四川大学内科学(呼吸内科)2019年考博真题考博试卷

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首都医科大学内科学(呼吸系病)2014年考博真题考博试卷

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攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博真Байду номын сангаас试卷
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首都医科大学
2014 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸系病）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释 1 科赫现象 2 医院获得性肺炎 3 完全性气流受限 4 特发性肺纤维花二、问答题（每题 7 分） 1 侵袭性真菌病的诊断有哪些方面，它的治疗分哪几个阶段 2 急性肺栓塞的分型 3 非小细胞分化癌的靶向治疗 4 咳嗽变异性哮喘的定义和诊断 5ARDS 诊断及定义三、论述题（每题 15 分） 1 结节病的定义，X 线分期，鉴别诊断 2 关于肺栓塞的病例题 3 呼吸科研究的热点，主要谈谈你的研究方向

博士内科试题及答案

博士内科试题及答案考试题目一：1. 内科领域中，下列哪种疾病主要由细菌感染引起？（单选）A. 糖尿病B. 高血压C. 结肠癌D. 肺炎答案：D. 肺炎解析：肺炎是一种由细菌感染引起的呼吸系统疾病。

考试题目二：2. 下列哪项是心脏病的常见症状？（多选）A. 胸闷B. 头痛C. 呼吸困难D. 心悸答案：A. 胸闷、C. 呼吸困难、D. 心悸解析：胸闷、呼吸困难和心悸是心脏病的常见症状。

考试题目三：3. 下列哪种疾病主要由病毒感染引起？（单选）A. 高血压B. 糖尿病C. 流感D. 胃溃疡答案：C. 流感解析：流感是一种由病毒感染引起的呼吸道疾病。

考试题目四：4. 下列哪种疾病主要由免疫系统异常引起？（单选）A. 糖尿病B. 白血病C. 心脏病D. 哮喘答案：A. 糖尿病解析：糖尿病是一种由免疫系统异常引起的代谢性疾病。

考试题目五：5. 下列哪项是肾脏疾病的常见症状？（多选）A. 头晕B. 水肿C. 血尿D. 高热答案：B. 水肿、C. 血尿解析：水肿和血尿是肾脏疾病的常见症状。

考试题目六：6. 下列哪项是支气管哮喘的常见诱因？（多选）A. 烟草烟雾B. 空气污染C. 花粉D. 阳光答案：A. 烟草烟雾、B. 空气污染、C. 花粉解析：烟草烟雾、空气污染和花粉是引起支气管哮喘的常见诱因。

考试题目七：7. 内科医生主要负责诊治下列哪些疾病？（多选）A. 心脏病B. 骨折C. 高血压D. 肝炎答案：A. 心脏病、C. 高血压、D. 肝炎解析：内科医生主要负责诊治心脏病、高血压和肝炎等疾病。

总结：本试卷涵盖了博士内科考试中的一些常见问题，包括疾病的主要症状、病因及诊断。

希望通过这些试题和答案的学习，能够增加对内科领域的了解，提升博士内科考试的准确性和综合能力。

请广大考生认真学习，切实提高自己的知识水平。

祝大家取得优异成绩！。

四川大学华西医学院内科学(内分泌)2015年考博真题试卷

4.血液系统：什么是大细胞性贫血？关于大细胞性贫血的鉴别诊断？
5.泌尿系统：好像是与慢性肾衰竭分期有关
其余心内、风湿、感染科的不记得了，当时没选，所以印象不深
内分泌部分（80分）
1.关于原醛症的鉴别，AVS用于鉴别哪些情况？（10分）
2. pheochromocytoma（嗜铬细胞瘤）与paraganglioma（副神经节瘤）分别是什么？他们两者有什么异同？（10分）
四川大学华西医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（内分泌）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
大内科部分（七选二，10分*2=20分，不能选所报考方向的题）
1.呼吸系统：与哮喘分级治疗相关
2.内分泌系统：与高钙血症相关
3.消化系统：关于幽门螺杆菌的无创检测方法有哪几种？哪些情况需要根除Hp？根除治疗的方案？
（3）MODY（青年成人发病型糖尿病）
（4）PPARa
（5）rhPTH（重组人甲状ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้腺激素）
（6）osteopenia（骨质疏松症）
6.评估手术治疗肥胖合并糖尿病的利弊（10分）
3.年轻女性，普通上班族，近期出现月经不调等症状，查体无明显异常，头颅MRI示：垂体可见一占位（多大不记得了）（10分）
（1）该患者下一步必要做的检查有哪些？（5分）
（2）若上述检查结果都正常该如何处理？（5分）
4.70多岁老年男性，乏力，纳差半年，加重伴厌食，查体心肺腹无异常，血常规正常，生化：ALT 78，AST 74，肾功能正常，血糖正常，血钾正常，血钠132mmol/L等。（10分）
（1）该患者低钠血症的最可能的原因是什么？（2分）

