时间里获得了很大的发展,被列为现代先进管理思想,成为研究竞争优势的有效工具。

但其更多的是基于静态的概念分析,和对企业价值管理的常态描述,主要针对在某一时点如何进行价值定位、价值创造。

现实中的情形与波特的理论构建有一些区别,因为企业总是处于一个纷繁复杂的、动态的环境中,并且这种变化的趋势有愈来愈快的趋势,所以企业必须在动态中进行价值管理。

着重考虑如何在时变过程中动态地实现企业整体价值最大化,即企业如何持续地创造价值并实现企业自身整体价值增加,这就是时变过程中企业的价值管理问题。

显然,引入时间变量之后,我们有必要在波特竞争理论的基础上作出新的探讨,拓展企业价值管理的理论研究——着眼于持续地创造价值并实现企业自身整体价值增加,以使理论更接近现实世界。

现代企业理论的一个核心观点是,企业是一系列(不完全)契约(合同)的有机组(nexus ofincomplete contracts),是人们之间交易产权的一种方式。

企业是不同的要素投入主体之间组合的一组契约,这组契约可能是显性的,也可能是隐性的。

不同的要素投入主体可能拥有不同的偏好、资本、技能、信息和禀赋,理性的要素拥有主体参与到企业的契约中,向企业贡献自己的资源,以试图从企业的运营中获得回报。

这组契约治理着企业发生的各种交易,使得其企业内部发生的交易费用低于由市场组织这些交易时所发生的交易费用,但由于现实世界的复杂性、经济人的有限理性和机会主义的影响,这组契约通常又是不完备的,所以相对于市场而言,企业的契约是一种不完备契约。

价值管理方案

价值管理方案

价值管理方案价值管理方案1. 概述本文档旨在提供一个价值管理方案的概述,包括价值管理的定义、目标、原则、应用范围和流程,以及相关的工具和技术。

2. 价值管理的定义价值管理是一种将价值观念融入项目管理过程的方法,旨在最大化项目实现的总体价值。

它强调项目团队与利益相关者合作,共同定义并满足项目的价值目标,从而实现项目的成功。

3. 价值管理的目标- 最大化项目价值:通过识别和满足利益相关者的价值需求,以最大化项目的经济、社会和环境效益。

- 提高项目质量:通过遵循价值管理的原则和流程,确保项目交付符合利益相关者的期望,并达到高质量标准。

- 降低项目风险:通过早期识别和解决项目风险,以降低项目的不确定性和潜在影响。

4. 价值管理的原则- 利益相关者参与:保证与所有利益相关者的充分沟通和合作,了解他们的价值观,将其纳入项目决策过程。

- 价值导向决策:基于项目的价值目标和需求,做出可量化的决策,以最大化项目的整体价值。

- 持续改进:关注项目的实施和成果,不断寻求改进和创新的机会,以提升项目的价值。

5. 价值管理的应用范围价值管理可应用于各类项目,无论其规模或复杂性如何。

它可以用于新产品开发、建筑工程、信息技术项目等。

无论何种项目类型,价值管理都为项目团队提供了指导和框架,以确保项目的成功交付和价值实现。

6. 价值管理的流程6.1 规划阶段在项目规划阶段,项目团队应明确项目的价值目标和利益相关者的价值需求。

这需要与利益相关者进行沟通和合作,以确保项目方向与价值目标的一致性。

在此阶段,可以使用以下工具和技术:- 利益相关者分析:确定和分析项目的利益相关者,并了解他们的价值需求和期望。

- 价值工程:通过系统性的方法,识别和分析项目中的价值增加机会,并制定相应的措施。

- 价值图:以图形方式表示项目的价值目标和需求,帮助团队更好地理解和沟通项目的价值观念。

6.2 执行阶段在项目执行阶段,项目团队应关注项目交付的过程和结果,以确保项目的质量和价值实现。

与麦肯锡在一起的日子-价值管理框架33页PPT

与麦肯锡在一起的日子-价值管理框架33页PPT
• 将总体远景目标、分析 技巧及管理程序协调起 来
11
价值管理的内容
股东价值最大化
制定战略
确定指标
工作计划/预算 绩效测定/奖惩
重视价值创造的企业文化
12
价值管理的关键
股东价值
折现现金 = 流量值
分解落实
年经济利润 (EP)
关键价值驱动因素
驱动因素
• 生产周期时间 • 销售回报 • 单位成本 • 废品率 • 劳动生产率
个人见解 仅供参考
与麦肯锡在一起的日子里
——参与麦肯锡项目工作小组的几点学习体会
2000年12月
我们向麦肯锡学到了什么?
向麦肯锡学到的是——
价值理念和以价值为基础的管理 系统的方法与分析工具的综合运用
还没有学到的是——
如何融入企业文化
如何接受技能转移
大量的信息占有和充分的数据基础 现有业务的分析与判断 严谨的流程与严格的标准
7
股东价值优先被认为是美国企业 与欧洲、日本企业相区别的一个主要特征
德国公司发展了分别由 所有者-股东和雇员等 组成的双重董事会的是 、治理架构来平衡双方 的利益。
公司 价值
欧日企业更强调相关利益 者,包括雇员、供应商、 主要客户等群体的价值。
日本发展了终身雇佣制、 由上下游公司组成的企 业系列制以及银行等关 联企业相互持股的体制。
• 净利润 • 销售回报率(ROS) • 每股收益
• 可能会产生误导,只注重利润 • 忽略了资本需求和资本成本
6
中国企业的一些特点
在持续发展的经济/行业中有高增长的目标 有限的管理资源和技能 专注于销售收入,市场地位及利润 需大量筹集资金以供增长需求
市场开放后,面临来自跨国公司和国内其他企业的 日益激烈的竞争
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

