专业英语第一篇文章翻译
专业英语第一篇文章翻译
Historical Development of Matertials and TechnologyThe common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use.The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys.◆Phase: 相；阶段。
◆a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part ofsomething's developmentExample：phase two of the development is in progress.◆第二阶段开发正在进行中。
汽车专业英语课文翻译1
Types of Automobiles汽车的类型The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work.汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。
专业英语全文翻译unit1-unit6
Unit 1 Automotive BasicsAutomobiles, trucks, and buses are essential forms of transportation. They are complex machines made up of many parts. These parts can be grouped into a number of systems. An understanding of how the system work will help you understand how the automobile works.轿车、卡车和客车是交通运输的重要组成部分。
它们都是由许多部件组成的复杂机器。
这些部件可以归类为汽车的几个组成系统。
了解这些各个小系统是如何工作的将有助于我们理解整个汽车系统是如何工作。
An automobile can be divided into two basic parts: a body and a chassis. The body is the enclosure that houses the engine, passengers, and cargo. It is the part of the automobile that you see. The chassis is that part of the automobile beneath the body.汽车可以分为两个基本部分：车身和底盘。
车身包围发动机、乘客和行李，它是汽车你所看到的部分。
而车身以下的部分就是底盘。
An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. For example, insulation in the body reduces noise and protects against heat and cold. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. It is streamlined to lessen wind resistance and to keep the car from swaying at driving speeds.轿车车身是一个钣金件壳体，它上面有车窗、车门、发送机罩和行李舱门等部件，它给发动机、乘客和行李提供防护。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第一章课文翻译
第一章第一篇sectiongTwo variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。
the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10 19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。
我们还知道电子的电量是负的并且在数值上等于 1.602100×10-12C，而质子所带的正电量在数值上与电子相等。
质子和电子数量相同使得原子呈现电中性。
We consider the flow of electric charges. A unique feature offlow of negative charges, as Fig.l-1 illustrates. This convention was introduced by Benjamin Franklin (l706～l790), the American scientist and inventor. Although we now know that current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons, we will follow the universally accepted conventionthat current is the net flow of positive charges. Thus, Electriccurrent is the time rate of charge, measured in amperes (A).Mathematically, the relationship among current i , charge q , andtime t is 当我们把一根导线连接到某一电池上时(一种电动势源)，电荷被外力驱使移动；正电荷朝一个方向移动而负电荷朝相反的方向time in several ways that may be represented by different kindsof mathematical functions 我们通过方程（1－1）定义电流的方式表明电流不必是一个恒值函数，电荷可以不同的方式随时间而变化，这些不同的方式可用各种数学函数表达出来。
机械设计制造与自动化专业英语翻译
Unit 1 Metals金属Unit 2 Selection of Construction Materials工程材料的选择淬透性：指在规定条件下，决定钢材淬硬深度和硬度分布的特性。
即钢淬火时得到淬硬层深度大小的能力，它表示钢接受淬火的能力。
钢材淬透性好与差，常用淬硬层深度来表示。
淬硬层深度越大，则钢的淬透性越好。
钢的淬透性是钢材本身所固有的属性，它只取决于其本身的内部因素，而与外部因素无关。
钢的淬透性主要取决于它的化学成分，特别是含增大淬透性的合金元素及晶粒度，加热温度和保温时间等因素有关。
淬透性好的钢材，可使钢件整个截面获得均匀一致的力学性能以及可选用钢件淬火应力小的淬火剂，以减少变形和开裂。
淬透性主要取决于其临界冷却速度的大小，而临界冷却速度则主要取决于过冷奥氏体的稳定性，影响奥氏体的稳定性主要是：1.化学成分的影响碳的影响是主要的，当C％小于1.2％时，随着奥氏体中碳浓度的提高，显著降低临界冷却速度，C曲线右移，钢的淬透性增大；当C％大于时，钢的冷却速度反而升高，C曲线左移，淬透性下降。
其次是合金元素的影响，除钴外，绝大多数合金元素溶入奥氏体后，均使C曲线右移，降低临界冷却速度，从而提高钢的淬透性。
2.奥氏体晶粒大小的影响奥氏体的实际晶粒度对钢的淬透性有较大的影响，粗大的奥氏体晶粒能使C曲线右移，降低了钢的临界冷却速度。
但晶粒粗大将增大钢的变形、开裂倾向和降低韧性。
3.奥氏体均匀程度的影响在相同冷度条件下，奥氏体成分越均匀，珠光体的形核率就越低，转变的孕育期增长，C曲线右移，临界冷却速度减慢，钢的淬透性越高。
4.钢的原始组织的影响钢的原始组织的粗细和分布对奥氏体的成分将有重大影响。
5.部分元素，例如Mn，Si等元素对提高淬透性能起到一定作用，但同时也会对钢材带来其他不利的影响。
可锻性(forgeability)金属具有热塑性，在加热状态(各种金属要求温度不同)，可以进行压力加工，称为具有可锻性。
专业英语阅读课文翻译
Unit1 chemistry and chemists一、英译汉：化学是什么呢？给化学下个定义，就是对物质及其性质的研究。
给物质下个定义，就是所有有重量、占据一定空间体积的东西。
这些定义是能让人接受的，但是并没有解释一个人为什么要懂化学。
这个问题的答案是，我们生活的世界是化学的世界。
你自己的身体就是一个复杂的化学工厂：用化学过程使你所吃的食物和呼吸的空气变化到骨骼、肌肉、血液和组织，甚至你每天所用的能量。
如果疾病阻止这些过程的某个部分发挥正常功能，医生就会开一些化学类的药物，这些药物要么是从自然界中分离的，要么是化学家从化学实验室合成的。
如果没有化学，我们的生活将无法想象，因为化学就在我们身边发挥作用。
想想如果没有化学生活将会变成什么样子——我们家里将没有塑料、电、用来保护的涂料。
将没有合成纤维使我们有衣穿，没有化肥使我们有足够的食物吃。
因为汽车、轮船和飞机没有金属、橡胶和燃料，我们也不能旅行。
没有电话、收音机、电视和计算机，我们的生活将发生很大变化，所有这些产品都靠化学来生产其中的部件。
因为没有药物治疗疾病，人的寿命也将会变短。
化学处在科学研究的前沿，我们喜欢这个迅速发展的技术，你可以为此做出自己的贡献。
看看最近的几个科技研究：计算机图形学能使我们预知小分子能否与大分子结合或反应，这个足以给治疗疾病的药物带来场新的革命；化学家也正在研究运用化学试剂来获得太阳能并使海水淡化的方法；因为金属易腐蚀，化学家也正在研究使用新型的陶瓷材料代替金属的可能性。
在生物技术帮助下，我们发展了食品的新来源、产生燃料的新方法、以及新的丝绸补救方法。
因为计算机帮助我们预知和解释从试管得到的结果，结果的速度、准确性、质量得到迅速提高，所有这些给产品发展带来益处。
化学家应该给我们提供新材料伴随我们进入新世纪。
从事这项学科，你能为社会做出积极的贡献。
这儿有一些选择化学作为职业的好理由。
首先，如果你对化学有兴趣，你可以有机会给新技术的发展做出贡献。
专业英语翻译第一章
注：电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译 1~7面班级：1002班学号：20姓名：王定瑞PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC ENGINEERINGChapter 1 Circuit Fundamentals第1部分的电气工程基础第1章电路原理Electrostatic Charges静电荷Protons and electrons are parts of atoms that make up all things in our world. The positive charge of a proton is similar to the negative charge of an electron. However, a positive charge is the opposite of a negative charge. These charges are called electrostatic charges. Each charged particle is surrounded by an electrostatic field.质子和电子部件的原子构成一切事物在我们的世界。
正电荷的质子是类似于负电荷的电子。
然而,一个正电荷的反面是一个负电荷。
这些指控被称为静电荷。
每个带电粒子周围是一个静电场。
The effect that electrostatic charges have on each other is very important. They either repel (move away) or attract (come together) each other. It is said that like charges repel and unlike charges attract.这个效应,静电指控对方是非常重要的。
他们要么排斥(离开)或吸引(一起)每个其他。
交通工程专业英语翻译(全)
Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。
刚整理的专业英语课文翻译
第一单元Human bodyTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
英语专业八级翻译真题(1998年
TEM-8 翻译部分英语专业八级翻译真题（1998年——2007年）第一部分汉译英Passage 1.( 1998年)1997年2月24日我们代表下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。
