新编川大语言学考博真题(供参考)
四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
各校语言学考博真题
2007年中国人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博试题语言学理论（100分）1.配价理论中的“配价”的性质，有人说其属于语法范畴，有人说其属于语义范畴，还有人说其属于句法——语义范畴，你的看法是什么？（30分）2.如何看待社会语言学所提出的“共时的变异反映历时的发展？”（30分）3.如何看待留学生的语言错误，对“有错必纠”和“有错不纠”有何看法？（40分）4.说说形式主义语言学、功能语言学、认知语言学的主张和特点（40分）汉语语法分析（100分）1.词语的再分类与句法分析的关系。
（30分）2.对“我偷了他一本书”这种句型如何看待，是双宾句还是单宾句，你的看法是什么？（30分）（打碎了他三个杯子）3.N1VN2（如“服装加工厂”和“汽车修理厂”）这种名词结构，有人说N1是V的前置宾语，有人说N1是受事成分，但是都有例外。
请你以此为研究对象，写一个论文提纲，包括研究的目的、方法和步骤等。
（40分）2008年人民大学语言学及应用语言学考博专业课试题语言学理论1.结合汉语实际论述语法形式和语法意义之间的关系（30分）2.结合汉语实际论述语言变异和语言变化的关系（30分）3.对外汉语教学方向选做第一题：（1）试论功能语言学对对外汉语教学的启发和影响（40分）（2）现代汉语中，934个汉字就能占到常用汉字的90%以上，那么如果掌握了这934个汉字，是不是就可以读懂书刊、报纸、网页等90%以上的内容呢？汉语语法分析：1．试论语法单位的同一性以及对词类划分的影响（30分）2．结合汉语实际，试论“语义指向”在现代汉语语法中的应用（30分）3．现代汉语中，常常说“时间还早着呢”，“她还小着呢”，却不能说“*时间还晚着呢”，“*她还大着呢”，为什么？人大2009现代汉语专业试题语言学理论1.探探你对“任意性”与“象似性”的认识（30分）2.为什么说变异理论是社会语言学最有价值的理论（30分）3.选做题（40）（1）谈谈结构主义、认知语言学、功能主义理论对对外汉语教学的启发。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：62
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题Translate the following sentences into English.有时候对一个人来说需要终生的时间才能懂得活着就是为了奉献。
文化是一切。
文化是我们着装的方式, 是我们走路的方式, 是我们系领带的方式。
时间是个多才多艺的表演者。
它能展翅飞翔, 能阔步前进, 也能治愈创伤。
音乐是你自身的体验, 你的思想, 你的智慧。
国家的发展取决于年轻一代的素质, 这是么人皆知的事实。
【答案】Sometimes, it will take a lifetime to understand that living is for devotion.Culture is everything .It is the way we dress,walk and tie our ties.Time is a versatile performer. It can spread its wings to fly, stride forwardly and cure any wounds.Music is your personal experience, your thought and your wisdom.It is widely known that the development of a country depends on the quality of younger generation.2.单选题To a highly imaginative writer, （） is a pad of paper and a pen.问题1选项A.all are requiredB.all which is requiredC.all is requiredD.all that is required 【答案】D【解析】句意：对于一个富有想象力的作家来说, 他需要的只是一张纸和一支笔。
四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题-14页word资料
四川大学2019年招收攻读博士研究生入学考试英语试题(第一类)Part 1 Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist. The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for the theoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircraft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job in jet-propelled planes. Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences have become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independent of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for example -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scientist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. applied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_____.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classification of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radical multiculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wisdom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars". Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And what does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on theFirst Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights. The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multiculturalism to multiculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of literary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and 2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed 20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to eight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America. In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of SouthAmerica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last summer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds weakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade winds strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called the basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills.An Alzheimer's patient can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's patient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the brain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative memory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new experience. Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goeswhere, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction.Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s. It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity." What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with aging, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember. Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, orintermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children. The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentage of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabilityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setschow Passage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat--could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019 which killed 41 people. Most of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minutes. The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per minute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides. Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with each machine costing around￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fightingspecialist, who adds, "Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Robogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its controller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-resistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main can run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilationD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fire tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skinB, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a Robogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmed chow II.Part 2 Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our main office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33. AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process for testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get rid of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded by plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking and a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in society will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ businessmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger not only throughout America but also throughout the whole world.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50. The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ any important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical School.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investigators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have more difficulty in 56 data from others. The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The tea m surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the team found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior researchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the 68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers who had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on information from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：18
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Planning our vocation we must take the frequent （） of the weather into consideration.问题1选项A.transformationB.transmissionC.transactionD.transition【答案】A【解析】transformation转化, 转换；transmission传递。
传播；transaction交易；transition过渡。
句意：计划假期的时候, 我们必须把变化莫测的天气考虑进去。
2.翻译题In Germany, in contrast with France, friendship is much more clearly a matter of feeling, Adolescents, boys and girls, from deeply sentimental attachments, walk and talk together-not so much to polish their wits as to share their hopes and fears and dreams to form a common front against the world of school and family and to join in a kind of mutual discovery of each other's and their own inner life. Within the family, the closest relationship over a lifetime is between brothers and sisters. Outside the family, men and women find in their closest friends of the same sex the devotion of a sister, the loyalty of a brother. Appropriately, in Germany friends usually are brought into the family. Children call their father's and their mother's friends “uncle” and “aunt”. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for the similarity of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpness of argument are the breath of life. But for Germans, whose friendships are based on common feelings, deep disagreement on any subject that matters to both is regarded as a tragedy. Like ties of kinship, ties of friendship are meant to be absolutely binding. Young Germans who come to the United States have great difficulty in establishing such friendship with Americans. We view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move, change their jobs, marry, or discover new interests.【答案】与法国不同, 在德国, 友谊更注重感觉。
