重庆大学考博英语2018与2019年试题

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2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案

2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。

重庆大学2019年10月网上考试《大学英语(3)》B卷答案

5The word "embrace" in the first sentence is closest in meaning to__C__.
A.make use of
B.take someone into one's arms
B.that
C.so that
D.in order to
答:A
6.[单选题]She told me two stories, but ________ of them was interesting.
A.either
B.both
C.neither
D.none
答:
7.[单选题]A: I enjoyed our conversation last week. B: ______.
D.covered
答:D
14.[单选题]Women workers wear hats ( ) their hair gets caught in the machinery.
A.before
B.in that
C.not that
D.in case
答:B
15.[单选题]I want to request you to form a ( ) of advice for the Sunday School.
A.did too.
B.Nice to see you again.
C.Well, I am fine.
D.That＇s a good idea.
答:B
8.[单选题]— Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. — ________.
A.I don’t

重庆大学城第一中学校2018-2019学年高一下学期期中考试英语试题(附答案)

重庆大一中18-19学年下期高2021届半期测试试题英语考试时间：120分钟满分：150分第I卷（共100分）第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后,你有10秒钟来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. How often does the garbage truck come?A. Every day.B. Once a week.C. Every two weeks.2. Who is the man?A. The woman's boss.B. The woman's employee.C. The woman's customer.3. How might the woman's life be descried?A. Relaxing.B. Boring.C. Busy.4. How does the woman feel about sports?A. She enjoys watching sports.B. She's not very interested in them.C. She is tired of China's and America's winning.5. Why did the man want to talk to Julie?A. She didn't take his side.B. She always complains about her job.C. She's had problems with customers.第二节听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

重庆大学考博英语

2011 年 GMAT 考试阅读材料 5(附答案) How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies. Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems. 1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage? (A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering (B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty (C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment (D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures (E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities 2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1 -2 to refer to which of the following? (A) The overall causes of poverty (B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force (C) Trade relationships among producers of goods (D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income (E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor 3. The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that (A) more people were unemployed in the 1930’s (B) unemployment now has less severe effects (C) social programs are more needed now (D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty (E) poverty has increased since the 1930’s 4. Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author? (A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment. (B) A compromise should be found between the positions of thosewho view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view. (C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering. (D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure. (E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies. 5. The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that (A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force (B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness (C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers (D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship (E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures 6. The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by (A) the employed poor (B) dependent children in single-earner families (C) workers who become disabled (D) retired workers (E) full-time workers who become unemployed 7. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the (A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers (B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker (C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics (E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed 8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that (A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long (B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages (C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work (D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed (E) many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed workers 9. Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market? (A) A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant. (B) For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living. (C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment. (D) The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market. (E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs. 参考答案：EDBC BADEAModern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independent producers.Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development. Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development. Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics. A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate. However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business. Answers to Sample GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions9. According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT: (A) improvement in the management of overhead expenses (B) enhancement of profit margins on sales of components (C) simplification of purchasing and marketing operations (D) reliability of a source of necessary components (E) elimination of unnecessary research efforts 10. According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important component of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same component may (A) withhold technological innovations from the assembler (B) experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products (C) lower their prices to protect themselves from competition (D) suffer finanical difficluties and go out of business (E) stop developing new versions of the component 11. Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage? (A) The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented. (B) A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage. (C) Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragrap. (D) Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic. (E) A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs. 12. According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits and investments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced components? (A) Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are lowl. (B) Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high. (C) Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high. (D) Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low. (E) Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.9. This question asks you to identify which one of the five answer choices is NOT mentioned in the passage as a benefit associated with backward integration. The best answer is B. The passage does not indicate how backward integration affects the profit margins on sales of components by independent suppliers. Choices A, C, and E are mentioned in the passage as a benefit of backward integration. Choice D is incorrect because the passage indicates that backward integration is a way of having a reliable source of necessary components. 10. This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about independent suppliers of product components. Choice A is the best answer. The passage asserts that independent supplies making the same components as assemblers may not share technological innovations with assemblers. Choices B, C, D, and E can be eliminated because there is no indication in the passage as assemblers experience improved profit margins, lower their prices, suffer financial difficulties, or stop developing new versions of the component. 11. This question asks you to choose the statement that best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage. The best answer is B. At the end of the third paragraph, the author indicates that assemblers benefit from contracting with, rather than owning, independent suppliers. In the last paragraph, however, the author indicates that contracting with independent suppliers can itself present problems. Thus the last paragraph qualifies the viewpoint presented at the end of the third paragraph. Choice A is not the correct answer because the passage makes several points about backward integration, but does not present a central argument about this topic. Choice C is not the correct answer because the final paragraph qualifies rather than supports an argument made in the third paragraph about contracting with independent suppliers. Choices D and E areincorrect because the final paragraph does not identify questions or present a specific example. 12. This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about the relationship between profits and investments for producers of technologically advanced components. The best answer is D. The passage indicates that the high investments required to develop technologically advanced components. Choice A is incorrect because the passage indicates that large, not modest, investments in research and development are required. Choices B and C are incorrect because the passage indicates that profit margins for producers of technologically advanced components are low, not high as these answer choice assert. Choice E is incorrect: although the author claims that long-term contracts with suppliers are beneficial to assemblers, the passage does not indicate that long-term contracts with purchasers lead to high profits for producers of technologically advanced components.READIN GTEST 4 PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages. Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face. How can it be prevented? Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education. Here he reports on his findings. A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal - being taunted or called hurtful names - to the physical - being kicked or shoved - as well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups. A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant. B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed. In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare. Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties withinterpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. ‘There is no bullying at this school' has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue. Fortunately more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.' D Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain. For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year. In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993. Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something. This comes from carefully conducted ‘before and after' evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team. In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying. E Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed. The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of time - not just imposed from the head teacher's office! Pupils, parents and staff should feel they have been involved in the policy, which needs to be disseminated and implemented effectively. Other actions can be taken to back up the policy. There are ways of dealing with the topic through the curriculum, using video, drama and literature. These are useful for raising awareness, and can best be tied in to early phases of development, while the school is starting to discuss the issue of bullying. They are also useful in renewing the policy for new pupils, or revising it in the light of experience. But curriculum work alone may only have short-term effects; it should be an addition to policy work, not a substitute. There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile, and certain approaches to group bullying such as ‘no blame', can be useful in changing the behaviour of bullying pupils without confronting them directly, although other sanctions may be needed for those who continue with persistent bullying.Work in the playground is important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up conflicts. Another possibility is to improve the playground environment, so that pupils are less likely to be led into bullying from boredom or frustration. F With these developments, schools can expect that at least the most serious kinds of bullying can largely be prevented. The more effort put in and the wider the whole school involvement, the more substantial the results are likely to be. The reduction in bullying - and the consequent improvement in pupil happiness - is surely a worthwhile objective. Questions 27-30 Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i The role of video violence ii The failure of government policy iii Reasons for the increased rate of bullying iv Research into how common bullying is in British schools v The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullying vi The effect of bullying on the children involved vii Developments that have led to a new approach by schools 27 Section A 28 Section B 29 Section C 30 Section DQuestions 31-34 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet. 31 A recent survey found that in British secondary schools A there was more bullying than had previously been the case. B there was less bullying than in primary schools.C cases of persistent bullying were very common.D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.32 Children who are bulliedA are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.B find it more difficult to relate to adults.C are less likely to be violent in later life.D may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.33 The writer thinks that the declaration ‘Th ere is no bullying at this school'A is no longer true in many schools.B was not in fact made by many schools.C reflected the school's lack of concern.D reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.34 What were the findings of research carried out in Norway?A Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying campaign.B Twenty-one schools reduced bullying as a result of an anti-bullying campaign.C Two years is the optimum length for an anti-bullying campaign.D Bullying is a less serious problem in Norway than in the UK.Questions 35-39Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.What steps should schools take to reduce bullying?The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a 35..... which makes the school's attitude towards bullying quite clear. It should include detailed 36.....as to how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.In addition, action can be taken through the 37.....This is particularly useful in the early part of the process, as a way of raising awareness and encouraging discussion. On its own, however, it is insufficient to bring about a permanent solution.Effective work can also be done with individual pupils and small groups. For example, potential 38.....of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident. Or again, in dealing with group bullying, a ‘no blame' approach, which avoids confronting the offender too directly, is often effective.Playground supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognise the difference between bullying and mere 39...... .Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?A Bullying: what parents can doB Bullying: are the media to blame?C Bullying: the link with academic failureD Bullying: from crisis management to preventionAnswers27 iv28 vi29 v30 vii31 B32 D33 D34 A35 policy36 (explicit) guidelines37 (school) curriculum38 victims 39 playful fighting40 D。