我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周群峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。
望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多……这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。
虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深国统一大业的早日完成。
世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战把青年推到了历史的前台。
跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。
日月潭水波不兴，仿佛与我一同在思索……Passage 2.( 1999年)加拿大的温哥华1986年刚刚度过百岁生日，但城市的发展令世界瞩目。
以港立市，以港兴市，是许多港口城市生存发展的道路。
经过百年开发建设，有着天然不冻良港的温哥华，成为举世闻名的港口城市，同亚洲、大洋洲、欧洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班轮，年货物吞吐量达到8，000万吨，全市就业人口中有三分之一从事贸易与运输行业。
温哥华（Vancouver）的辉煌是温哥华人智慧和勤奋的结晶，其中包括多民族的贡献。
加拿大地广人稀，国土面积比中国还大，人口却不足3000万。
吸收外来移民，是加拿大长期奉行的国策。
可以说，加拿大除了印第安人外，无一不是外来移民，不同的只是时间长短而已。
温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数的多民族城市。
现今180万温哥华居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲人。
而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性的作用。
他们其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的，使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。
Passage 3.( 2000年)中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。
专业英语课文翻译(1)
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------专业英语课文翻译(1)Lesson1化学工程的发展过程、设计和运作的植物材料进行变化，物理或化学状态的一个技术规模。
应用的整个过程、产业，它是建立在化学原理，物理，和数学。
物理化学和物理规律支配的实用性和效率的化学工程业务。
能量的变化，产生从热力学考虑，是特别重要的。
数学是一个基本工具优化与建模，优化手段安排材料，设施，和能量的产量为生产和经济运行的。
建模是建设原型理论数学模型的复杂过程系统，通常借助计算机 .化学工程是一样古老的过程工业。
其遗产的日期从发酵和蒸发过程的早期文明。
现代化工工程的发展出现一规模大，化学一制造业务在下半场的第十九个世纪。
它的发展作为一个独立的学科，化学工程是针对解决问题的设计和经营大型工厂连续生产，制造化学品在中期第九世纪由温和的工艺操作。
需求的增加，关注在排放有害废水，与竞争竞争对手的过程提供刺激更大的效率。
这导致了结合资源出现较大的行动，造成过渡到工艺科学一产业。
结果是一个化学家与知识需求制造过程，称为工业化学家和化学1 / 3工作者。
术语化学工程师是在一般使用的大约 1900 。
尽管它出现在传统化学品的制造，它 }增值通过其作用，石油工业的发展化学工程成为坚定地确立为一个独特的学科。
需求植物能够操作物理分离过程持续在高水平效率是一个挑战 } 哈 } 无法满足传统的化学或机械工程师。
一个划时代的发展化学工程是出版 1901 第一个关于教科书问题，由乔治戴维斯，一个英国化学顾问，这集中于设计的植物项目的具体操作。
这一概念的处理植物包括一些业务，如混合，蒸发，和过滤，和这些行动基本上是类似的，不论产品，导致概念股操作的。
这是最早由美国化学工程师亚瑟小 1915 的基础上形成一个分类的化学工程的主宰主题下的 40 年。
关于经济管理专业英语第四版部分翻译
第一部分 PART 1 MICROECONOMICS第一篇The Concept of Utility 效用的概念经济学家最开始研究消费者行为学是在一个多世纪前当心理学界流行一种说法：人们的很多行为可以解释为人们为了尽可能获得更多的幸福、规避更多的痛苦而做的努力。
这种苦乐心跳很快便被经济学家借用了并运用于消费者的消费行为中并使之成为解释消费者行为的第一个系统理论：基础的经济论点是理智的消费者会有意识的管理他们对于商品和服务的消费来时总体满意度最大。
经济学家把人们对商品和服务的需求与满足称为“效用”。
效用的概念侧重于拥有、使用、消费商品与服务或者从中获益相关的快乐和满足。
是商品固有的效用而且不管商品具有什么样的质量它都有满足幸福感的能力。
效用的来源和引发效用的原因是多种多样的，提一下最主要的：更加健康的身体、富有美感的外观和设计、简单的使用方法、风格和品位、耐用性、方便性、奢华度、舒适度、个性、快乐、威信、地位自尊、安全、自我满足还有权力。
因此效用既有客观特征又有主观特征尤其跟个人品味、偏好、感觉、个性的构成及思维的状态有关。
总的来说，商品拥有的或可识别的效用是可变的，并不是绝对的。
首先，对于同一件商品两个人不会拥有同样程度的满足感，一个人可能通过吸烟获得巨大的效用然而另外的人却觉得很讨厌；凯迪拉克对某些人而言可以说是重要的地位象征（因此获得巨大的效用），然而对已其他人却只有很少或几乎没有效用。
不同的人买同样一件商品的用途和目的有很大的不同。
以花生为例，有的人买了后放在鸡尾酒晚会上油的人买来做花生糖，还有人买来喂松鼠，有几种不同的情形就有几种不同的效用，而且一种商品产生的效用也会随着时间的不同而不同。
汽油价格的上升，很快的调整了人们对小型汽车的效用的看法，羊毛衣的效用或说需求满足的动力对于段冬气候下的人和长冬气候下的人而言就不一样。
不同的人队商品和服务的看法不同，如果这些因素都不考虑的话，对于人们买什么或卖多少，效用的概念提供了以个有意义的根据来解释人们的这种偏好。
生物专业英语参考译文-第1课
Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts细胞的内部结构及其功能Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory（细胞质：动力工厂）Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semi-fluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eu-karyotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In pro-karyotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，在细胞核内的染色体上储存着遗传物质DNA（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译
安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译安全工程专业英语Unit11. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for aparticular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it.由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。
2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field.这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。
3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ.尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。
专业英语第一章(英译汉+汉译英)
第一单元（HB纯手工出版）(1-1)Many of the products and services in modern society are based upon the work of electrical engineers and computer scientists. The tremendous reduction over the last decade in the cost of digital electronic devices has led to an explosive growth in the use of computers and computation. At the same time, our increased understanding of computer science has made possible the development of new software systems of increased power, sophistication, and flexibility.现代社会的许多产品和服务都是以电气工程师和计算机科学家的工作为基础的。
在过去的十年里，数字电子设备成本的大幅降低导致了计算机和计算的爆炸性增长。
与此同时，我们对计算机科学的理解不断加深，使得开发更强大、更复杂、更灵活的新软件系统成为可能。
(1-2) In November 1971，Intel introduced the world's first commercial microprocessor, the4004，invented by three Intel engineers. Primitive by today' s standards, it contained a mere 2, 300 transistors and performed about 60, 000 calculations in a second. Today, the microprocessor is the most complex mass- produced product ever, with millions of transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second.1971年11月，英特尔公司推出了世界上第一台商用微处理器,代号4004，由三位因特尔工程师发明。
水利专业英语翻译部分
水利专业英语翻译部分第一篇：水利专业英语翻译部分Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth’s surface.Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water.Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land.The polar regions are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight.It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。
在水中，氧这种最丰富的化学元素与氢结合，其含量多达89%。
水覆盖了地球表面的大约3/4的面积，并充满了陆地上的许多裂缝。
英语专业综合英语一课文翻译