四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案
2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案一、选择题1、Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of the English language? A. Phoneme. B. Morpheme. C. Lexeme. D. Grammar. 答案：D. Grammar.2、Which of the following best defines “semantics”? A. The study of meaning in language. B. The study of language and its relationship to culture. C. The study of the structure of language. D. The study of the relationship between language and behavior. 答案：A. The study of meaning in language.3、Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A morpheme can be a free form. B. A morpheme can be a bound form. C. A free form cannot be a morpheme. D. A bound form cannot be a morpheme. 答案：C. A free form cannot be a morpheme.4、The word “fig” is related to which of the following words?A. Figtree.B. Figure.C. Figment.D. Figures. 答案：B. Figure.5、“Bird” is to “nest” as “flower” is to which of the following?A. garden.B. petal.C. bloom.D. rose. 答案：A. garden.二、判断题1、A syllable in English contains both a consonant and a vowel sound. 答案：正确。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：25
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Just as a book is often judged （） by the quality and appearance of its cover, a person is judged immediately by his appearance.问题1选项A.previouslyB.uniquelyC.outwardlyD.initially【答案】C【解析】previously仓促地；uniquely独特地；outwardly表面上, 外观上地；initially最初。
句意：就像根据一本书的封面来判断质量一样, 判断一个人也是根据他的外表立马进行判断。
2.单选题A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the letter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impresses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.1.According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to （）.2.In the second-paragraph, which statement best expresses the author's attitude towards fairy stories?3.According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to （） .4.If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be （） .5.The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that （） .问题1选项A.tell it in a creative wayB.take from it what the child likesC.add to it whatever at handD.read it out of the story book问题2选项A.He sees in them the worst of human nature.B.He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.C.He dislikes everything about them.D.He is expectant of the experimental results.问题3选项A.make children aggressive the whole lifeB.incite destructiveness in childrenC.function as a safety valve for childrenD.add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others问题4选项A.scared to deathB.taking it and even enjoying itC.suffering more the pain of fearD.dangerously terrified问题5选项A.old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB.fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC.fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD.fairy stories are after all fairy stories【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D 【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句“It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book,（所以选项D错误） and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time（所以选项C错误） and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.”讲故事总比读故事要好得多, 而且, 如果父母能够根据当时的实际情况以及孩子自身的特点进行发挥, 那就更好了。
英语语言博士试题及答案
英语语言博士试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. PhenomenaB. PhenomenalC. PhenomenonD. Phenomenology2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the English language?A. FlexibilityB. Global reachC. Limited vocabularyD. Rich in idiomatic expressions3. The concept of "semantics" in linguistics refers to the:A. Study of language soundsB. Study of language meaningsC. Study of language structureD. Study of language change4. The term "morphology" is associated with the study of:A. Word formationB. Sentence structureC. Language acquisitionD. Language change over time5. In the context of sociolinguistics, "code-switching" refers to:A. Switching between different languagesB. Changing the tone of voiceC. Using different dialectsD. Alternating between formal and informal language6. The "phoneme" is the smallest unit of sound that can:A. Change the meaning of a wordB. Be heard by the human earC. Be written downD. Be pronounced by a speaker7. "Pragmatics" is the study of:A. The meaning of words in a sentenceB. The context in which language is usedC. The rules of grammarD. The physical properties of speech sounds8. The "passive voice" in English is