各大名校历年考博真题及答案--呼吸内科部分

各⼤名校历年考博真题及答案--呼吸内科部分名词解释Horner综合征（北医2001）：肺尖部肺癌⼜称肺上沟瘤，易压迫颈部交感神经，引起病侧眼睑下垂，瞳孔缩⼩，眼球内陷，同侧额部与胸壁少汗或⽆汗。

D-⼆聚体（复旦2003，哈医⼤2007）：D-⼆聚体是纤维蛋⽩单体经活化因⼦XIII 交联后，再经纤溶酶⽔解所产⽣的⼀种特异性降解产物，是⼀个特异性的纤溶过程标记物。

D-⼆聚体来源于纤溶酶溶解的交联纤维蛋⽩凝块。

PE / PTE（同济2009）：肺栓塞/肺⾎栓栓塞症肺栓塞（PE）：是以各种栓⼦阻塞肺动脉系统为其发病原因的⼀组疾病或临床综合征的总称，包括PTE，脂肪栓塞综合征，空⽓栓塞等。

肺⾎栓栓塞症（PTE）为来⾃静脉系统或右⼼的⾎栓阻塞肺动脉或其分⽀所致的疾病，以肺循环和呼吸功能障碍为其主要临床和病理⽣理特征。

ALI/ARDS（同济2009）定义⼀ALI/ARDS是指发⽣于严重感染、休克、创伤及烧伤等⾮⼼源性疾病过程中，肺实质细胞损伤导致的以急性进⾏性低氧⾎症、呼吸窘迫为特征的临床综合征。

定义⼆：ALI是指机体遭受严重损伤出现以弥漫性肺泡⽑细⾎管膜为主要损伤部位，导致以肺⽔肿和微⼩肺不张为病理特征、呼吸窘迫和顽固性低氧⾎症为突出表现的全⾝炎症反应综合征。

ALI严重到⼀定程度，达到诊断标准时即为ARDS。

最新定义：ARDS是⼀种急性弥漫性炎症性肺损伤，导致肺⾎管通透性和肺重量增加，⽽肺含⽓组织减少。

临床主要表现为低氧⾎症，影像学双肺致密影，伴随混合静脉⾎氧合不⾜、⽣理性死腔增加以及肺顺应性降低。

急性期形态学主要特征为弥漫性肺泡损伤（如⽔肿、炎症、透明膜形成或出⾎）ⅠⅡ型呼吸衰竭（同济2000）Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭：即缺氧性呼吸衰竭，⾎⽓分析特点是PaO2＜60mmHg，PaCO2降低或正常。

主要见于肺换⽓障碍疾病，如严重肺部感染性疾病，间质性肺疾病，急性肺栓塞。

Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭：即⾼碳酸性呼吸衰竭，⾎⽓分析特点是PaO2＜60mmHg,同时伴有PaCO2＞50 mmHg，系肺泡通⽓不⾜所致。

考博内科学真题

呼吸内科1、名词解释Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭社区性肺炎PET/CTPACAP/HAPPTE/PEILD/IPF简答或问答题试述一位内科医生对痰性状的仔细观察对于疾病诊断的临床意义。

试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。

慢性阻塞性肺病按其临床表现特征可分为哪些类型？其主要病理变化有何不同？（10分）COPD肺动脉高压形成有哪些主要因素？如何确定是否有肺动脉高压？（15分）试述慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期的并发症。

肺心病患者应用洋地黄的指征哮喘的分级及治疗前的临床表现临床上心源性哮喘与支气管哮喘应如何鉴别？PTE的临床表现肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分）早期肺癌的检查方法和诊断依据。

哪些情况应视为肺癌的可疑对象应进行排癌检查，以便早期诊断。

（20分）副癌综合症的临床表现有哪些？（15分）试述右侧胸腔大量积液的临床特征ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）感染性休克（休克性肺炎）的治疗原则感染性休克的诊断及治疗原则呼吸衰竭的定义及分类慢性呼吸衰竭可归纳为哪两大类型？其病理生理有何不同？试述慢性呼吸衰竭的分类及各类型的主要病理生理基础，简述各类的处理原则。