英语专业综合英语一课文翻译Unit1: Translation exercises1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.2. His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.3、People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.4、Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.5. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.6. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.7. He finally gave in to his daughter's repeated requests to further her education abroad.8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.9. Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.Unit2:Translation exercises1Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.2、It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills.3、Computers are one of the most useful teaching aids,for all your lessons as well as all the questions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.4.、Xiao Zhang’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday; he sent for a doctor immediately.5、He failed in the college entrance examination last year,but he did not feeldisappointed.Instead,he continued to study hard,passed the examination successfully and become a student in famous university this year.6、There are many English words that this middle school student cannot pronounce correctly.7In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement s of our work.8With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss.9、Although she is only 8 years old，the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions.No wonder her parents feel proud of her.10、All the neighborhood have heard of the news,but you haven't.Don't you think it is strange?Unit31.I am sorry I am late,but I was at a meeting an d couldn’t get away.2.At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation.3. She is always wearing stylish clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.4.The nurse told me that the doctors had done wonders for your heart disease.5.When awarding the prize, the chairman comlimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind.6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years.7.The crowd demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.8.Since punctuality is such a good habbit,we should pay close attention to it and make every effort to cultivate it.9.The old man cherishes that girl,as if she were his own daughter.10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.Unit 4.1. 1.It is an attempt made to strengthen our competitive ability.2. 2.The police in this district know where the thieves hang out.3. 3.The agreement signed will break down all the barriers to free trade.4. 4.It was a very difficult situation,but he handled it very successfully.5. 5.He is my best friend.I just can’t turn my back on him now that he needs my help.6. 6.So long as you work hard,you are bound to succeed and realize your ambition sooner orlater.7.7.Although he hates the job,yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money tosupport the family.8.8.That cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease,persisted in combatingit,and conquered it in the end.9.9.This university has a staff of more than 2000,including about 150 professors and over 500associate professors.10.10.The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer’s death.Unit51. 1.That psychiatrist who had talked about his patients in public, was charged with violatingprofessional ethics.2. 2.Hanging on the walls of the classroom are some famous sayings,which inspire and urgepeople to exert themselves.3. 3.All kinds of commodities are available.Nothing is in short supply.4. 4.We all trust the president for his absolute integrity.5. 5.Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.6. 6.The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.7.7.When I saw that he was right,I had to back down.8.8.She has been appointed sales manager,for she is both clever and diligent.9.9.One of the biggest challenges faced by the present government is that of creating more jobs.10.10.The enemy succumbed soon after our soldiers stormed its stronghold.Unit61. The dilemma she is facing is whether to tell her husband the truth about his fatal disease.2.Don’t you think it a sort of stigma that you,already in your thirties,still have to depend on your old parents?3. Almost all the governments in the world are very much concerned about the financialissue.4.With regard to the seminar on English teaching, I suggest that it be held on the comingweekend.5.whether to go abroad for further education or not is entirely up to you.6.Just a single spark can lead to an explosion in a room filled with gas.7.No matter what efforts the government has made,the price for housing has barely declined.8.In order to pass TOEFL,he has devoted almost every minute of his spare time to Englishstudies.9.With his acting potential, the young man is likely to be a superstar in the field of entertainment.10.It is believed that siblings jealousy exists more in a rich family than in a poor one.Unit71.I scrambled up the cliff for a good view of the sea.2.He lunged at the burglar and wrestled with him for the weapon.3.I figure that our national economy will continue to develop rapidly.4.The chairman made an effort to reassure the shareholdersthat the company’s bad resultswould not be repeated.5. Stop acting like a baby! Pull yourself together!6. Being very much a private man, he does not confide in anyone.7.We all hate the terrorists’ indiscriminate violence against ordinary people.8.Many people in this country are alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crimes.9. We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river. That was why we destroyed thebridge.10. I am indebted to all the people who worked so hard to make the party a great success. Unit81.At Christmas people enjoy themselves very much;they visit one another and present each other with Christmas cards and presents.2.The walls of her bedroom and living room are all decorated with pictures of pop stars and film stars.3. Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly, but Tom teased her curly hair unmercifully.4.He had attained remarkable achievements which surpassed the goal he had set for himself.5. He kept crying bitterly, and I tried to persuade him not to give way to grief.6. I took it for granted that you would like to see the play, soI bought you a ticket.7.They have relegated these problems somewhere down on the priority list.8.I am going to address the letter to Donna in care of herlawyer.9. I don’t know why telling her the news brought a lump in my throat.10.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.Unit91.Towering above all others,this mountain peak commands a fine view.2.I have asked my friends to recommend a doctor who is good at treating children.3.Sophia teased Tom about his new hat mildly,but Tom teased her about her curly hair unmercifully.4. The government is determined to avoid at all costs a sharp rise in food price.5. He tried his best to save the drowning boy, but in vain.6. That old woman is al ways interfering in other people’s affairs.7.After having several influential papers published,he became quite distinguished in the academic world.8.Pollution is so serious in this area that the villagers can hardly find any water that is fit for drinking.9.I packed a suitcase with all the things that might be needed.10. We Chinese usually associate the Spring Festival with family reunion.Unit101.2. Many volunteers rendered a valuable service to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.3. The world economy is in a desperate situation, so all governments must take desperate measures to cope with.4.Scissors,knives,matches,and medicine must be keptbeyond the reach of children.5.I always keep a sum of at least 1.000yuan on hand, in case of an emergency.6.Honest people despise lies and liars.7. It was a long time before I began to feel at home in English.8. Because of the financial recession, some of small- and medium-size enterprises are, so to speak,up to their necks in debt.9.He is a man that always mouths fine words about people to their faces and speaks ill of them behind their backs.10.I was greatly scared by the zest demonstrated by those radicals.Unit111.They hoped to save their marriage by giving birth to a child.2. Secret service men escorted the President and his family everywhere they went.3. The presidentia l candidate’s speech was often punctuated now and then by outbursts ofapplause from the audience.4. As soon as the news of victory came, there was great rejoicing all over the country.5.The tertiary industry in our country has been developing by leaps and bounds since the reform and opening drive started.6.The priest preached a sermon to the congregation on the need for charity.7.In order to/To maintain his dignity the employee didn’t kneel on his knees in front of theoverbearing boss.8.When the chairman announced the election results,the meeting hall broke into a sea of great joy,with the wholeassembly clapping and cheering.9.He has a very bad reputation,for he often takes other p eople’s names in vain.10. The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather.Unit 121. I marvel at the poet’s ability to express nuances of different feelings.2.Although you have good teachers and a favorable environment,it is your personal effort that comes into play in the success of your English studies.3.As English majors,we need to have a keen awareness of the subtle diffrences between word meaning.4. Some new policies in the educational system will be implemented next year.5. It is unfair to indentify popular culture with vulgar culture.6. He believes that a person should be noble-minded, but not money-oriented all the time.7.The Middle East is generously endowed with petroleum.8.The school authorities are holding a meeting in reference to the construction of a new gymnasium.9.But for his personal visits to the third-world countries,he would not have believed such disparity in the living standars between the rich and the poor.10.No one came to claim the welfare lottery bonus of 5 million yuan RMB,not even to the last day.Unit131. The airport authorities request that every passenger keep an eye on his/her own belongings.2.Although he was diagnosed with stomach cancer,he stilltook an optimistic attitude toward life.3.His teacher advised him not to eat so much junk food.4. With a high sense of responsibility, the teacher gave his life in order to save his students.5.His comrades did whatever they could for his release from the prison,and they succeeded.6.The sudden financial tsunami has stripped quite a number of people of their property.7.My secretary is looking for this or that all the time,for she is always misplacing her things.8. After drifting into the woods, he was greatly amazed at the scene in front of him.9.So far no effective remedy for the addiction to the Internet has been found.10. In view of the serious employment situation, many university graduates voluntarily go and work in the remote areas.Unit141.He possesses some fine traits:he has refined and gentle manners;he is kind and generous to others;he is always modest and prudent;and he constantly perfects his work.2.A high crime rate that doesn’t seem to drop is a reflection of an unstable society.3. It is beyond doubt that Shanghai is fast becoming another financial center.4.Such a small gym can hardly meet the needs of such a large student body,amounting to about 3000.5.A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should not be done.6. Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university education.7.As long as you study hard and make progress constantly,your chances to succeed will multiply.8. Xiao Wang works very efficiently, because he possesses strong professional competence and, moreover, he pays particular attention to the methods he employs.9. The so-called problem teens are not born to be problems. Very likely, it is because they lack parental and school discipline.10.The President of the university displays both professional competence and excellent leadership;therefore,he is very popular among the teachers and other staff members.。
(完整版)电气工程及其自动化专业英语第一章课文翻译
第一章第一篇sectiongTwo variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。
Charge and CurrentThe concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).电荷和电流电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。
也即，电路中最基本的量是电荷。
电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性，它是以库仑为单位来度量的。
We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10 19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。
Unit1课文译文
Unit 1Text A 胜过金钱的报酬我14岁时，夏天给人家修剪草坪挣点钱。
记住那些我不能砍掉的花，那些有意插在地里的东西，或丢失在草地里的东西，我开始了解各种各样的人。
我还通过人们所喜欢的支付方式——按工付酬、按月付酬或者干脆什么都不付，对住在肯塔基州路易斯维尔的邻居们有了些了解。
巴卢先生属于最后一种人，而且他总有自己的理由。
有时，他身上只有50元以上的大票子，有时却身无分文，有时，我敲他家门时，他干脆就不在家。
不过，如果不提钱，他倒是一个好老头，老远见到我，他总是挥挥他的帽子或轻抬帽沿跟我打招呼。
我想他可能只有微薄的退休金，或者他曾受过伤而不能干院里的杂活。
我记住不断加上去的总账，不过也不太在乎这笔钱一共有多少，无非是除草而已，而且巴卢先生园子里的草就那么一点，也花不了多少时间去修整。
七月中旬的一个傍晚，我走过他家，他示意我进去。
厅里很阴凉，也挺暗的，足足过了好一会儿我才适应昏暗的光线。
“我还欠你钱呢”巴卢先生开了腔，“不过……”我想还是让他省了找借口的麻烦吧，“没关系的，不用担心。
”。
“银行把我的账目搞错了”，他又说，没有理睬我的话。
“过上一两天，就可以搞清楚了。
同时，我想你也许可以挑上一两本书，权当付首付款吧。
”他向四面墙壁指了指，我看到屋里到处都堆着书，像个图书馆，只是放得太乱了，没有条理。
“慢慢看吧，”巴卢先生用鼓励的口气说。
“看也行，借也行，或者留着。
挑一些你喜欢的。
你平时看些什么书?”“我不知道。
”我确实不知道。
我通常读一些从杂货店平装书架上弄来的书，或是在家里找到的杂志、麦片盒背面印的东西或报上的连环画。
有意识地专门找某一本书，这想法对我来说倒挺新鲜，倒也不无吸引力，所以我就浏览了一遍那一堆堆的书，问道：“这些书你真的都看过？”巴卢先生点点头，“这只是我要收藏的，值得看第二遍的书。
”“那你给我挑吧。
”他扬了扬眉，把脑袋抬了抬，好像要给我量衣服一样从上到下把我打量了一遍。
过了一会儿，他从一堆书中找出一本递给我，封面是深红色的，挺厚的一本书。
专业英语翻译 英文原版
Why Does My New Concrete Tank Leak?Relatively massive concrete walls have been used for over a 100 years in a variety of environmental engineering concrete structures. Even with over a century of experience in designed construction of concrete liquid-containing structures (LCS), we still see new tanks leak. This may happen on the first filling or after a couple of seasonal cycles. Why after all the decades of experience do many of our concrete tanks still leak?We will look at the impact of many factors in design, material selection and construction of concrete liquid-containing tanks on the cracking and resulting leakage. We also identify pertinent design aspects of the ACI 350-06 Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures. Also, we use decades of design, construction and evaluation experience in liquid containing structures to identify common problems with specifications, materials and construction techniques that can cause excessive cracking and leakage.T HE D ESIGNERIt is very unusual to see a project where there was a design deficiency in the structural capacity of a LCS to carry primary loads. These primary loads include the normal operating dead loads, live loads, fluid loads and equipment loads, along with the special conditions of wind and earthquake forces. However, there have been many projects where though the structure was fully capable of carrying the primary loads, there was substantial cracking and subsequent leakage through the walls or floors. The LCS thus did not meet the serviceability and long-term durability requirements that the owner expects.When we see projects with serviceability and durability issues many times the designer used the provisions of ACI 318 - Building Code for Requirements for Structural Concrete, rather than the more applicable ACI 350 - Code Requirements For Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures. Using ACI 318 provisions alone will not produce aliquid-tight structure.The ACI 350 Code addresses all types of concrete LCS and has specific provisions that significantly exceed many of ACI 318 requirements to help provide durability and serviceability of structures intended to permanently contain liquid. Predominate changes in ACI 350 as compared to ACI 318 include:•Substantial reduction of stresses under design loads in non-prestressed reinforcement •Increased minimum reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature effects•Careful attention to spacing and type of movement joints•Requirements for waterstops in all joints•Attention to concrete material properties to improve serviceability and durability •Attention to size and spacing of non-prestressed reinforcement•Increased concrete cover requirementsThe reduction in stresses under working loads in the non-prestressed reinforcement allows better control and reduction of cracking in the LCS structural sections. Though cracks in non- prestressed concrete are never totally eliminated, the crack size is reduced and has a more uniform distribution using ACI 350 provisions. The decrease in stress equates to a higher amount of reinforcement in flexural, shear and direct tension sectionsShrinkage and temperature restraint stresses are significant in all concrete structures. However, they