used to:A. Emphasize the actionB. Emphasize the receiver of the actionC. Describe the action in detailD. Highlight the time of the action9. "Syntactic ambiguity" occurs when a sentence can be:A. Heard in different waysB. Written in different waysC. Interpreted in more than one wayD. Pronounced in different ways10. The term "register" in linguistics refers to:A. A specific languageB. A specific style of language useC. A specific set of vocabularyD. A specific set of grammar rules二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between "prescriptive" and "descriptive" approaches in linguistics.2. Describe the process of language acquisition in children and the role of "input" and "interaction" in this process.3. Discuss the impact of globalization on the English language, including the emergence of new varieties and the spread of English as a global lingua franca.三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. Analyze the role of language in shaping cultural identity and the challenges faced by minority languages in a globalized world.2. Discuss the principles of translation and the challenges of translating literary works from one language to another, including the issues of cultural context and idiomatic expressions.四、案例分析题（共30分）Analyze the following dialogue between two speakers, identifying the use of language, the social context, and the implications of their conversation.Speaker A: "You know, I've been thinking about moving to a new city. I hear the job opportunities are great there." Speaker B: "Oh, really? But don't you think you'll miss your family and friends? And what about the cultural differences?"答案：一、选择题1. A2. C3. B4. A5. A6. A7. B8. B9. C10. B二、简答题1. Prescriptive linguistics focuses on the "correct" use of language and often seeks to enforce rules, while descriptive linguistics aims to describe how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments about correctness.2. Language acquisition in children is a natural process that involves exposure to language (input) and interaction with caregivers and peers. Input provides the child withlinguistic data, while interaction helps the child to understand the social and communicative functions of language.3. Globalization has led to the spread of English as a global lingua franca, facilitating international communication and trade. It has also resulted in the emergence of new varieties of English, such as World Englishes, which are influenced by local languages and cultures.三、论述题1. Language is a fundamental part of cultural identity, shaping how individuals perceive themselves and their placein the world. Minority languages face challenges such as language shift, where speakers adopt the dominant languagefor economic or social reasons, and a lack of resources and recognition, which can lead to language endangerment or extinction.2. Translation。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：7
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A good teacher must know how to _____ his ideas.问题1选项A.conveyB.displayC.consultD.confront【答案】A【解析】convey传达，表达；display显示，陈列；consult查阅，商量；confront面对，遭遇。
句意：一个好老师必须知道如何表达他的想法。
选项A符合句意。
2.单选题（） , explorers could never have found the cave.问题1选项A.But for the fissure had been spottedB.If not the fissure had been spottedC.Had the fissure not been spottedD.Had not the fissure been spotted 【答案】D【解析】本句为省略了引导词if的条件句, 所以需要倒装。
在这种情况下, 如果从句是否定形式且从句主语是名词, 那么否定词not放在名词前面；而如果从句主语是代词, 则把not放在代词后面, 如“had it not been ...”。
所以选项D正确。
3.单选题“Youth”and “culture” have been a rather more familiar pairing within sociology than“old age”and “culture”. Young people's spending on clothes, st ereo equipment and cosmetics meant that the "teenager" became a vitally important consumer of leisure goods and services. These features of young peoples experiences, along with their increasing proportion within the total population, inevitably caught the attention of several influential sociologists who went on to describe and analyze the phenomenon of “youth culture”. In recent decades, the situation has changed somewhat. With the aging of the population, it is older people who represent an incasing proportion within the total population, some of whom enjoy relative affluence with high levels of disposable income. Consequently, it is older people, rather than young people, who are increasingly regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services. Several sociologists have begun to analyze the cultural implications of population