（20分）列举呼吸衰竭时的临床表现及其基本治疗措施。

（15分）阻塞性呼吸暂停综合症的定义.急性呼吸窘迫综合征的定义及其诊断标准.肺炎的分类慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。

ARDS诊断定义有关ARDS方面的试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。

心血管内科1、名词解释高血压危象心室重构心房电重构胰岛素抵抗存活心肌二联律法则2、简答或问答题试述心血管系统疾病的常见症状与体征。

心力衰竭的诱因慢性心力衰竭的病因，心力衰竭的分级的治疗原则β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI治疗心力衰竭的要点试述近10年来慢性心功能不全的治疗进展。

慢性心衰近10年的治疗进展。

今后20年，心衰治疗的的重点应包括哪些内容？急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。

请列举治疗急性左心衰的具体措施，并说明各项措施的治疗一以及有关注意事项。

四川大学华西医学院口腔内科学2004,2013,2015,2019年考博真题

2.试述如何运用新技术手段，提高钙化根管的扩通以及根备成功率？
3.简述糖尿病和牙周病的双向作用关系以及相互致病机制。
4.简述精神因素在口腔扁平苔藓发病以及治疗的影响。
5.简述唾液分泌的增龄性变化以及唾液在维持牙体组织健康的中的作用。
四川大学华西医院
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试有哪些，举两例及其临床病理生物学行为。
4.有牙髓炎导致的根尖周疾病（包括颌骨疾病），及其之间的临床转归。
口腔内科5个大题。
1.stephan曲线定义及意义。
2.牙髓血运重建与根尖诱导成形术的主要区别。
3.牙周炎与全身性疾病的关系。
4.全生命周期的龋病管理的要点。
5.口腔扁平苔藓的治疗原则。
四川大学华西医院
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.牙髓牙本质复合体
2.根尖基点
3.牙龈素
4.副肿瘤性天疱疮
5.显著性龋均指数
二、问答
1.牙菌斑是如何致龋的
2.根管治疗的进展
3.控制牙菌斑对牙周炎治疗的意义及控制方法
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔内科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
病理:名解5个：
固有牙槽骨，结合上皮，缩余釉上皮，角化珠
简答4个.
1.间质性来源的牙源性肿瘤有哪些，举两例临床病理及生物学行为。
2.口腔粘膜的分类和结构。口腔粘膜白色或斑纹类疾病有哪些，举两例常见的及其临床病理。
4.复发性口疮为什么可以用免疫抑制剂，也可以用免疫增强剂，举例说明

博士内科学试题及答案

博士内科学试题及答案考试时间：180分钟总分：100分第一部分：选择题（共80分）请将以下题目中最合适的答案填入答题卡上对应的编号处。

1. 下列哪种疾病最容易导致高血压？A. 糖尿病B. 高尿酸血症C. 肺炎D. 慢性肾脏病2. 人体内哪个器官负责产生胰岛素？A. 胰脏B. 肝脏C. 肾脏D. 心脏3. 白内障是由于眼睛中哪个部分出现混浊而引起的？A. 虹膜B. 角膜C. 晶状体D. 视网膜4. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）主要表现为下列哪个症状？A. 呼吸困难B. 头痛C. 肌肉疼痛D. 口干舌燥5. 糖尿病最常见的并发症是下列哪一项？A. 肾病B. 高血压C. 心脏病D. 癌症6. 下列哪种药物可用于治疗抑郁症？A. 维生素CB. 阿司匹林C. 抗生素D. 抗抑郁药物7. 食物中所含的哪种营养素对骨骼生长发育至关重要？A. 维生素AB. 维生素BC. 维生素CD. 维生素D8. 下列哪个指标可以用于评估人体肥胖程度？A. 体重B. 身高C. 体脂肪率D. 血压9. 人体最大的器官是哪个？A. 肺B. 肝脏C. 皮肤D. 心脏10. 心肌梗死是由于下列哪个原因引起的？A. 血栓形成B. 细菌感染C. 高血压D. 高血糖第二部分：问答题（共20分）请回答以下问题，尽量详细地给出正确答案。

1. 乙肝病毒感染后，人体为何会产生乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）？2. 红斑狼疮是一种自身免疫性疾病，它主要影响哪些器官？3. 血液中的白细胞主要有哪几种类型？它们分别起到什么作用？4. 请简要介绍一下支气管哮喘的常见症状和发病机制。