重庆大学硕士研究生(英语)课程试卷研究生B类

重庆大学全日制专业硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷(B 类)2015~2016 学年第二学期（春）开课学院：外国语学院课程编号：G0401A考试日期： 2016.06.19考试方式：开卷闭卷其他考试时间： 120 分钟硕士生B 类答题纸英语班次：_______________ Answer SheetPart I Reading Comprehension ( 40 points, each item 2points)Passage One 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( )Passage Two 6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 10. ( )Passage Three 11. ( ) 12. ( ) 13. ( ) 14. ( ) 15. ( )Passage Four 16. ( ) 17. ( ) 18. ( ) 19. ( ) 20. ( )Part II Translation from English to Chinese ( 20 points)Part III Translation from Chinese to English ( 20 points )Part IV Writing ( 20 points)(Please write your composition on the reverse side. 请写在背面)命题（组题）人：审题人：命题时间：2016.06研究生院制学院专业（领域）类别（学术、专业）学号姓名封线密重庆大学硕士研究生《英语》课程试卷2015～2016 学年第二学期硕士生B类The Final Written Examination for Postgraduates(Level B)Part I Reading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage OneAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don't act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It's not taboo to talk about fat; it's taboo to be fat. The "in" look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S. , thin is "in", fat is "out".It's not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and "in shape". The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America's obsession with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people's bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising every day. 1. From the passage we can infer taboo is ______.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terribleB. a crime committed on impulseC. behavior considered unacceptable in society's eyesD. an unfavorable impression left on other people2. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude "being fat"_______.A. will always remain a tabooB. is not considered a taboo by most peopleC. has long been a tabooD. may no longer be a taboo some day3. The topic of fat is _______ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than4. In the U. S., thin is "in", fat is "out", this means _______.A. thin is "inside", fat is "outside"B. thin is "diligent", fat is "lazy"C. thin is "youthful", fat is "spiritless"D. thin is "fashionable", fat is "unfashionable"5. The main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is _______.A. their changed life-styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companiesPassage TwoOpinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and someof the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change.The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Employment became widespread in the 17th and 18th centuries.B. Unemployment will remain a major problem for industrialized nations.C. The industrial age may now be coming to an end.D. Some efforts and resources should be devoted to helping more people cope with theproblem of unemployment.7. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to the spread of employment?A. The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries.B. The development of factories.C. Relief from housework on the part of women.D. Development of modern means of transportation.8. It can be inferred from the passage that____.A. most people who have been polled believe that the problem of unemployment maynot be solved within a short period of timeB. many farmers lost their land when new railways and factories were being constructedC. in preindustrial societies housework and community service were mainly carried outby womenD. some of the changes in work pattern that the industrial age brought have beenreversed9. What does the word “daunting” in the third paragraph mean?A. ShockingB. InterestingC. ConfusingD. Stimulating10. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a possible means to cope with the currentsituation?A. Create situations in which people work for themselves.B. Treat employment as the norm.C. Endeavor to revive the household and the neighborhood as centers of production.D. Encourage people to work in circumstances other than normal working conditions. Passage ThreeNo one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstances. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole.The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales person would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. The entire information and entertainment industry would collapse.11.The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to __________ .A. plead for the abolition of uniformsB. show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic societyC. advocate stronger government controls on the wearing of uniformsD. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages12.Why does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car or eat the same food?A. To show that freedom of choice is absolute.B. To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives of individual.C. To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.D. To predict the way the society will be in the next few generations.13.Which of the following statements is the opinion of those who support uniforms?A. The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.B. Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger concept.C. Uniforms will hurt the entire information and entertainment industry.D. Envy and competition are incentive to improve one’s life.14.The word “superfluous” (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means __________ .A. surplusB. indispensableC. availableD. supplementary15.The next paragraph in this passage might discuss __________ .A. the positive effects of wearing uniformsB. more negative effects of wearing uniformsC. an alternative to wearing uniformsD. The legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniformsPassage FourWhy the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher no less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.16. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage isA. Philosophy of mathematics.B. The Recent Growth in Science.C. The Verification of Facts.D. Methods of Scientific Inquiry.17. According to the author, one possible reason for the growth of science during the days ofthe ancient Greeks and in modern times is_________________.A. the similarity between the two periodsB. that it was an act of GodC. that both tried to develop the inductive methodD. due to the decline of the deductive method18. The difference between “fact” and “theory”A. is that the latter needs confirmation.B. rests on the simplicity of the former.C. is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.D. helps us to understand the deductive method.19. According to the author, mathematics is __________________.A. an inductive scienceB. in need of simple verificationC. a deductive scienceD. based on fact and theory20. The statement “Theories are facts” may be called_______________.A. a metaphorB. a paradoxC. an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methodsD. a punPart II Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your answer sheet.Why is cross-cultural knowledge and understanding so important? The American statesman and inventor Benjamin Franklin wrote that time is money. Globe-trotting businesspeople would add that being aware of cultural differences and sensitivities is money, too. Failing to grasp the subtleties that lie beyond such public cultural displays like greeting rituals and seating arrangements can make the difference between a truly successful international business transaction and one that fails to connect. Culture affects the most basic forms of personal and business interaction from decision making to management style. National culture, in turn, determines corporate culture, affecting a firm’s internal structure, its marketing behavior and its view of foreign business partners and contracts. The business world is littered with “international” projects that failed to overcome cultural barriers. If you have doubts that cultural insensitivity can translate into business problems on a megascale. Part III Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your answer sheet.掌握英语不仅可以改进你的思维方式，它还给你信心，令你自信，带给你鲜明的个性，使你更受欢迎。

《大学英语》2018-2019学年第二学期期末试卷

吉林大学《大学英语》2018-2019学年第二学期期末试卷第一部分：英语知识运用（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）此部分共有10个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请你从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。