aging. Andrew Blaikie in his book first addressed the phenomenon of “gray culture” at length.Blaikie focuses in particular on the change in styles of growing old embodied in notion of the third Age. This is the stage of the life course after retirement from paid work, where activity, leisure and pleasure are enjoyed before the onset of old age proper brings social dependency, physical infirmities and death. Blailie's book is not about how individuals with an accumulation of chronological years actually experience later life, but is instead an examination of the changing discourses of growing old as these are expressed in popular culture.Blailie's analysis is sensitive to issues raised by the reconstruction of old age as a "leisure and pleasure" filled life course stage, including its meaningfulness to those without the financial or other resources necessary to enjoy it. Importantly, he also discusses what the cultural reconstruction of the post-retirement phase of life course means for our understandings and representations of "deep old age"and biological inevitability of death. For a book so concerned with the analyses of visual representations of later life, there are few actual illustrations. This must be regarded as a weakness. More often than not, the reader is wholly reliant on Blaikie's own description of visual sources and his interpretation of how these represent later life. The reproduction of a greater number of cartoons or photographs would have greatly improved the persuasiveness of his analysis. Nevertheless, this is a timely book which makes an important contribution to the literature on the cultural reconstruction of later life.1.According to the first sentence of the article, you can conclude that （）.2.What are the main contents of Blaikie's book?3.What caused the appearance of the "gray culture" phenomenon?4.Which of the following statements about the Third Age in paragraph 2 is true?5.The significance of the cultural reconstruction of old age mainly lies in （） .问题1选项A.youth are more familiar with sociology than elderlyB.the elderly are more familiar with sociology than youthC.there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of youth than those of the elderly within sociologyD.there are more researches on behaviors and life styles of the elderly than youth within sociology问题2选项A.The problems raised by the aging of population.B.The change in styles of growing old.C.The consuming tendency of the older people.D.The analysis of visual description of later life.问题3选项A.An increasing proportion of older people within the total population.B.Older people are regarded as important consumers of leisure goods and services.C.Some sociologists have begun to study the cultural implications of an aging population.D.All of the above问题4选项A.The elderly can't work in this stage.B.The elderly's lives are full of pleasure during the whole stage.C.For the elderly, depending on society and death are inevitably finally.D.The elderly are afraid of death very much.问题5选项A.helping old people in financial difficulties to enjoy their livesB.helping the elderly to communicate with youth easilyC.helping the elderly to improve their life standardsD.helping us to understand the elders and death【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.第一段第一句的原意是：在社会学中, “青年”和“文化”是比“老年”和“文化”更为熟悉的一对。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：97
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than （） .问题1选项A.the domestic marketer hasB.those of the domestic marketerC.the domestic marketer doesD.that which has the domestic marketer【答案】B【解析】这是一个比较从句, those在从句中替代activities。
所以选项B正确。
2.翻译题Translate the following sentences into English.人们必须通过对现象的分析和研究, 才能了解到事实的本质, 因此需要科学。
我们现在面临的所有重大世界性问题中最重要的问题就是人口对土地和土地资源的压力正在迅速增长。
受到这么多挫折和失败, 他比以前聪明多了, 这次任务他一定会完成得很好的。
没有农业, 人们就不能生存, 社会生产就不能继续下去, 因此, 农业作为国民经济的基础必须得到足够重视。
这件事的发生不是由于我们的过错, 而是由于你的疏忽大意。
【答案】Only through the analysis and study of the phenomenon can human understand the nature of the fact, therefore, science is needed.The population pressure on land and land resources is growing rapidly, which is the most important one among all the major world problems we are facing.Suffering from so many setbacks and failures, he has become wiser and can finish this task well.People will neither exist nor can production proceed without agriculture. Therefore, as the basis of the national economy, we must pay more attention to the agriculture.The occurrence of this matter is caused by your carelessness, not by our fault.3.单选题During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging_____ in the streets.问题1选项A.aboutB.onC.overD.out【答案】D【解析】词组辨析。