5. 心电图是一种常用的心脏疾病诊断方法，请简述它的原理和常见结果的分析。

第三部分：综合题（共分两题，每题各占10分）题目1：阐述高血压的危害和预防措施。

题目2：介绍糖尿病的发病机制及治疗方法。

请根据题目要求，逐一回答。

考试结束，祝你取得优异的成绩！。

四川大学博士入学考试试题汇总

目录四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题 (2)2004年 (2)四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题 (2)2006年 (2)四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题 (3)2004年 (3)2004年 (4)四川大学华西医学部博士入学考试口腔内科试题2004年1.牙髓牙本质复合体2.根尖基点3.牙龈素4.副肿瘤性天疱疮5.显著性龋均指数1.牙菌斑是如何致龋的2.根管治疗的进展3.控制牙菌斑对牙周炎治疗的意义及控制方法4.复发性口疮为什么可以用免疫抑制剂，也可以用免疫增强剂，举例说明5.根据自己的知识讲述中国口腔疾病的现状，并提出防治策略及方法四川大学华西医学部病理学博士入学考试试题2006年四川大学华西医学部骨科专业博士入学考试试题2004年一、名词解释：（每题2分）Tissue engineeringColles’ fractureBone-fascia compartment syndromeGaleazzi’s fractureThomas sign二、问答题：⒈上下肢骨传导音的检查方法及意义？⒉股骨头血供的特点及其对股骨颈骨折的临床治疗、预后的指导意义？⒊脊柱“三柱”理论的原理及其对脊柱骨折治疗的指导意义？请简述脊柱骨折治疗的基本原则？⒋人工髋关节置换术后骨溶解的病理生理及临床表现？目前有效的治疗方法？⒌骨关节结核与慢性骨关节化脓性感染的异同？请简述两者治疗方法的特点？⒍病案分析男性，30岁，伤后8小时入院，双下肢活动障碍，双骶髂关节部肿胀疼痛。

X 光片下示耻骨联合分离3Cm，双侧骶髂关节脱位，骶骨骨折。

请给出治疗方案并说明理由。

四川大学华西医学部局解（骨科专业基础）博士入学考试试题2004年每题10分，选做100分⒈脊椎骨间的主要连接？⒉股鞘的结构与内容？⒊阑尾的常见位置，怎样寻找阑尾？⒋腹股沟管的构成？⒌甲状腺的位置、毗邻、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？⒍胸膜腔的体表投影？⒎子宫的位置及毗邻？⒏直肠的形态和毗邻？⒐心脏的血供？⒑肝外胆管的组成及毗邻？⒒后纵隔的结构及排列关系？⒓肾脏的位置与毗邻？⒔会阴中心体的构成及作用？⒕女性乳房的结构特点及主要淋巴引流？。

广西医科大学内科学(呼吸内科)2018年考博真题试卷

广西医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
广西医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共部分：（60分）
第1页共1页
一、单选题（1*30分）主要集中的方向有，呼吸5题，心内8题，消化6题，内分泌5题，血液4题，肾内3题难度不大，都是书本上的常见知识点二、简答题（6*5=30分） 1,简述耐药性肺结核的治疗原则 2,主动脉夹层的临床分型 3,急性胰腺炎与那些疾病鉴别 4,糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗原则 5,形态学上表现为小细胞低色素性贫血的疾病有哪些？专业方向：（40分） 1、病例分析题，慢阻肺患者咳嗽后胸痛，气胸的诊治等 2、肺癌的检查手段 3、支气管哮喘的诊断标准
第1页共1页

医学考博2019真题

Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。

四川大学华西医学院内科学(呼吸内科)2018年考博真题试卷

慢性肾功能不全透析指针
内分泌：酮症酸中毒基本处理原则
血液：出血性疾病诊断试验及意义
免疫：系统性硬化的临床分型，实验室特点，治疗原则
感染：临床常用抗生素种类及使用基本原则
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（呼吸内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
呼吸内科专科题：
1.举例说明三种支气管扩张剂，简述期其应用，
2.有关哮喘和COPD的一道病例分析题，（20分）
3.ARDS的定义和最新诊断标准，
4.CAP的诊断标准，
5.机械通气撤机困难应考虑哪些原因，
6.COPD的定义，分级，分期，
7.活动性肺结核的治疗原则和初治和复治的要点，
大内科公共题，选2个，20分
呼吸：呼吸支持技术？简述其要点
心内：冠心病二级预防
消化：溃疡性结肠炎和crohn肠病鉴别
肾内：2选1
AKI诊断分期