示例〔A〕〔B〕〔C〕〔D〕1.—I haven’t seen Billy for10years.—____________A.Either have I.B.So have I.C.Haven’t I.D.Neither have I.2.—What would you like,tea or coffee?—____________A.Yes,I would.B.Coffee,please.C.Yes,please.D.It’very nice.3.—Do you know who telephoned me?—____________A.I heard it was Sally.B.Yes,I remember it now.C.No,I didn’t phone you.D.Yes,I know you well.4.—Excuse me,how far is the airport from here?—____________A.You can take a taxi.B.It’s about thirty miles.C.I’ll fly to Sydney.D.It’s only six hundred dollars.5.—I’ve got two tickets for the match.Shall we go and watch it together?—____________A.The tickets must be expensive.B.The match must be exciting.C.Why not?Let’s go.D.The place is too far away.6.—Could I borrow your CD of English songs?—______________A.No,I am not available.B.I’m sorry.It’s not at hand now.C.It’s very kind of you.D.Thank you very much.7.—Hello,Sally.How’s everything?—_____________A.Good for you.B.Oh,I agree.C.That’s right.D.Just so-so.8.—Waiter!—____________—I can’t eat this.It’s too salty.A.Yes,sir?B.What?C.All right?D.Pardon?9.—I’ll be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my cat?—Not at all.____________A.I’ve no time.B.I’d rather not.C.I’d like it.D.I’d be happy to.10.—I’m taking my driving test tomorrow.—____________A.Cheers!B.Congratulations!e on!D.Good luck!第二部分：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）此部分共有4篇短文，每篇短文后有5个问题，每个问题后有4个选项，请你从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。

【精品】重庆市近两年(2018,2019)高考英语试卷以及答案(word解析版)

绝密★启用前重庆市2018年高考英语试卷注意事项：1、答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2、回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

写在本试卷上无效。

3、考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A.¥19.15B. ¥9.18C. ¥9.15答案是C.1.What does John find difficult in Iearning German?A.PronunciationB.VocabularyC.Grammar2.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A.ColleaguesB.Brother and sisterC.Teacher and student3.Where does the conversation probably take place?A.In a bankB. At a ticket officeC.On a train4.What are the speakers talking about?A.A restaurantB.A streetC.A dish5.What does the woman think of her interview?A.It was toughB.It was interestingC.It was successful第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A，B，C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

2019年西南大学考博英语真题(回忆版)

2019年西南大学考博英语真题回忆Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers – using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the object that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by the large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be valves be replaced? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historical American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isomeric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.26. In the text, the author is primarily concerned with ()A) identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologistB) stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design.C) proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in engineering design.D) contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists.27.It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are ()A) strengthened when they include courses in design.B) weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to developmathematical skills.C)strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasize by most of the courses.D)strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control system.28.which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of the first two paragraphs of the text?()A) When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it.B) Each component of an automobile – for example, the engine or the fuel tank – has a shape that has been scientifically de termined to be best suited to that component’s function.C) A telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought.D) The distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designer’s conceptualization as well as the physical requirements of its site.29.Which of the following statements would best serve as an introduction to the text?()A) The assumption that the knowledge incorporated in technological developments must be derived from science ignore the many nonscientific decisions made by technologists.B) Analytical thought is no longer a vital component in the success of technological development.C) As knowledge of technology has increased, the tendency has been to lose sight of the important role played by scientific thought in making decisions about form, arrangement, and texture.D)A movement in engineering colleges toward a technician’s degree reflects a demand for graduates who have the nonverbal reasoning ability that was once common among engineers.30.The author calls the predicament faced by the Historic American Engineering Record paradoxical (line 6, paragraph 3) most probably because ()A) the publication needed drawings that its own staff could makeB) architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their studentC) college students were qualified to make the drawings while practicing engineers were not.D) engineering students were not trained to make the type of drawings needed to record thedevelopment of their own disciplineThe remarkable progress of science and technology in the 20st century has brought enormous benefits to humankind. Long and healthy lives, economic prosperity and a pleasant and convenient living environment have resulted from technological progress based on advances in scientific knowledge. This progress will continue or may even accelerate in the future, because both the number of scientists and their activities are expanding throughout the world. We may expect, therefore, that science and technology will continue to contribute to the development of human society.At the same time, rapid scientific advances may raise some difficult problems. First of all, the disparity in scientific knowledge between those in scientific and technical professions and those in other areas will continuously expand. This may create a communications gap between the two groups that could affect obtaining public consent on important issues, such as the use of genetically engineered plants or human embryonic stem cells. Secondly, the 21st century will be characterized by a knowledge-based society and a knowledge of science will be required for many professions. Those who lack scientific knowledge will have fewer opportunities for good jobs. Thirdly, the enormous increase in scientific information will become a burden for children who must study science. Already young people seem to be losing interest in science, and this trend may increase in the future. Over the past several years, enrollment in high-school physics courses in Japan has been decreasing, which suggests that many young people are losing interest in physics or avoiding subjects that require diligent study. Finally, scientific research in the next century will require increasing levels of public investment because sophisticated research is usually expensive. If the public loses interest in, science or does not understand the importance of research, it will become difficult for scientists to obtain sufficient financial support.Because of these considerations, I think that we need to carefully review present science education at different levels and to improve it in order to meet the expected rapid progress of science in the 21st century. At the level of primary education, the’ most important task is to stimul ate children’s interest in nature. Naive surprise at the wonders of nature will hopefully lead to a later interest in science. During their secondary education, students must learn logic and the principles of natural phenomena. They will gradually separate into groups of those who like and those who dislike science. It will be difficult to provide the latter students with the scientific basics that would be useful throughout their lives. This is also the case in university education.It is becoming a goal of general university education to give students who are not majoring in natural science and engineering some level of scientific literacy. In the future, all citizens, especially those expected to lead diverse areas of society should have a sound basis for understanding the progress of science. Because the pace of progress will accelerate further, continuing science education for the public is also of great importance.1.The first paragraph aims at _____A.Overstating the importance of science and technology.B.Highlighting the crucial role scientists play in the development of science and technology.C.Introducing the problems brought about by rapid scientific advances whiles stating theenormous benefits brought about by the progress of science and technology.D.Predicting the trend of the development of science and technology.2.According to the text, that young people seem to be losing interest in science_____.A.Causes the lack of scientists throughout the world in future.B.Is mainly due to the explosion of scientific information.C.Hinders the development of human society.D.Increases the communications gap between young people and scientists.3.The second paragraph is to denote_____A.The gap between scientific and technical professional and non-professionals.B.The difficulties faced by young people in finding jobs.C.The difficulties problems raised by rapid scientific advances.D.Scientific research in the 21th century.4.To which of the following statements is the author most unlikely to agree?A.It is a sheer waste of time and money to force those who dislike science to learn science.B.Stimulating children’s interest in nature is the top priority for primary and secondaryschool authorities.C.Secondary school students should learn logic and the principles of natural phenomena.D. A knowledge of science will be required for many professional in the 21st century5.The best title for this text might be_____A.Science education for the publicB.Science and technology in the 21st centuryC.Scientific advance and ensuing problemsD.The goal of primary, second and higher education还有一篇阅读是讲迈克杰克逊的歌曲，专辑。