川大考博2008年语言学理论真题答案
2008年语言学理论一名词解释。
1经济原则：语言学中的“经济原则”这个术语是法国语言学家马丁内在其《普通语言学纲要》中提出来的,在此之前,语言学家用省力原则这个术语来解释语音中的同化现象（如浊音清化）、词尾的浊音清化、词尾的脱落等共时和历时现象。
马丁内在最初是把语言的经济原则看做语言演变的规律来看待，可以说这是“经济原则“的本质。
“经济原则”即是：在表意明晰的前提下，为了提高语言的交际效率，尽量采用简洁的语言符号形式，这一原则对语言的发展演变起着重要的制约作用。
在语言的构词、句法、修辞等方面都可以观察到经济原则的作用。
如：缩略词的广泛采用，“中国政协”是“中国政治协商会议”的简称。
复合词代替词组，如“蚕食”比喻“像蚕一样进食”，“冬眠”指“在冬天休眠”。
句子成分的省略，如“我的眉毛像姑姑（的眉毛）”。
借代的广泛使用，如“国手”中“手”代指“国家级优秀排球运动员”。
这些例子都是在语言的使用中采取经济、省略的方式达到高效率的交际而产生的语言形式的演变。
2 构式（09年）3 配价（09年）4 家族相似近代哲学家在传统范畴理论的基础上，完善并提出了家族相似性理论(Family Resembalance)。
他认为范畴的成员不必具有该范畴的所有属性，而是AB、BC、CD、DE式的家族相似关系，即一个成员与其他成员至少有一个或多个共同属性。
范畴成员的特性不完全一样，他们是靠家族相似性来归属于同一范畴。
而范畴没有固定的明确的边界，是随着社会的发展和人类认知能力的提高而不断形成和变化发展的。
家族相似性在语言研究的词类、句法、、修辞、语音等许多方面都有所体现。
举个例子，词类范畴的家族相似性，是一种比喻的说法。
意思是：属于同一词类的各个词在语法性质上有程度不同的相似性，其中有些词在分布上有较多的相似性，它们成为这一类词的典型成员，而有些词跟其他词在分布上相似性较少，它们成为这一类词的非典型成员。
这也就是说，词类是一种原型（prototype）范畴，是人们根据词与词之间在语法性质上的种种相似性而概括出来的。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：76
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题（） I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.问题1选项A.Even thoughB.UnlessC.As long asD.However【答案】C【解析】句意：只要我知道钱是安全的, 我就不会担心。
选项C符合句意。
2.单选题（） touching in O'Henry's stories is the gallantry with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.问题1选项A.Most isB.It mostly isC.Is it mostD.What is most 【答案】D【解析】考查主语从句。
what引导的名词性从句作主语，所以选项D正确。
句意：在欧亨利的故事中，最感人的是普通人为维护自己的尊严而斗争的英勇行为。
3.单选题The overcrowded living conditions（） a heavy strain on the family.问题1选项A.setB.putC.madeD.pressed【答案】B【解析】put a heavy strain on sb.为惯用搭配, 指对某人来说是一个沉重的负担。
这里指：过度拥挤的生活条件给这个家庭造成了沉重的负担。
4.单选题His eighth book came out earlier this year and was a(n) （） bestseller.问题1选项A.swiftB.instantC.timelyD.punctual【答案】B【解析】swift快的，敏捷的，迅速的，立刻的；instant立即的，即时的；timely及时的，适时的；punctual准时的。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：37
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.翻译题Translate the following passage into Chinese.To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effor t. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking,human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort,the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry trifling things at the weekend.【答案】一个人，为了活的真正开心和踏实，至少要培养两到三项兴趣。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷14
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题（） I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.问题1选项A.Even thoughB.UnlessC.As long asD.However【答案】C【解析】句意：只要我知道钱是安全的, 我就不会担心。
选项C符合句意。
_____ we are having these days!问题1选项A.What a lovely weatherB.What lovely weathersC.What lovely weatherD.What lovely a weather【答案】C【解析】考查what感叹句结构。
What的用法有：What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语，What +形容词+可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+主语+谓语， weather 为不可数名词，所以选项C用法正确，其余均表述有误。
3.单选题（） a research student, I would at least master two foreign languages.问题1选项A.Should I becomeB.I should becomeC.Would I becomeD.Have I become【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气和倒装。
对将来的虚拟用should+动词原形。
这里实际上是if引导的条件句(用了虚拟语气),当省略if时,句子须倒装,所以选项A正确。
句意：如果成为一名研究生, 我至少会掌握两门外语。
4.单选题This （） girl is Mary's cousin.问题1选项A.pretty little SwedishB.Swedish little prettyC.Swedish pretty littleD.little pretty Swedish【答案】A【解析】考查多个形容词修饰名词时的词序。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：20
2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Anthropology is a science （） anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.问题1选项A.in thatB.that inC.thatD.in【答案】C【解析】that在这里引导同位语从句, 解释说明科学, 在句中不充当任何成分。
in that引导原因从句。
2.单选题（） I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.问题1选项A.Even thoughB.UnlessC.As long asD.However 【答案】C【解析】句意：只要我知道钱是安全的, 我就不会担心。
选项C符合句意。
3.单选题The changing image of the family on television provides （） into changing attitudes toward the family in society.问题1选项A.insightsB.presentationsC.revelationsD.specifications【答案】A【解析】insight洞察力, 洞悉, 直觉, 眼光;presentation报告, 赠送;revelation启发, 暴露；specification规格, 说明书。
句意：电视上家庭形象的改变为社会中对家庭态度的改变提供了参考。
选项A符合句意。