are particularly important in LCS, since cracking that often results from these secondary stresses may create leaks and reduce the serviceability of the LCS. The successful LCS designer always pays close attention to the effects of shrinkage and temperature on the structure.Shrinkage and temperature stresses are controlled in a LCS by:•Use of proper spacing and types of movement joints•Evaluating the long-term shrinkage potential of the concrete•Evaluating the exposure of the structure to shrinkage and temperature throughout its expected•Restraints to shrinkage and temperature movements created by the geometry of the structure or attachments to the structure•Meeting or exceeding the ACI 350 minimum reinforcement ratios for shrinkage and temperatureMovement joints allow two sections of concrete to move in relation to one another. Contraction joints typically allow shrinkage of adjacent sections. Expansion joints allow either expansion or contraction of adjacent sections. Though ACI 350 allows up to 50% of the nonprestressed reinforcement to continue through a partial contraction joint, terminating all the reinforcement is recommended to assure no tension is carried across the joint.Also, though ACI 350 requirements allow use of no movement joints if reinforcements kept over 0.5% of the gross section, this often is not adequate. If designing a LCS section without any movement joints, depending on the concrete shrinkage properties, geometry and external restraint, a much higher reinforcement ratio (0.7% to 0.8% or more) should be considered. However, a more positive and ultimately more successful approach is to use movement joints spaced at a maximum of 35 ft.Some concrete mixtures have a higher potential for shrinkage than others. This may be a result of the available local aggregates or simply a poor mix design. Many highway designers use a limit of 0.045% for 28-day shrinkage limits. As LCS typically has morerestraint conditions and cracking has more consequences, a lower limit of 0.035% is recommended for LCS. If the local concrete cannot meet this limit, shrinkage-reducing admixtures may be used. Also, shrinkage-compensating cement, Type K, may be an option, but it has seen limited use in LCS. If Type K cement is used the designer must provide movement joints to allow for the expansion of the concrete sections.Designers must also recognize that attached structures or equipment, may introduce restraint of shrinkage and temperature movements. Concrete walkways, stair towers, equipment platforms and any other rigid attachment need to be evaluated for their impact on restraint of movement.Curing is another design issue that needs serious consideration. There are many specifications that simply say 7 days of curing, often allowing a spray-on membrane in lieu of water curing. To help reduce shrinkage until concrete has gained adequate strength the longer time a water cure can be provided the better a structure will perform. A minimum of 14 days of curing is often used for LCS. Water curing will produce significantly better results than a spray on membrane. On floor slabs where ponding is an option, some designers specify water curing until the tank is put into service.The designer needs to consider the service conditions of the LCS that may impact shrinkage and temperature effects. Though designed for operating liquid load and normal temperatures, does the design consider long periods when the tank may be empty, and then exposed to additional shrinkage and temperature changes? Large water and wastewater treatment projects may take several years for completion. Consideration must be given to the sequence and duration of construction for the variety of LCS used on a large project An additional consideration is mass concrete. Often concrete sections in LCS are 2 ft or more in thickness. Depending on environmental conditions these sections may need to be considered as mass concrete. ACI Committee 207 has several technical documents that provide guidance on when concrete sections should be considered as mass concrete, and how they should be designed and cast.T HE C ONTRACTORThe contractor has several considerations during construction that can significantly affect the liquid-tightness of the LCS. These include:•Securing a concrete mix with a low shrinkage potential;•Placing waterstops properly in all joints;•Planning the casting operations to assure;o No cold joints occur;o Concrete is placed without segregation;o Full consolidation of all the concrete;•If mass concrete is present make appropriate provisions for temperature control; •Providing proper curing for at least the minimum cure time;•Provide proper protection from extreme heat or cold temperatures.Concrete shrinkage properties were discussed under the designer’s considerations above.However, on most projects the contractor secures a concrete mix from the supplier that can meet the project specifications. Thus, often the performance of the concrete in place is the responsibility of the contractor. When there are cracks and leaks in the new tank, who is first asked to resolve those issues? It is the contractor again.Thus, even if not specified, it is prudent for the contractor to consider running shrinkage tests on the proposed concrete mix, to ascertain the shrinkage characteristics. A potentially high shrinkage can be discussed with the designer and owner before hundreds or thousands of cubic yards of concrete are placed in the LCS. High shrinkage mixes can use admixtures, additional joints