息税前利润

对息税前利润 的征税
流动资本 +
固定资本 +
无形及递延资产 +
长期投资
销售收入 –
售出商品成本 –
销售与行政管理费 –
折旧
所得税 +
净利息支出减税 –
非营业利润税
流动资产 –
不付利息的流动负债
21
加权平均资本成本(WACC)
加权平均资 本成本
债务成本 + 股本成本
债务利息率 X
1-所得税率 X
计算连续价值
根据加权平均资 本成本折现
3,729
227
202
216
232
249
2,287 净现值
1998
99
2000
01
02
以10%折 现第1年
以10%折 现第2年 以10%折
现第3年
以10%折 现第4年
以10%折 现第5年
4. 用加权平均资本成本率将自由现金流量及连续价 值折算为净现值
以10%折 现第6年
净现值(NPV)=2,287
* 假设加权平均资本成本为10%
27
价值管理术语汇总
术语
解释
用途
• 折现现金流量
(DCF)
指用某一折现率计算的某企业或项目未来所 衡量该企业或项目的价值 产生的现金收入与开支的现期值
值增加的潜 力,联系内 部流程改进 ,企业重组 ,外部购并 及出售和财 务工程增加 价值的机会
• 进行结构调
整,释放公 司内蕴含的
• 价根值据价值评
估结果,采 取相应措施 ,包括资产 收购,出售 ,企业重组 ,流程改善 等以实现公 司价值创造 潜力
• 将价值管理制度化以巩固结构调整的胜
利果实
• 在制定公司总部 • 根据关键
及经营单位的业 的价值驱
务计划时,强调 动因素制
价值创造,把注 定业绩指 意力集中在驱动 标
业务价值的关键 • 短期指标
因素上,深入分 与长期指 析每项业务在不 标相联系
同情况下的价值 • 财务尺度 • 将预算,重大资 与业务尺
本开支与战略和 度相结合
经营计划密切联
系起来,以保证
切实地实事求是 地评估预算
如何获取内外信息 如何寻求创新业务 如何进入操作层次
1
企业的价值就是其为股东所创造的财富
国家
$
$
组织机构
$
企业
私人
2
企业价值的创造来源于生产和资本经营
生产经营 开发/研究 生产制造 市场营销 销售
资本经营 投资者
公司经营能力, 技术、管理水 平
企业的经营利润 =ROIC*

投资资本
债务人: 股权人:
报率最有效的手段?
8
麦肯锡的价值理念—— 资本市场要求公司转变对价值创造的传统观念
从只关注:
到关注更多指标,包括:
• 产量 • 市场占有率 • 销售收入 • 净利润 • 每股收益
• 投资资本回报 • 差幅 • 经济利润 • 折现现金流量价值 • 股票市值(适用于上
市公司)
•价值是最佳标准 •股东增加各利益方要求的价值(股东要求完整的信息) •趋向利润的资本流动
债务占总资本比例
股本机会成本* RF+ (Rm- RF ) X
股本占总资本比例
* RF为无风险报酬率,Rm为平均风险股票必要报酬率,为股票的贝他系数
22
经济利润(EP)
差幅
经济利润
X
投资资本回报率 (ROIC)