4.单选题Charles Weiss, program director of science and international affairs at Georgetown University in Washington D. C., was the bank’s science adviser in the early 1980s. he believes this latest attempt to get the bank thinking about science has more chance of succeeding than his own efforts. This, he says, is partly because they have the support of senior executives, particularly James Wolfensohn, the bank’s president, and partly because the bank is now been to promote knowledge-based development.Unusually for a lending institution, the World Bank possesses world-class expertise on the projects and the regions where it lends money. Of its 8000 staff, 3000 have a PhD-level qualification, and many of these are top-ranked researchers headhunted from universities.The quantity and quality of the bank's research is consistently high.But this more analytical aspect of the bank’s work has always been overshadowed by its lending arm-known as operations—which has generally considered research to be a function of lending, rather than an activity in its own right. In 1987, half of the research staff were sent to work operations.This tension between the research and lending wings remains, and is one of several challenges that will need to be overcome if the new strategy is to bear fruit. In particular, the need for a new department for science is being questioned by some who do not want to see science confined to a ghetto and think it should be part of the lending portfolio of all of the bank's departments.Some operations staff have yet to be convinced of the merits of raising the bank’s research profile or funding research in developing countries. They believe that more attention should be paid to conventional infrastructure needs in poorer countries which, because of low credit ratings, will have little access to private capital.The reaction from developing countries will be an important test of the new strategy. The richer countries of Southeast Asia, Latin America, North Africa and the Middle East are likely to be more receptive than poorer countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the bank is not popular, and where almost 50 per cent of bank-assisted projects have failed during this decade.1.Which of the following is True according to Paragraph 1?2.We can infer from the passage that( ).3.One of the challenges for raising the hank’s research profile lies in ( ) .4.The word “infrastructure” (Paragraph 5) most probably refers to ( ) .5.The best title of the passage may be( ) .问题1选项A.The World Bank used to attach importance to research in the early 1980s.B.The bank’s senior executives are in favor of Charles Weiss’s promotion.C.The bank is now keen to establish a new department for science.D.James Wolfensohn is thinking about utilizing the bank’s research resources.问题2选项A.top-ranked researchers were eager to work in operationsB.the lending wing is reluctant to consider research as an independent activityC.the new strategy has had a successful result in some developed countriesD.science has long been overshadowed because the bank’s research work was not efficient问题3选项ck of investment in scienceB.the reaction from senior executivesC.the lending wing’s negative atti tudeD.low credit ratings问题4选项A.the basic facilities, services, and installationsB.the interrelation or arrangement of parts in a complex entityC.an underlying base or foundationD.something constructed问题5选项A.Research Portfolio of the World BankB.A New Strategy of the World BankC.Tension between Two WingsD.Lending Operations in Developing Countries【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段的第二句“he believes this latest attempt to get the bank thinking about science has more chanc e of succeeding than his own efforts.”他相信, 这一使银行思考科学的最新尝试比他自己的努力更有可能成功。
四川大学考博B中国文学典籍真题与答案
四川⼤学考博B中国⽂学典籍真题与答案四川⼤学2005年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试题B考试科⽬：中国⽂学典籍科⽬代码：205选⽤专业：⽂艺学、语⾔学及应⽤语⾔学、汉语⾔⽂字学、中国古代⽂学、中国现当代⽂学、⽐较⽂学与世界⽂学、⽂艺与传媒、⽂化批评、⽂学⼈类学、佛教语⾔⽂学、⼴播影视⽂艺学⼀.填空（每题2分，共10分）1.请写出《尔雅》各篇篇名：。
释诂，释⾔，释训，释亲，释宫，释器，释乐，释天，释地，释丘，释⼭，释⽔，释草，释⽊，释⾍，释鱼，释鸟，释兽，释畜。
2.请写出《⽂⼼雕龙》的⼗篇篇名：。
原道第⼀，征圣第⼆，宗经第三，正纬第四，辨骚第五，明诗第六，乐府第七，诠赋第⼋，颂赞第九，祝盟第⼗，序志第五⼗。
3.请写出《⼗三经》各经经名：。
《易经》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》、《春秋左传》、《春秋公⽺传》、《春秋⾕粱传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》、《孟⼦》⼗三部儒家的经典4.请写出《⼆⼗五史》各史书名：。
⼆⼗五史是中国历代官修的⼆⼗五部纪传体史书的总称。
它包括《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》、《晋书》、《宋书》、《南齐书》、《梁书》、《陈书》、《魏书》、《北齐书》、《周书》、《隋书》、《南史》、《北史》、《旧唐书》、《新唐书》、《旧五代史》、《新五代史》、《宋史》、《辽史》、《⾦史》、《元史》、《明史》、《清史稿》等⼆⼗五部史书。
它上起传说中的黄帝（前2550年），⽌于清朝宣统四年（1912年），⽤本纪、列传、表、志等统⼀的体裁的编写。
⼆⼗五史之中，除第⼀部《史记》是通史之外，其余皆为断代史。
5.《庄⼦》共多少篇＿？其中内篇是哪七篇。
33；《庄⼦·内篇·逍遥游第⼀》，《庄⼦·内篇·齐物论第⼆》，《庄⼦·内篇·养⽣主第三》，《庄⼦·内篇·⼈间世第四》，《庄⼦·内篇·德充符第五》，《庄⼦·内篇·⼤宗师第六》，《庄⼦·内篇·应帝王第七》。
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2009年语言学理论一名词解释。