2018年西南大学考博英语回忆

西南大学2018年攻读博士学位英语考试题（回忆版）单选：15个阅读：4篇翻译：（英泽汉，汉译英）作文：30分考试科目：英语考试科目代码：1001考试时间：2018年3月31日8:30-11:30一、翻译1.英译汉：（大意）原文考生已经尽力回忆了，因为难度较大，希望您以汉语版为准。

Once a long time ago, there was a very wise king. One day, the king suddenly called his subjects and said, "you go to the people who have been blind in the country, and come to the palace." So the courtiers were ordered to search everywhere in the country. After a few days, the courtiers came back with the blind men they had found. The mirror king is pleased to say: "good, you go to hold an elephant, go to the blind!" Many subjects heard the news very strangely. They didn't know what the king was going to do today. So everyone rushed to visit it. The blind have never seen an elephant before, but do not know what the elephant lookslike. They decide to touch the elephant. The first person touched his nose. He said, "elephant is like a curved tube." The second man touched his tail. He said, "elephant is like a thin stick." Third people touched the body. He said, "elephant is like a wall." The fourth man touched his leg. He said, "the elephant is like a thick column." Four blind people, you argue for me, think you are right, no one will obey anyone.The fable meaning of a blind man: to see things to be comprehensive, as a whole, not to be separated. It is important to firmly believe in their views and to adhere to their views, and to learn to listen to others' views and to make things more comprehensive and more accurate. In addition, the story also tells us to learn to cooperate with each other and share experience.答案为：在久远年代以前，有一个很有智慧的国王，有一天，国王突然召集他的臣子说：“你们去把国境内所有生下来就瞎了眼睛的人，都找到宫里来吧！”于是这些臣子们便奉命分头在国内遍处找寻，隔了不多几天，臣子们都带着寻找到的瞎子回来了。

2019年西南大学博士研究生入学考试《英语》试题及答案详解

西南大学博士研究生入学考试《英语》试题及答案详解Part Two: Structure and Written Expression20Directions: In each question decide which of four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.21.The nuclear family __________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that elderly Americans are________ by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation ________ the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24.In the past 50 years, there ________ a great increase in the amount of research _____on the human brain.A. was…didB. has been…to be doneC. was…doingD. has been…done25.“I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like _____ .”“We told you not to eat at a restaurant. You’d better _______ at home when you are not in the shape.”A. to throw up…to eatB. throwing up…eatingC. to throw up…eatD. throwing up…eat26. Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably _______ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27. According to psychoanalysis, a person’s attention is attracted ________ by the intensity of different signals ________ by their context, significance, and information content.A. not less than…asB. as…just asC. so much…asD. not so much…as28.They moved to Portland in1998 and lived in a big house, _______ to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. its windows openedD. the windows of which opening29.The lady who has_______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to be a distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put him in30.By standers,_______,_________ as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered with dust, looking dazed31. Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insistedyesterday, as the US________ closed for an apparent security review.A. ConsulationB. ConstitutionC. ConsulateD. Consular32. American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game ______the legendary O’Neal,who ______ the “Great Wall”at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers.-A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33. Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _________ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34. She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house. “I actually think there’s something about the______ of paper that feels more comforting.” She said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35.“They said what we always knew,”said an administration source,___________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC. who asked not be namedD. who asked not named36.In Germany, the industrial giants Daimler Chrysler and Siemens recently_______ their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37. He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has left the country_______.A. energizedB. EnervatedC. NervedD. enacted38. The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he is a terrorist_______.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC. pure and simpleD. as pure and simple39. This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and to a rapid and terrible ________ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40._______ a declining birthrate, there will be an over-supply of 27,000 primary school places by 2010, _______ leaving 35 school sidle.B. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading Comprehension 10Passage One The HeroMy mother’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had hadany training, but who had never the less all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted, “It’s the armistice. The war is over.” For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41. Where was the narrator’s family when this story took place?A. In Germany.B. In Hungary.C. In the United StatesD. In New York.42.His grandfather ____________.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home43. His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC. it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime44. The narrator’s mother wanted her brother to go to fight in the war, because________.A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was very patrioticB. she hated the war and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be like themD. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoWaking Up from the American DreamsThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of “Wal-Martizatio n”of America, which refers to the attempt of America’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumerprices, they’re costly in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontract or sand temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India.The result has been an erosion of one of America’s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their life times. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middleclass as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decried schools’in adequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB. Americans can always move up the pay ladderC. American young people can have access to college, even they are poorD. the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs46. Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to___________.A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home and abroadC. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD. dismantle the career ladder and stop people’s mobility upward47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?A. Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it’s difficult to change the present situation.Passage Three Seniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioningtheir own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And they are willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developer shavebroken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburban retirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer, Fran Mc Carthy asks: “Who ever thought that suburban flight would be roundtrip?”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging--- social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.48. Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.A. they find there are too many crimes in the suburbsB. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climbC. they are no longer interested in playing golfD. in the city, they have more social and cultural life against loneliness49. From the passage we can infer that_________.A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of construction with senior retireesB. a life in the downtown city is expensive, and most of those retirees who moved back into the city are very well-offC. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less beautifulD. very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis50. Fran Mc Carthy’s question means: nobody ever thought that__________.A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take roundtripC. suburban flight years ago would go in circlesD. senior people’s moving back into the city would take place all over the United StatesDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET(2)15(51) Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says.There searchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine the patient’s emotional state just before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results with a control groupof uninjured people.(52)Despite widespread belief in “road rage,”anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53)Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries–those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or traffic accidents–also showed strong associations with anger.(54)The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(55)Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury,”said the study’s lead author.Part Four: Cloze Test10Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET (2).Last year French drivers killed(56)_______ than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades. Credit goes largely(57)________ the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation’s high ways since 2003, which experts reckon(58)_______ 3,000 lives last year. Success, of course breeds success: the government plans to install500(59)______radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses(60)_______ the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But last year’s London bombing, in which video cameras(61)________a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spuraseachange. A month(62)_______ the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for “anti-terror”(63)______.In a British poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were(64)_______ to give up some civil liberty to improve(65)________.Part Five: Proof reading 10Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash(/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash(/). Put your answer on ANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(66) begunbeganeg.2(67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country.(67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68)But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, oncea major component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.(70)Canny college officials,in turn, have found a tactical way to response.(71) Using broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages for entire senior class, they essentially recreate an applicant’s class rank.(72)The process has left them exasperating.(73)“If we’re looking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that they are among the best in their school, with a rank we don’t necessarily know that,”said Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financialaid at Swarthmore College.(74)Admissions directors say strategy can backfire.When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation, (75) many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do: give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six: Writing15Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. Write it neatly on ANSWERSHEET(2).Recently, a newspaper carried an article entitled: “We Should No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics”. The article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people in the People’s Congress or the People’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. What do you think?56. fewer 57. to 58. saved 59. more 60. as 61. played 62. after 63. purposes 64. ready/ willing 65. security北京大学2006年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5 BCAAD 6-10 BADCA11-15 CBADA 16-20 BDCBＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomnia Structureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd 26-30adaab 31-35cdbab 36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda 46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.According to new research, getting angry adds to the chances of getting physically hurt, particularly for male.52.even people generally believe that people easily get angry when driving on the road, but anger didn’t have much/anything to do with injuries from traffic accidents,/ but not many injuries from traffic accidents are the results of anger on the road.53.It is not at all surprising that anger is a very important reason for people who intentionally hurt themselves.54.We see this strong link between anger and injury more in men than in women, but different races of people did not show much variation.55. People do not know yet why anger is associated with injury. Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To 58.Saved 59.More 60.As 61.Played 62.After63.Purposes 64.Ready 65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high67.Pore-poreover68.Anything-something69.Better-good70.Response-respond71.Forentire-foranentire72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS73.With-without 74.Strategy-thestrategy 75.And-butWriting:(15points)。