加权平均资本成本 (WACC)
投资成本
23
企业价值(折现现金流量)
预测自由现金 流量
– 持续而强劲的战略发展

– 优良的业绩
• 现代化的公司必须集中于创
造价值
理 股 东
– 以净现值的角度来推动各项

重大投资

– 以经济利润或投资资本回报 率作为内部管理的指标手段
企业的回应
• 企业应如何向投资者显示其
强劲的战略发展情况?
• 企业每一项主要业务的经济
利润(或投资资本回报率)是 多少?
• 什么是快速改善投资资本回
• 将价值最大
化战略转化 为具体的长 期和短期指 标,以在组 织内部传达 管理部门的 期待目标
• 经营单位通过
制定工作计划 及预算以确定 在未来12个月 内为实现其指 标应采取的具 体步骤,确保 有条不紊地实 现目标
• 通过成绩测
定和相应的 奖惩措施追 踪指标的实 现进度,激 励经理和其 他雇员努力 实现指标
14
价值管理用于中国公司
公司特点
目标:增长 问题:
• 管理资源(资金,人力):较少
• 管理程序/系统:尚未完善地建立
起来,缺乏下列,
– 战略规划 – 经营规划 – 资本规划 – 人力资源规划
• 信息不足/不完整/不严谨
价值管理方法的贡献
获得有利增长的原动力
• 对远景目标的适宜性进行评估 • 明确实现宏图的途径(例如:将投资进行优选性
排序)
• 产生增长所需的部分资金 • 澄清管理及业绩差距
提供机会
• 对经营业务的深层目标进行思考(模式重点从产
量/利润转向现金流量)
• 更好地了解来自注重价值的跨国公司的竞争 • 提高管理技能(战略规划中选用发展情景预测方
法)
• 管理上的改变(以价值管理为共同信念)
15
运用价值进行资源配置的决策
1. 投入了多少 现金价值?
资产负 债表
412 – ) 33 – ) 177
202
2000 4056 – ) 3396 – ) 115
545 – ) 178
367 + ) 115
482 – ) 38 – ) 228
216
25
计算连续价值
连续价值 =
自由现金流量 (FCF) 加权平均资本成本 (WACC) - 增长率 (g)
说明
(损益表) (损益表) (资产负债表)
(资产负债表)
* 详细定义参见《价值评估》一书
4
……然而,传统的企业业绩衡量方法并不完善
衡量标准
• 产量 • 市场份额
缺陷
• 不能提供财务业绩方面的信息 • 可能会产生误导;在亏损的情况下增加产量和市
场份额反而会破坏价值
• 产值 • 销售收入 • 收入增长
• 忽略了生产成本,销售费用及其它管理费用
• 奖惩考核
制度应激
励员工关
注价值创 造
价值管理 制度化
17
评估价值创造机会的五角形框架
当前市场价值
1
看法的差距
重组价值最大化
公司价 2 值现况
内部改进后 可带来的潜 在价值
内部改进后 3 的潜在价值
价值创造潜力 评估框架
资产收购和 出售的机会
5
重组后最 大化价值
财务工程
内部和外部
4 改进后的潜 在价值
• 潜在假定投资所产生的现金仍以内 部收益率的比例进行再投资
• 没有考虑不同项目的风险性 • 只明确了回报率并未强调所创造的
绝对价值
价值=净现值 (NPV)
• 用一个数字即可表示出项目所创造的 价值
• 考虑了贷币的时间价值 • 相应现金的风险性做出调整 • 是衡量相互排斥的项目适宜方法
• 有些人仍不熟悉这一概念
• 净利润 • 销售回报率(ROS) • 每股收益
• 可能会产生误导,只注重利润 • 忽略了资本需求和资本成本
5
中国企业的一些特点
在持续发展的经济/行业中有高增长的目标 有限的管理资源和技能 专注于销售收入,市场地位及利润 需大量筹集资金以供增长需求
市场开放后,面临来自跨国公司和国内其他企业的 日益激烈的竞争
6
股东价值优先被认为是美国企业 与欧洲、日本企业相区别的一个主要特征
德国公司发展了分别由 所有者-股东和雇员等 组成的双重董事会的是 、治理架构来平衡双方 的利益。
公司 价值
欧日企业更强调相关利益 者,包括雇员、供应商、 主要客户等群体的价值。
日本发展了终身雇佣制、 由上下游公司组成的企 业系列制以及银行等关 联企业相互持股的体制。
÷
1999 202 ÷
2000 216 ÷
2001 232 ÷
2002 249 ÷
连续价值 3,729
÷
折现因子*
(1+0.10)1 (1+0.10)2 (1+0.10)3 (1+0.10)4 (1+0.10)5 (1+0.10)5
=
=
=
=
=
=
折现现金流量 206 + 167 + 163
159 + 155 + 1,437 =
从企业整体出发,用以分析企业当前价值有无提高可能以及提高程度 的评估企业价值的工具。
18
企业当前市值是分析与行动的起点,股东价值最 大化是分析的目的和改善的结果
股东价值最大化
剥离不良资产 购并优良资产 财务工程
改进关键业 务流程
企业重组 调整结构
19
经济利润的计算过程
计算投资资本 回报率(ROIC)
贷款
优先股
债券
普通股
加权平均的资本成本 (WACC)
经济利润 = 投资资本 * (ROIC - WACC )
经济利润 是企业在 一年中创 造价值的 度量,其 于净利润 的区别在 于考虑了 股东权益 的机会成 本
* ROIC为投资资本回报率
3
现金流量是衡量企业价值的标准
现金流量定义*
相关文档
最新文档