四川大学基础医学 2305免疫学2019年考博真题试卷

四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷攻读博士Leabharlann 位研究生入学考试试卷四川大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：基础医学 2305免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题4分，共10题）
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1、CDR 2、超抗原 3、LDA 4、APC 5、交叉提呈 6、适应性免疫 7、免疫突触 8、PRR 9、外周耐受 10、AICD 二、问答题（每题12分，共5题） 1、CD4+T细胞介导的免疫应答过程？ 2、MHC分子的生物学功能？ 3、木瓜蛋白酶水解IgG的片段及各片段的功能？ 4、PAMP的主要特征？ 5、细胞因子的特性（至少写出六个）？
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四川大学麻醉学2019年考博真题试卷

二、分析题（每题20分） 1.男，48岁，80kg，拟行胃大部分切除术，常规诱导，手术开始后半小时，呼末二氧化碳60mmHg，增加通气后无明显改善，气道压无明显升高，问：1）患者发生呼末二氧化碳升高的原因有哪些？如何鉴别诊断？ 2）本例患者呼末二氧化碳升高最可能得原因是什么？进一步处理？ 2.患者，男性，54岁，直肠癌根治术后5年，肝转移3年，5年前肝转移术后第一天出现不认识家人，胡言乱语，持续20分钟后好转，此后对此无记忆，第二次肝转移瘤介入术后当天又出现胡言乱语，不认识家人的现象，持续半小时，此后对此无记忆。此次拟行肝部分切除术。问： 1）患者两次手术术后发生了什么？危险因素是什么？ 2）简述针对此次手术的麻醉计划（麻醉前准备，麻醉方式，围术期管理）？
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：麻醉学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（每题10分，共60分）

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1.疼痛的传导通路 2.过敏性休克的治疗原则 3.人在紧急应急状态下的交感神经和副交感神经系统有哪些变化，变化的生理意义？ 4.右心衰竭的临床表现 5.人意识消失后的病理生理变化有哪些？ 6.呼吸的储备功能的影响因素？
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四川大学华西医学院心内科2017(包括很多门)年考博真题试卷

（1）心电图诊断是什么
（2）依据
肾内
根据最新KADIGO指南，AKI诊断和分期
内分泌
hyperglycemic crisis高糖危象名解？治疗？
血液病
一个贫血病例
传染
院名解
paradoxical embolism
应激性心肌病Tako-Trubo cardimyopathy
refractory hypertension
医学考博真题试卷
攻
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医学考博真题试卷
攻
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四川大学华西医院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：心内科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共题选择2题
呼吸方向
肺炎的诊断标准
心脏
难治性高血压的定义和处理
消化
急性上消化道出血病因和治疗
大题
1肥厚性心肌病植入ICD的指针
2舒张性心力衰竭定义，诊断，治疗
3室性心律失常的临床策略
4各型冠心病抗栓策略
5简述Estern畸形及治疗
6房颤分型，从节律控制，室率控制，血栓事件预防三个方面述非药物策略
病例分析
男，58岁，“心累胸闷气短5年，心悸2月”入院，查体，律不齐，无杂音。
心电图，室速的一种吧

同济大学内科学(呼吸内科学)2008年考博真题试卷

同济大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
同济医科大学2008年呼吸内科（博士）
一、必答题：
名解：
1、呼吸睡眠暂停综合征；
2、急性冠脉综合征；
3、AC
简答：
1、ＡＬＩ／ＡＲＤＳ的诊断标准及处理；
2、缺铁性贫血患者口服铁剂无效的因素有哪些；
3、胰岛素强化治疗后患者早上口服血糖降低的原因及处理；
4、肝硬化门脉高压症的主要临床表现；
5、ＳＬＥ的诊断标准；
问答题：
1、肺栓塞的诊断和处理；
2、慢性持续性房颤的治疗原则；
3、心肌梗死后主要并发症有哪些及处理措施；
4、炎症性肠病是什么病，鉴别要点；
5、肾病综合征的诊断标准和处理原则，引起肾病综合征的继发性肾小球疾病有哪些；
以上是必答题，５０分；
还有各科室的选答题，５０分；
呼吸病学选答题：
名解：
ＢＰＴ；２、ＵＡＣＳ；３、ＰＡＨ；４、ＡＨＩ；５、ＰＴＥ；
简答：
1咳嗽变异性哮喘的诊断标准；
2特发性间质性肺炎的有哪些类型；
3忘了
问答题：
1HAP和CAP的区别；
2ARDS的机械通气策略；