or extended curing to help control shrinkage cracking.Also, consider the 28-day strength of the concrete mix. When a designer specifies28-day strength of 4,000 psi, a mix that produces 5,000 psi at 7 days and 6,000 psi at 28-days is not better. The higher cement content may produce higher strength, but it also increases the shrinkage potential of the concrete. Thus, try to get a mix that consistently produces the desired strength, but doesn’t greatly exceed the requirements.The contractor is responsible for the liquid tightness of joints. This means placing and securing the water stops to be used in all joints. The most common water stop used is a PVC water stop from 6” to 12” long with or without a center bulb depending on the movement requirements of the joint. All water stop joints must be fully welded throughout the thickness of the water stop. Prefabricated tees or crosses are recommended. The water stop should be positively tied (or otherwise secured) in place every 12” of length, in both the first and subsequently cast sections.The contractor must place the concrete mixture to make the sections as liquid-tight as Possible. The casting operation must be planned to assure adequate supply of concrete so as to not allow cold joints to occur between lifts. The formwork and concrete placing equipment must be designed to allow placement of the concrete without segregation. This is critical in the deep, highly reinforced walls found in most LCS. Many successful builders of LCS use windows in the forms to allow access at intermediate heights during a casting operation.Also, the casting operation must be staffed and equipment supplied to assure complete vibration of all the concrete placed. Depth of individual lifts in a wall need to be monitored to assure it is a depth that can be adequately vibrated. Lack of vibration can allow rock pocketsor honeycomb to form in the section or around the waterstop. This will lead to leakage. Water (and most other liquids) under the 15 to 60 ft of head pressure in a typical LCS has a pronounced ability to find any defect in the concrete and leak through it.Once the concrete is placed, the contractor is responsible for curing. On a large floor slab in hot, windy or dry weather, this may mean using a fogging spray soon after screening or bullfloating the surface. After final set a full water cure should be provided as soon as practical for the floor. On walls, forms may be left in place for several days. When forms are stripped a water cure is recommended until the concrete has reached an age of at least 14 days.Protection from freezing in cold climates is required until concrete has reached an adequate strength. Similarly, it may be necessary to protect concrete from excessively hot or dry climates until adequate strength has been reached. In desert areas, it may get hot during the daylight hours, but drop substantially at night. The high temperature swings could cause early-age concrete cracking. A blanket that protects the concrete and holds water in against the surface could serve to provide curing water and thermal protection.Finally, the contractor must consider that if there are leakage problems on a job, they will be the first ones blamed. In startup of a project, the successful LCS contractor will look at aspects of the project that may affect the liquid-tightness of the LCS and communicate these potential problems with the owner and designer. Do you have a wall design with only 0.5% reinforcement and no movement joints? Do you know that the local concrete has a high shrinkage potential? Do you know that due to sequence of construction some tanks may sit empty for years? If you evaluate these issues before they are cast in concrete, and communicate these issues to the designer and owner, it sharply increases the potential for building a liquid-tight tank.T HE O WNEROwners should also recognize they have a part in producing a successful LCS. The owner must recognize that conventionally reinforced concrete will crack. Proper design and construction of a LCS will help to minimize cracks. However, any through-wall cracks over 5 miles in thickness will generally leak. Even cracks 1 mil thick may seep.Generally, small cracks below 5 mils will tend to seal themselves by formation of efflorescence in the crack. This efflorescence results from leeching the excess of free lime from the concrete. This is called “autogenously healing.” However, on moving cracks efflorescence may not be effective in permanently sealing the crack.Some designers recognize some level of cracking is unavoidable. They will often require the LCS to be filled and sit for two to three months to allow the smaller cracks to heal.Then any remaining leaking cracks are sealed by crack injection. A hydrophilic polyurethane grout is commonly used to seal the leaking cracks.Also, as the new tanks undergo a summer/winter temperature exposure cycle, some new cracks may appear, or old cracks reappear and extend. As most construction contracts have a one-year warranty period, the owner may find it prudent to budget for another round of crack inspection and injection in the second cool season after the initial construction of the LCS. At this point, most of the shrinkage has taken place and the summer/winter temperature differences have had their affect of the LCS.Finally, many owners want their LCS painted on the exterior for aesthetics. There is no structural reason for painting the exterior of the LCS, but for a uniform appearance some type of