2018年重庆英语专升本真题及答案浙江

2018年重庆英语专升本真题及答案浙江1、--Do you have a _______?--Yes, I _______ at a clothes store. [单选题] *A. work; workB. work; jobC. job; jobD. job; work(正确答案)2、Will you be able to finish your homework _______? [单选题] *A. by the timeB. in time(正确答案)C. once upon a timeD. out of time3、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)4、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out5、I _______ play the game well. [单选题] *A. mustB. can(正确答案)C. wouldD. will6、I’m sorry there are ______ apples in the fridge. You must go and buy some right now.（）[单选题] *A. a littleB. littleC. a fewD. few(正确答案)7、How beautiful the flowers are! Let’s take some _______. [单选题] *A. photos(正确答案)B. potatoesC. paintingsD. tomatoes8、82．—Is there a bookshop near here?—Yes. Walk ________ the road for five minutes and you'll see one near a big tree. [单选题] *A．toB．along(正确答案)C．ofD．about9、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] *A．two hundred ofB．two hundreds ofC．two hundredsD．two hundred (正确答案)10、—Are these your sheep? [单选题] *A）on grass at the foot of the hill.(正确答案)B. feedC.is fedD. is feeding11、Now people can _______ with their friends far away by e-mail, cellphone or letter. [单选题] *A. keep onB. keep in touch(正确答案)C. keep upD. keep off12、（)late for the meeting again, Jack! 一Sorry, I won t. [单选题] *A.Don’tB. Be notC.Don't be(正确答案)D.Not be13、The bookshop is far away. You’d better _______. [单选题] *A. by the busB. by busC. take busD. take?the bus(正确答案)14、There is something wrong with my teeth. I’ve had?a _______. [单选题] *A. toothache(正确答案)B. headacheC. stomachacheD. heartache15、36．The students will go to the Summer Palace if it __________ tomorrow. [单选题] * A．won’t rainB．isn’t rainingC．doesn’t rain (正确答案)D．isn’t rain16、_____, Martin can reach the branch of that tall tree at the gate. [单选题] *A. As a short manB. Being shortC. As he is shortD. Short as he is(正确答案)17、( ) ----Would you like___ tea? ----No, thanks. I have drunk two____. [单选题] *A. any, bottles of orangeB. some, bottles of orange(正确答案)C. many, bottles of orangesD. few, bottle of oranges18、When you’ve finished with that book, don’t forget to put it back one the shelf, ____? [单选题] *A. do youB. don’t youC. will you(正确答案)D. won’t you19、This seat is vacant and you can take it. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 没人的(正确答案)C. 舒适的D. 前排的20、We will _______ Mary this Sunday. [单选题] *A. call on(正确答案)B. go onC. keep onD. carry on21、31．A key ring is used __________ holding the keys. [单选题] *A．toB．inC．for (正确答案)D．with22、The idea of working abroad really（）me. [单选题] *appeals to (正确答案)B. attaches toC. adapts toD. gets across23、68．—How ________ apples do you want?—I want two kilos. How ________ are they?—They are 5 yuan. [单选题] *A．much; manyB．many; much(正确答案)C．many; manyD．much; much24、I will _______ from Hunan University next year. [单选题] *A. learnB. studyC. graduate(正确答案)D. come25、Do not _______ me to help you unless you work harder. [单选题] *A. expect(正确答案)B. hopeC. dependD. think26、By the end of this month, all this _____. [单选题] *A. is changedB．will changeC. will have changed(正确答案)D. has changed27、--_______ does Ben go to school?--By bus. [单选题] *A. How(正确答案)B. WhatC. WhereD. Why28、We _______ play basketball after school. [单选题] *A. were used toB. used to(正确答案)C. use toD. are used to29、Hurry up,?or we’ll _______ class. [单选题] *A. be late for(正确答案)B. late forC. late withD. be late with30、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)。

2018年大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)B类决赛真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2018年大学生英语竞赛（NECCS）B类决赛真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comperhension 2. Multiple Choice 3. Cloze 4. Reading Comperhension 5. Translation 6. IQ Test 7. Writing 8. Error CorrectionPart I Listening ComperhensionSection A听力原文：W: Excuse me, what are you reading in the newspaper?M: I’m reading a piece of information about house agents. I’ve been looking for a house for along time. But until now, I still can’t find the proper house I want. Question: What is the man’s problem?1．A．He can’t find a good travel agent.B．He hasn’t found a suitable house.C．He has lost an important paper.D．He has been out of a job for a long time.正确答案：B解析：对话中男士提到他已经找房子找了很长时间一直没有找到合适的。

说明男士的问题是找不到合适的房子。

听力原文：M: As you said, the Alexandria Library must be a great institution. Only important people can have access to it, is that right? W: Of course not. The Library is open to those who have spare time to read and who wish to learn. The books are very precious. All the books are original and don’t have copies. So people can only read them in the library. M: Oh, I see. Question: What’s special about the Alexandria Library?2．A．It is open to researchers only.B．The books are all very old.C．No one can lend books from it.D．It is open round the clock.正确答案：C解析：对话中女士提到“So people can only read them in the library．”，说明人们只能在馆内读书，而不能借阅。

《2018年高考真题解析版—英语(重庆卷)解析版》

绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试<重庆卷）注意事项：1.答题前，务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡规定的位置上。

2.答选择题时，必须用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案的标号。

5PCzVD7HxA3.答非选择题时，必须使用0.5毫M的黑色墨水签字笔，将答案书写在答题卡规定的位置上。

4.所有题目必须在答题卡上作答，在试卷卷上答题无效。

5.考试结束后，将试卷卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、听力<共两节，满分35分）做题时，请先将答案划在试卷卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷卷上的答案转涂或转填到答题卡上。

jLBHrnAILg第一节<共5小题；每小题1. 5分，满分7. 5分）请听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

xHAQX74J0X 例：How much is the shirt？A. ￡19. 15. B ￡9. 15. C. ￡9. 18.答案是B。

1.Who is the woman?A. MaryB.Marry’ssisterC. Mary’s friend2. How much are the potatoes?A. 6 cents a poundB. 16 cents apound C. 60 cents a pound3. Where does the conversation most probably take place?LDAYtRyKfEA. In a restaurantB. On a farmC. At home4. What does the woman ask the man to do?A. Have his hair cut.B. Go to thelibrary.C. Buy some food.5. What is the conversation mainly about?A. Vacation plan.B.Summer trip.C. Part-time job.第二节<共12小题；每小题1. 5分，满分18分）请听下面4段对话或独白。