1.配价：“配价”是当今语法理论体系中最重要的问题之一，所谓“价”（valency），是借用化学中的术语，主要考察某一成分有多少个同现成分，亦即某一成分必须有多少个强制性搭配成分。
最早把“价”理论引进语法研究领域的是法国语言学家Lucien Tesnuere，当初是为了研究一个动词能支配多少种不同性质的名词性词语，动词的“价”就就定于动词所支配的不同性质的名词性词语的数目。
配价理论思想认为，动词是一个句子的中心（支配词regissant），它支配着句子中别的成分，而动词本身不受其他任何成分的支配。
只接受动词支配的的有“名词词组”和“副词词组”，其中名词词组形成“行动元(actant)”，副词词组形成“状态元(circonstant)”。
从理论上说，句子中的状态元可以是无限多，但行动元不得超过三个，即主语、宾语1和宾语2。
由此可以将动词分为一价动词、二价动词和三价动词。
动词有配价的问题，后来经过研究，发现形容词和名词等也有配价问题。
我们可以说：利用动词与不同性质的名词之间、形容词与不同性质的名词之间、名词中隐含谓词与不同性质的名词之间的配价关系来研究、解释语法现象，这种研究和分析的手段就称之为“配价分析”。
根据配价分析理论，汉语中的动词可以分为零价动词，表自然现象的词；一价动词，即一般的不及物动词；二价动词，即一般的及物动词；三价动词，即双宾动词。
在中国最早利用配价理论与方法来研究汉语的是朱德熙先生关于“动词语+的”结构的分析。
利用配价理论及方法我们可以对汉语中的一些歧义现象进行分析，也可一解释一些用其他理论不好解释或不能完善解释的语法现象。
关于配价的性质长期以来有几种不同的观点：一是认为配价是建立在句法基础上的语法范畴。
以句法概念来说明“价”，该动词分布性质所要求的必要数量就是它的价数。
二是认为配价是语义平面的概念，提出的谓词的配价是以谓词的意义为基础的，谓词的意义决定了与之同现的必要成分。
三是认为配价是句法语义范畴。
2.构式认知构式语法近年来在国际语言学界渐成气候，是一种较有影响力的理论。
构式语法学家力图运用构式语法来描述和解释所有类型的语言结构,而不是仅仅局限于所谓的“核心语法”中所定义的语言结构。
通过分析和研究非核心结构,人们可以对语言有更深入的了解,因为可以用来解释那些边缘的、非核心结构的理论体系也可以解释那些非边缘的、核心的语言结构。
构式语法将词汇、语法、语义、语用视为一个整体,它认为:语言的功能使语言的形式得以形成或改变,因此对语言的形式研究离不开对意义和功能的审视;形式和意义是密不可分的结合体,任何一种语言形式,只要不能从其组成成分或结构中预测出意义就可以称为构式。
构式语法的基本观点是：假设C 是一个独立的构式，当且仅当 C 是一个形式（Fi）和意义（Si）的对应体，而无论是形式或意义的某些特征，都不能完全从C这个构式的组成成分或另外的先前已有的构式推知。
3．语素化语言是随时发生变化的。
在语言的各个层面，包括语音、词汇、句法等，语言的变化都是无所不在的。
作为语言中最小的有意义的单位，语素不是静止不动的，一种语言的语素系统也总是处于动态变化中。
在汉语中，同样存在着“语素化”这一语素动态形式。
语素化的基本定义是：原本没有意义的音节，或独立运用但不能参与构词的多语素词，现在构词上能以特定的语义与别的语素组合构建新词。
4. 语法化历史语言学中的语法化，主要指词汇性成分发展为语法要素。
类型学意义上的语法化就是将语义或语用的内容固定为形态范畴和句法范畴，成为语法系统的固有要素。
语法化grammaticalization 指的是语法范畴和语法成分产生和形成的过程或现象，最典型的表现是语言中意义实在的词汇或结构式演变成无实在意义、仅表语法功能的语法成分，或者一个较虚的语法成分变成更虚的语法成分。
在现代语言学中，研究这种语法化现象的理论通常被称为“语法化学说”或“语法化理论”。
近年来，国外功能主义的语法研究逐渐和历史语法的研究结合起来，在语法化这个问题上找到了契合点，形成共时研究与历时研究相结合的新趋向，国内也呈现出这种局面。
也就是说，无论国内、国外，语法化问题都是研究的热点之一。
在语法化方面，以下几点已逐渐达成共识：（1）语法化的主体内容是句法化、形态化，由于汉语形态不发达，句法化（尤其是实词虚化）就成了汉语语法化研究的中心内容。
（2 ）语法化大多是有理据的，有动因、有机制，语言的经济性、象似性、明晰性以及说话者的目的、语用推理等，都是影响语法化的重要因素。
（3）语法化是逐渐变化的过程。
（4）语法化是单向性为主的（从实到虚，从比较虚到更虚），但也有少数情况是从更虚到比较虚的，如从“N所＋名”到“N＋所＋名”的过程中，“所”通过重新分析从词缀变成了结构助词。
语用学是研究语言和语境(context)之间的关系,而语用学的一个最狭窄的定义就是:语用学是研究已经语法化了的,即在语言结构中表示出来的那部分语言和语境间的关系。
按照这个定义,语用学研究的就是语用法的语法化，即语言的用法跟语法结构的关系。
从语用学的角度看，语法结构不能脱离语言的功能和用法而独立存在，语法规则要受到语用原则的制约，语用原则对语法结构或者语法现象也有极强的解释力。
从两方面看，一是从语法结构的“共时平面”看，实际同时存在的大量语法结构现象可以用语用原则作出解释。
如“差点考上了”和“差点没考上”，意义不一样，“差点摔倒了”和“差点没摔倒”意思却一样，其实是受到了“心理期待差异”的语用原则的制约，是用语用原则来解释语法结构的差异现象。
二是在语法结构的“历时平面”看，有许多语法结构现象是语句用法最终定型的结果，也就是说一些特定的用法在约定俗成之后“凝固”成了语法结构规则。
比如“在…..下”本来表示一种空间的方位关系，“在树下”、“在窗下”等，后来像“在党的领导下”、“在这种形势下”等也由于某种语用条件逐步进入这种结构框架，这种从具体空间关系到抽象空间关系的扩展演变用“心理意向投射”的语用原则来解释就十分清楚了。
这就是用语用原则来解释某些语法结构的演变现象。
？5. 象似性世界上事物与事物之间往往存在着某种联系，其中很重要的一个联系就是象似性，即两个事物之间，或者某部分外形，或者某种属性，或者某种特点比较相似，或者跟某些事物有某种联系，我们就把这种关系称之为象似性。
语言的象似性（iconicity）可以定义为：语言符号在音、形或结构上与其所指之间存在映照性相似的现象。
这可以分为几个方面来看（1）在语音方面，发音与其所指之间存在很多相似的关系，如世界各语言中的拟声词；（2）在文字方面，书写形式与意义之间有象似性现象，如汉语中的象形、会意字；（3）在结构上，语言结构有某些方面会反映人们所经验的世界结构，直接映照人们的概念结构。
认知语言学还认为，语言的结构特别是语法结构跟人们对客观世界（包括对人自身）的认识有着相当程度的对应或者象似关系，或者说语法结构在很大程度上是人的经验结构的模型。
这种象似性包括两个方面，一个是“成分象似”，即语言结构的单位实际上跟概念结构的单位一一对应。
第二个是“关系象似性”，即语言结构中单位之间的关系跟概念结构单位之间的关系一一对应。
在讨论句法结构中的象似性时，我们常常提到三个主要的子原则：第一，距离象似性原则：概念之间的距离跟句法成分之间的的成分基本一致。
如，可以解释这样的语法现象：可以说“我爸爸”而“我椅子”就不行。
爸爸是不可让予的，而椅子是可以让予的，因此跟定语“我”的关系，前者距离要小于后者，所以“的”就不一定出现。
第二，顺序象似性原则：思维的顺序或者事件发生的顺序与语言单位排列的顺序象似。
如汉语的基本句序是以“主—谓—宾”为主，反映了一种思维上的顺序。
而且汉语的词序和时间的时间顺序之间具有广泛的象似性关系，句法成分的排列顺序映照它们所表达的实际状态或事件发生的先后顺序。
如，“我跳在马背上”和“我在马背上跳”，前者是我先在马背上，然后再跳；后者是我先跳，然后到达马背上。
第三，数量象似性原则：相对来说，比较大的信息，比较重要的信息，以及比较难于预测的信息在句法上就可能采用比较复杂的方式。
反之则采用比较简单的形式，采用比较少的句法成分。
如，汉语中的形容词，当要表示“量”的增加时就采取重叠形式，“漂亮—漂漂亮亮，大方—大大方方”。
6.语义透明度所谓语义透明度，指的是复合词的语义可从其所组成的各个词素的语义推知的程度，其操作性定义为整词与其词素的语义相关程度。
二试论范畴化和典型理论在汉语语法、词汇研究中的运用。
人们把世界上相同的或相似的事物从认知上归纳在一起，并赋予同一语言符号，这就形成了范畴，其过程就称为范畴化。
（认知语言学上的范畴跟传统的范畴理论有着很大的区别。
在传统范畴理论看来，一个范畴中的成员必须满足某个范畴中的所有特征，如果它违反了其中一个或几个特征就被剔出这一范畴成员的地位。
此外，结构主义语义学家认为，确定语义范畴的标准是充分必要的语义特征，即判定一个词是否属于某个语义范畴就是看它是否具备了该语义场的充分必要语义特征。
）而近代哲学家L.Wittenstein经过研究发现了传统范畴理论的不足，并提出了家族相似性理论(Family Resembalance)。
他认为范畴的成员不必具有该范畴的所有属性，而是AB、BC、CD、DE式的家族相似关系，即一个成员与其他成员至少有一个或多个共同属性。
范畴成员的特性不完全一样，他们是靠家族相似性来归属于同一范畴。
而范畴没有固定的明确的边界，是随着社会的发展和人类认知能力的提高而不断形成和变化发展的。
而Labove和Rosch在家族相似理论基础上提出了原型理论（Prototype theory），成为认知语言学范畴理论的核心思想。
（根据原型理论，在同一范畴中，成员的地位是不同的，即成员代表该范畴的程度不一样，有中心的、典型的成员和边缘的、非典型的成员之分。
其中心的典型的成员即是范畴的原型（prototype），而其他成员具有不同程度的典型性（degree of typicality），比如麻雀就比企鹅更属于“鸟”的范畴。
此外，他们认为典型成员和边缘成员只是相似程度的不同，典型成员具备所有或大部分该范畴的特性，而边缘成员只与典型成员具有很少的一部分相似属性。
因此，范畴的边界是模糊的，某甲认知对象可能完全成为一个范畴成员，而某乙对象可能部分划在该范畴之内；其中甲范畴成员和乙范畴成员之间可能存在某点或多点相似，因此，范畴应该是构成一个连续体。
其中，）典型（或原型）范畴理论的基本观点有以下几点：（1）范畴的确定是凭借典型特征，而不是有充分必要条件来建立的；（2）范畴成员有典型和非典型之分，彼此之间有典型程度差异；（3）范畴成员之间存在相似性和共同的特征，且够成一个连续体；（4）范畴的边界是模糊的。