coating may be appropriate. Exterior coatings don’t improve the liquid-tightness of the LCS and though perhaps improving the outward appearance, the coating can hide cracks that may be leakage problems in the future. It is extremely difficult to identify and determine crack sizes on a painted tank. Thus, an owner who wants their LCS painted may want to consider delaying the coating until the LCS has been through at least one summer/winter thermal cycle and has had the majority of cracks repaired.S UMMARYThere are many issues related to successful design, construction and ownership of liquid-tight LCS. We have covered many of the major considerations here, but there are others that can affect your LCS’ performance. The bottom line is though basic design and construction are straight forward, careful attention to the details by the designer, builder and owner will be what makes a liquid-tight LCS that will serve the community for decades to come.。
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Historical Development of Matertials and TechnologyThe common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use.The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys.◆Phase: 相；阶段。
◆a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part ofsomething's developmentExample：phase two of the development is in progress.◆第二阶段开发正在进行中。
◆Vital: 必要的，必不可少的。
◆it is vital that the system is regularly maintained.这个系统有必要经常维修。
翻译：常用工程材料包括金属、胶合材料、混凝土建筑石料、粘土产品、绝缘材料、木料。
对其中的一些在这儿从出现、制造、性质、检验方法和用途等方面加以描述。
具有改进性能材料的发展是工程上一个至关重要的发展过程。
工程建筑上的进步一直以来依赖于具有合适物理特性材料的大量供应，例如，现代汽车工业严重依赖于高品质的合金钢的可用性，而轻质高强度合金的发展使全金属飞机的成为可能。
It can be said that "The history of materials is the history of man". Of course, the reverse can be stated:"The history of man is the history of materials". It is said that "New materials are a prerequisite for new technologies". Again the reverse is true. Furthermore, it is true that technology influences man and vice versa. From this viewpoint the question of pre-eminence among the three partners, man, materials and technology is an intellectual game: a controversy of the chicken and the egg type.reverse 相反，相对。
文中作名词用“the reverse can be stated…..”Example: This materi al didn’t resist to the heat, quite the reverse.恰恰相反，这种材料根本就不耐热。
除做名词外，还可以做动词和形容词用。
做动词：the ship's engines reversed and cut out altogether.船上的发动机出现反转，然后就全停了。
做形容词：the trend appears to be going in the reverse direction.趋势似乎正在向反方向发展。
◆prerequisite 首要的，必备的，先决条件◆prerequisite for (to) … 的前提或…的先决条件:◆Training is a prerequisite for competence. 接受训练是掌握技能的前提。
◆Recognition is a prerequisite to understanding.◆认识是理解的前提。
◆pre-eminence 超群，优秀、卓越◆文中，”question of pre-eminence”译为：优先性命题。
◆Furthermore, it is true that technology influences man and viceversa.另外，技术的确影响着人类，反之亦然。
vice versa:相反，反之亦然adv.解释：with the main items in the preceding statement the other way round 反过来也一样，反之亦然e.g. science must be at the service of man, and not vice versa.科学必须为人类服务，反之并非这样。
◆From this view point the question of pre-eminence among the threepartners, man, materials, and technology, is an intellectual game: a controversy of the chicken and the egg type.◆从这一观点可见，人类、材料和技术三者之间谁先谁后的问题是一个智力游戏，是个象鸡和蛋之类的引起争论的问题。
（即到底是先有鸡然后有蛋，还是先有蛋然后有鸡这一类问题，人类、材料和技术三者谁为先，谁为后，就像鸡和蛋何者为先一样，所以说这一问题是一个智力游戏。
）The earth's population has been continuously multiplying since early man first appeared about two million years B.C. The population grew by a factor of 100 about 500,000 years, from 100,000 to 10 million, and this was reached about 4000 B.C. Despite natural catastrophes, plagures, and decimating wars, by 1820 the population had grown again by a factor of 100 to 1 billion people, this time in less than 6000 years. Today there are about 5 billion people and the doubling rate is only about 33 years. Accordingly, it is possible that in not quite 200 years' time there will already be 100 billion (109) people on Earth.◆翻译：◆自从人类在大约公元前两百万年前出现在地球上以来，地球上的人类一直在不停地成倍增长。
在大约50万年内，人类人口的数量增加了100倍，从10万到1千万，这一千万的人口大约是在公元前4000年达到的。
尽管受到了自然灾害、瘟疫和大规模杀戮战争，到1820年，人口总数又增加了100倍，达到了10亿，这次是在不到6000年的时间内完成的。
现在地球上的人口约有50亿，而翻倍的速度大约仅需要33年。
因此，可能在不到200年的时间内，地球上的人口会达到1千亿（109）。
◆catastrophe大灾害，灾祸。
◆an environmental catastrophe.环境大灾难。
◆Plague 瘟疫，祸患（文中做名词用）◆做动词用：折磨，烦扰，打扰。
◆he has been plagued by ill..◆他一直被病魔折磨着◆decimating 杀死大部分的，毁灭大部分的。
The condition for the flourishing of the species Homo Sapiens have improved over time such that man has made the Earth his subject. Through his materials and their uses in technical devices and processes, man has made favorable living conditions which he modifies continually and to which he in turn continuously adapts.Materials are on of our oldest cultural assets. Historical eras are named after the materials that dominated at that time: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age possibly the end of which we are living through at this time. New materials such as polymers, semiconductors and superconductors, advanced alloys and ceramics, the amorphous metals, and increasingly the composite materials, are appearing on the scene and providing an impetus for technological developments, often with far-reaching consequences. One can expect the discovery of more materials in the future. Every chemical compound and every alloy is a material that could potentially revolutionize our lives to the extent thatthe first stone tools revolutionized the life the early man. Thus the name for the new era should be chosen carefully and perhaps is best left to the future; a position too close could distort the perspective.翻译：近代人类繁衍兴旺的条件随着时间的推移改善了很多，以至于人类使地球受其支配。