2018至2021年重庆大学英语期末考试试卷

2018至2021年重庆大学英语期末考试试卷1、You should _______ your card. [单选题] *A. drawB. depositC. investD. insert(正确答案)2、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all3、She _______ love cats, but one attacked her and she doesn’t like them anymore. [单选题]*A. got used toB. was used toC. was used forD. used to(正确答案)4、We will _______ Mary this Sunday. [单选题] *A. call on(正确答案)B. go onC. keep onD. carry on5、They lost their way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was night began to fall. [单选题] *A. thatB. itC. what(正确答案)D. which6、13．________ it rains heavily outside, Lily wants to meet her children at once. [单选题]*A．IfB．Although (正确答案)C．WhenD．Because.7、15．This kind of bread is terrible. I do not want to eat it ________. [单选题] *A．any more(正确答案)B．some moreC．no longerD．some longer8、Nobody noticed the thief slip into the shop, because the lights happened to _______. [单选题] *A. put outB. turn outC. give outD. go out(正确答案)9、( )He gave us____ on how to keep fit. [单选题] *A. some advicesB. some advice(正确答案)C. an adviceD. a advice10、This is not our house. lt belongs to _____. [单选题] *A. the Turners'B. the Turners(正确答案)C. Turner'sD. Turners11、65．There is a big sale on in the shop! Every-thing is ________ price. [单选题] *A．bigB．fullC．zeroD．half(正确答案)12、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)13、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles14、His mother’s _______ was a great blow to him. [单选题] *A. diedB. deadC. death(正确答案)D. die15、Bill Gates is often thought to be the richest man in the world. _____, his personal life seems not luxury. [单选题] *A. MoreoverB. ThereforeC. However(正确答案)D. Besides16、—______ is it from your home to the bookstore?—About 15 kilometers.（）[单选题] *A. How far(正确答案)B. How muchC. How longD. How many17、He _______ getting up early. [单选题] *A. used toB. is used to(正确答案)C. is usedD. is used for18、-We’ve spent too much money recently–well,it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives_______around all the time [单选题] *ingB. had comeC. were comingD have been coming(正确答案)19、30．It is known that ipad is _________ for the old to use. [单选题] *A．enough easyB．easy enough (正确答案)C．enough easilyD．easily enough20、Mom is making dinner. It _______ so nice! [单选题] *A. smells(正确答案)B. tastesC. feelsD. sounds21、39．—What do you ________ my new dress?—Very beautiful. [单选题] * A．look atB．think aboutC．think of(正确答案)D．look through22、( )Keep quiet, please. It’s ________ noisy here. [单选题] *A. many tooB. too manyC. too muchD. much too(正确答案)23、_____he was seriously ill, I wouldn’t have told him the truth. [单选题] *A.If I knewB.Had I known(正确答案)C.Did I knowD.Were I known24、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)25、I always get ______ grades than he does, so maybe I should help him more.（）[单选题] *A. bestB. better(正确答案)C. goodD. well26、With all the work on hand, he _____ to the cinema last night. [单选题] *A.should goB.must have goneC.might goD..shouldn’t have gone(正确答案)27、84．There is a big tree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?the house and the river. [单选题] *A．between(正确答案)B．inC．overD．of28、My daughter is neither slim nor fat and she’d like a _______ skirt. [单选题] *A. largeB. medium(正确答案)C. smallD. mini29、3．Shanghai is my hometown. It’s ________ China. [单选题] *A．nearB．far away fromC．to the east ofD．in the east of(正确答案)30、I often _______ music from the Internet. [单选题] *A. download(正确答案)B. spendC. saveD. read。

重庆医科大学招收攻读博士学位研究生英语试题(样题)英语样题并答案

重庆医科大学招收攻读博士学位研究生英语试题（样题）考试时间：3小时Part I Vocabulary (10 points)Section A (5 points)Directions: In each item, chose one word that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. Mark out your choice on the answer sheet with asingle line through the center.1.The public usually regards the theory of public opinion as controversial. ba. practicalb. disputablec. reasonabled. soluble2.The serious illness deprived him of his sight and the use of his leg. aa. robbedb. excludedc. disabledd. gripped3.If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mocking bird initiates a set of actions to protect itsoff-spring. ba. hastensb. triggersc. devisesd. releases4.The flowers on the table were a manifestation of the child’s love for his mother. aa. a demonstrationb. a combinationc. a satisfactiond. an infestation5.Handling preschooler s’ fears is often of understanding their fantasies. da. behaviorb. habitc. hobbyd. imagination6.The devastating earthquake last month caused hundreds of people homeless. ba. unguardedb. overwhelmingc. destructived. evil7.On hearing of the case some time later, Conan Doyle was convinced that the man was notguilty, and immediately went to work to ascertain the truth. ca. exploreb. obtainc. verifyd. search8.Fear of pirate raids caused the Spaniards to fortify their coastline. ba. armsb. invasionsc. shipsd. cruelty9.The poor woman did not sleep all night and was completely worn out. ba. consumedb. exhaustedc. groundd. smashed10.Mountain life produces a strong, tough breed of men. aa. generationb. geniusc. typed. gangSection B (5 points)Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark out your choice on theanswer sheet with a single line through the center.11. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily ____b____.a. diminishedb. alleviatedc. replacedd. abolished12.In principle, a person whose conduct was caused by mental disorder should not be liable tocriminal ____b____.a. identificationb. punishmentc. investigationd. commitment13.Cut off by the storm, they were forced to ____c____ food for several days.a. go in forb. go overc. go withoutd. go out14.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for____c____ vitamins.a. exceptionalb. exceedingc. excessd. external15.For some rare cases, the doctor does not base his diagnosis on the patient’s ____d____ onlybut also on the results of tests.a. complaintsb. reportsc. statementsd. symptoms16.The Army and Navy of that country were reformed in ____c____ with western models afterthe Second World War.a. consequenceb. agreementc. accordanced. contact17.Please come and help me with this form because I don’t know how to ____a____ it.a. set aboutb. set asidec. set offd. set up18.The salesman’s ____d____ annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave in.a. enduranceb. assistancec. resistanced. persistence19.Does brain power ____d____ as we get older? Scientists now have some surprising answers.a. collapseb. descendc. deduced. decline20.All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully____a____ the risks and benefits.a. weighingb. valuingc. evaluatingd. distinguishingPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Yellow FeverHopes for victory over the disease of yellow fever were raised still further when one of a team of Rockefeller doctors, studying yellow fever in Ghana, scored a major victory in the summer of 1927. Visiting a village where there was an outbreak, the doctor took blood from a goodlooking young African, Asibi by name, who had a mild touch of fever. The doctor now injected some of his blood into four animals including one monkey that had just arrived from India. Only the monkey went down with yellow fever. For the first time the virus of the disease had been passed into an animal other than man. Having animals that could be given the disease opened the way to new lines of experiments.The Asibi virus was kept going from monkey to monkey. In this way they gradually developed a virus whose power to make people ill had been greatly lowered. But still it had enough strength to develop resistance in human beings. So from the blood of a West African a vaccine was finally developed that now protects millions of people from yellow fever.Such, then, was the point reached in 1932. Yellow fever appeared to be on the way out, at least in the Americas. Then there occurred an outbreak in a country district in Brazil. This was strange, since yellow fever had always been believed to be a disease of the city, one that people caught by being bitten in their own homes by the city type of mosquitoes, bred within a hundred yards of their houses. Something much more surprising, however, was in store for the members of the Brazilian Yellow Fever Service, when they reached the area. There was yellow fever in the district, without doubt. The Service found it was present by all the standard tests. But there were no city-type mosquitoes, not one.One morning a doctor went into the jungle with some woodcutters. He wanted to collectmosquitoes, but they weren’t biting. The doctor was just ready to leave, when one of the men shouted that a tree was about to fall. He stood back and watched the great mass come down. Sunlight streamed through the hole made in the roof of the jungle and from the upper branches of the fallen tree rose a cloud of blue mosquitoes which circled around the men.So it was learned that these blue mosquitoes, relatively rare on the floor of the jungle, exist in great numbers in the treetops. There too, the monkeys live. This discovery completed a chain of facts about the way jungle yellow fever is caught and spread. It is mainly a disease of monkeys in the jungle treetops. They are infected by the bites of several kinds of mosquitoes. Blue mosquitoes being one of the most common attackers. The pattern is carried on from monkey to mosquito and back to monkey. But men going into the jungle may also get the disease, particularly if their work disturbs the roof of the jungle. If the man bitten by an infected mosquito then returns to a city where there are mosquitoes of the city type, he may start again the pattern of man to mosquito to man.21. A further advance in the fight against yellow fever was made when it was discovered that thedisease could be passed from ____d____.a. man to mosquitob. animal to manc. animal to mosquitod. man to animal22.Jungle yellow fever can only exist where there are ____d____.a. any type of mosquitoesb. blue mosquitoesc. monkeysd. animals and mosquitoes23.The doctors in this story were interested in discovering ___a_____.a.the pattern of the diseaseb.the signs of yellow feverc.the kind of people who get the diseased.how monkeys stay healthy24.An interesting finding in this story is that ____c____.a.only one type of mosquitoes carries yellow feverb.at least two types of mosquitoes carry yellow feverc.any mosquitoes can carry the diseased.monkeys are necessary in keeping yellow fever goingPassage 2A Leap in ThoughtYou’ve had a problem, you’ve thought about it till you were tired, forgotten it and perhaps slept on it, and then flash! When you weren’t thinking about it suddenly the answer has come to you, as a gift from the gods.Of course all ideas don’t come like that, but the interesting thing is that so many do, particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind, glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery. Psychology does not yet understand even the ordinary processes of conscious thought, but the emergence of new ideas by a “leap in thought” is particularly intriguing, because they must have come from somewhere. For the moment let us assume that they come from the “unconscious”. This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mental processes which are unknown to the subject, and creative thought consists precisely in what was unknown becoming know.It seems that all truly creative activity depends in some degree on these signals from the unconscious, and the more highly intuitive the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signals become.But growth requires a seed, and the heart of the creative process lies in the production of the original fertile nucleus from which growth can proceed. This initial step in all creation consists in the establishment of a new unity from disparate elements, of order out of disorder, of shape from what was formless. The mind achieves this by the plastic reshaping, so as to form a new unit, of a selection of the separate elements derived from experience and stored in memory. Intuitions arise from richly unified experience.This process of the establishment of new from must occur in pattern of nervous activity in the brain, lying below the threshold of consciousness, which interact and combine to from more comprehensive patterns. Experimental physiology has not yet identified this process, for its methods are as yet insufficiently refined, but it may be significant that a quarter of the total bodily consumption of energy during sleep goes to the brain, even when the sense organs are at rest, to maintain the activity of the thousand million brain cells. These cells, acting together as a single organ, achieve the miracle of the production of new patterns of thought. No calculating machine can do that, for such machines can “only do what we know how to design them to do”, and these formative brain processes obey laws which are still unknown.Can any practical conclusions be drawn from the experience of genius? Is there an art of thought for the ordinary person? Certainly there is no single road to success; in the world of the imagination each has to find his own way to use his own gifts.25.The description in the first paragraph may imply that ____c____.a.inspiration may come from the godsb.in finding an answer to a problem, inspiration may come only after you have thoughthard about itc.inspiration may come only when you have forgotten the problemd.whenever you thought about the answer to a problem, you would get a flash ofinspiration26.The pronoun “they” in paragraph 2 refers to ___c_____.a. “many people”b. the most important peoplec. “many ideas”d. Psychologists27.In the sentence “This is reasonable, for the psychologists use this term to describe mentalprocesses which are unknown to the subject”. Here “subject” refers to ____a____.a. a school courseb. a topic of a speechc. a person being treated in a certain way or being experimented ond. a citizen28.The writer might want to tell his readers that ____b____.a.successful persons depend on their inspirationsb.we ordinary people had better not blindly count on any practical conclusion fromexperience of genius, but find our own way to use our own giftsc.there is no genius at alld.none of the abovePassage 3Experiments have been carried out on volunteers to see what happens when all sensations are stopped. This can be done in several ways. One method is to put a man inside a completely isolated room. This room is heavily sound-proofed and absolutely dark. There is no light or sound and the person is instructed just to lie motionless on a bed. People have stayed in rooms such as this for as long as four days. The results of sensory deprivation (SD) vary with the individual.Soon after entering the confinement cell most subjects went to sleep and slept almost without interruption for ten to twenty-four hours. These are gross estimates for there was nothing by which the subjects could determine the time which had elapsed. We know for certain that one subject slept for nineteen hours but insisted that he had a nap of less than one hour. According to the monitoring microphone, which was capable of picking up the deep breathing of sleep, it seems more likely that most subjects slept all of the first twenty-four hours.We felt that so much sleeping in the first day wasted the effects of confinement, so we started placing subjects in SD early in the morning. We reasoned that after a night’s sleep our confined subject would be unable to dissipate (驱散) the effects of SD by sleeping. Such was not the case. As far as we could determine they went to sleep just as quickly and slept just as long as the previous subjects. We then started entering the subjects at midmorning, midday, and mid-afternoon. As it turned out, it made no difference when during the day and, presumably, during the night we started the confinement; the initial sleep period was always about the same.We had not expected this extended period of initial sleep. In fact, it had seemed reasonable to expect something of the opposite. SD was a very novel situation for our subjects, and as such, we reasoned, it should have occupied them for some time. I had a similar expectation for astronauts during space flight and was greatly surprised to learn that the Russian astronaut Yuri Gagarin had been able to sleep during his space flight around the earth.Other effects were also noted. With no real sensations to work on, the brain makes up all sorts of false information. Many people experience vivid dreams and hallucinations (幻觉). When they are finally taken out of the room into the real changing world of light and sound, they are in a very strange state of mind, ready to believe anything and not really able to make decisions.29.This passage is mainly about ____c____.a.how to have a sound sleepb.what causes loss of sensationsc.what will happen if sensations were lostd.how to lose sensations30.What does “subjects” Para 3, Line2) mean in this passage? da.Any member of a state except the supreme ruler.b.Something to be talked or written about or studied.c.Person, animal or thing to be treated or dealt with.d.Theme on which a composition is based.31.We can probably infer from the passage that ___c_____.a.most astronauts are unable to fall asleep in spaceb. a period of sensory deprivation would make a person hard to controlc.many people are subject to fantasy while in the sensory deprivation celld.microphones are used to control the breathing of subjects32.All of the following are the results of sensory deprivation except that ___c_____.a.most subjects fell asleep and slept for a long timeb.some subjects didn’t know how many hours they spent sleepingc.it took a long time for the subjects to adapt themselves to sensory celld.many subjects became credulous right after sensory deprivationPassage 4I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queuing up at a supermarket. And the proprietor (店主) knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it for them.The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.33.The services available in village nowadays are normally ___a_____.a.fewer but still very activeb.less successful than earlier but managing to survivec.active in providing food for the village, and tourist goodsd.surprisingly energetic considering the little demand for them34.The local grocer’s shop is expanding ___a_____.a.because women spend a lot of their tie there just gossipingb.even though town shops are larger and rather cheaperc.in spite of the fact that people like to shop where they are less well-knownd.for people get frozen food as well as antiques35.How do the village grocer’s assistants feel about giving extra service? da.They tend to forget itb.They will not consider itc.It does not seem worth their whiled.They take it for granted36.Another aspect of personal service available in the village shop is that ____a____.a.there is a very wide range of goods availableb.rare goods are obtained whenever they are neededc.special attention is given to the needs of wealthier customersd.goods are always restocked before they run outPassage 5Until about 200 years ago. Change was so slow that people presumed that the lives of their children and grandchildren would not be very much different from their own.And then came the 20th century, when people went from flying in their first airplane at Kity Hawk to planting their first footsteps on the moon – all in the blink of a lifetime. One group of scientist haws said that the rate of change in our contemporary world is running a million times faster than the rate of humans’ ability to adjust to the new situations.Here is how some futurists say Americans may live in the opening years of the next millennium.The World Future Society, a nonprofit organization in Maryland, predicts that supermarkets may become hydroponics greenhouses where shoppers pick their own produce from the vine. And for those who would not care for such a hands – on experience, groceries could be electronically ordered and automatically delivered into refrigerators that open outside and inside the house.Marvin J. Cetron, founder and president of Forecasting International Ltd., a consulting company in Arlington, Virginia, said he believes that by 2006, people will have personal diagnostic and meal preparation machines. If you eat too much, the diagnostic machine will tell you to exercise.Many experts anticipate advances in biotechnology that could lead to cows that produce low-fat milk, disease-resistant potatoes grown by crossing them with a chicken gene and pork made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig’s genetic pool.But if, as expected, the world’s human population doubles in the next 40 years, the pressure to produce food to feed everyone is gong to be immense, said Lester R. Brown, head of the Worldwatch Institute, in Washington, He notes in his book, “Vital Signs 1995” that “the pace of history is accelerating as soaring human demands collide with the Earth’s natural limits.”How about medicine? For many people, particularly aging baby boomers, a big question will be, how can you add years to your life? Many futurists say that will be possible, at least for those who can afford it.By 2020, the complete DNA structure will be mapped. Mr. Cetron said: “Doctors will know a person’s genetic characteristics right from birth, even before birth.”That could guide doctors to tailor life styles and treatments to help patients avoid disorders they are prone to develop. Coupled with genetic medicine, he said, a child born in 2010 could expect to live 120 years.But Mr. Brown of the Worldwatch Institute cautioned that public health and medicine are likely to be challenged by another global trend: the rise in infectious diseases and their increased immunity to antibiotics.Many futurists expect little change in how Americans live in houses in the next few years. “Home behavior changes pretty slowly,”Mr. Millett said. But from 2010 to 2020, he predicts “fundamental change.”37.Which of the following world trends is mentioned in the passage? ba.Futurism is being taken more seriously by more peopleb.Doctors wish to engineer a dramatically different kind of life.c.Diseases capable of being spread will be on the rise.d.Old people will be unwilling to live in nursing houses.38.According to the author, which of the following is NOT true? ca.It took a life time from people’s first flight in the airplane to landing on the moon.b.Changes in the 20th century have come all too soon.c.People are ready to adapt themselves to new conditions.d.People are slow to keep pace with changes in our present world.39.The world Future Society predicts that people will get their vegetables and fruit from whereplants are grown ____d____a. manuallyb. automaticallyc. in good soild. in water40.Which of the following may still be a problem in medicine at the end of the next century? aa.The adaptation of life styles to avoid disorder.b.The mapping of the complete DNA structure.c.The increase of life span beyond 120d.The identification of man’s genetic characteristics.Part III Close (10 points)When the earth was born there was no ocean. The ____traditionally____(41) cooling earth was ____ surrounded ____(42) in heavy ____layers____(43) of cloud, which contained much of the water of the new planet. For a long time its surface was ____ so ____(44) hot that no moisture could fall ____ within ____(45) immediately being reconverted ____ from ____(46) steam. This dense, perpetually renewed cloud covering must have been so thick that ____ no____(47) rays of sunlight could penetrate it. And so the ____rough____(48) outlines of the continents and the empty ocean basins were sculptured out of the surface of the earth in ____ darkness ____(49), in s Stygian (冥界的) world of heated rock and swirling clouds and gloom.As soon as the earth’s ____ surface ____(50) cooled enough, the ____ rains ____(51) began to fall. Never have there been such rains since that time. They fell ____ continuously ____(52), day and night, days passing into months, into years, into centuries. They poured into the waiting ocean basins, or, falling upon the continental masses, ____ran____(53) away to become sea.That primeval ocean, growing ____ all together ____(54) as the rains slowly filled its basins, must have been only ____feebly____(55) salt. But the falling rains were the symbol of the dissolution of the continents. ____ From the moment ____(56) the rains began to fall the lands began to be ____worn away____(57) and carried to the sea, it is an endless, ____inevitable ____(58) process that has never stopped the dissolving of the rocks, the ____ obtaining ____(59) count of their contained minerals, the carrying of the rock fragments and dissolved minerals to the ocean. And ____ for ____(60) the eons of time (极漫长的时期) , the sea has grown ever more bitter with the salt of the continents.41. a. traditionally b. gradually c. contrarily d. incidentally42. a. surrounded b. encircled c. enveloped d. rounded43. a. lines b. coats c. tiers d. layers44. a. very b. so c. too d. as45. a. within b. without c. with d. together with46. a. to b. from c. in d. on47. a. some b. little c. no d. much48. a. thin b. thick c. tough d. rough49. a. daylight b. darkness c. brightness d. moonlight50. a. surface b. plate c. crust d. shell51. a. rocks b. dusts c. clouds d. rains52. a. instantly b. immediately c. continuously d. increasingly53. a. went b. drained c. flowed d. ran54. a. once and all b. in bulk c. in sum d. all together55. a. softly b. fairly c. faintly d. feebly56. a. At the moment b. In a moment c. From the moment d. For a moment57. a. washed down b. torn away c. washed off d. worn away58. a. inexorable b. merciless c. inelastic d. inevitable59. a. separating b. obtaining c. leaching d. gaining60. a. at b. with c. over d. forPart IV Translation: In this part, you are provided with eight passages. Choose one English passage and one Chinese passage at your own wills and translate them into Chinese (10 points) and English (15 points) respectively. (25 points in all)1.Researchers for the first time have directly mapped growing human brains, revealingunsuspected physical changes. The finding, reported in the journal Nature, may help lay the foundations of how best to teach language, mathematics and other crucial mental skills.Every human brain experiences rapid, distinct waves of almost explosive growth that may determine when it is most receptive to learning new skills. Educators have long known that intellectual abilities in language, music and mathematics must be developed before puberty.The researchers followed half a dozen children between the ages of 3 and 15, imaging them repeatedly over the years to create a unique fingerprint of their maturing brains. They found that growth rates in an area of the brain linked to language were slow between the ages of 3 and 6 but speeded up from 7 to 15 years, when children normally fine-tune language skills.研究人员首次通过直接映射成长的人类大脑，揭示了确切的生理变化。

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