Culture 国际商务 文化

b) Significance - Business perspective, the stratification of a society is significant if it affects the operation of business organizations. - The relative lack of class mobility and the differences between classes have resulted in the emergence of class consciousness. - Class consciousness: a condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background and this shapes their relationships with members of other classes.
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Individuals and Groups - groups: an association of 2 or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other‟s behavior. - Individuals are involved in families, work groups, social groups, etc.
What is Culture? ► Culture: a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living. ► Values: abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right and desirable. ► Norms: the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.
Religious and Ethical Systems - Religion: a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred. - Ethical system: a set of moral principles or values that are used to guide and shape behavior. - Christianity - Islam - Hinduism - Buddhism - Confucianism
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Action of little moral significance Social conventions concerning things such as the appropriate dress code, good social manners, etc. Define the way people are expected to behave.
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Society: a group of people who share a common set of values and norms. Values and Norms Values form the bedrock of a culture Provide the context within which a society‟s norms are established and justified. Include a society‟s attitudes toward concepts such as individual freedom, democracy, social obligations, etc. Values are invested with considerable emotional significance
Refers to nonverbal communication Nonverbal cues Failure to understand the cues can lead to a communication failure Another aspect is personal space (the comfortable amount of distance between you and someone you are talking to).
Culture and the Workplace - How a society‟s culture affects the values found in the workplace. - Management process and practices may need to vary according to culturally determined workrelated values. - Famous study of how culture relates to value in the workplace was undertaken by Geert Hofstede. - Compare dimensions of culture. - 4 dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism and masculinity vs femininity.
b) Mores – norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life
• Greater significance than folkways • Violating mores can bring serious retribution • Include factors as indictments against theft, adultery, incest and cannibalism.
2. Culture, Society and the Nation-State - nation-state are political creations - May contain a single culture or several cultures. - Cannot characterize a country as having a single homogeneous culture. - The national culture is a mosaic of subcultures.
i/ the degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual, as opposed to the group. ii/ the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes.
DIFFERENCES IN CULTURE
Cross-cultural literacy: an understanding of how cultural differences across and within nations can affect the way in which business is practiced.
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The individual Western: emphasize individual achievement. Brings benefits and harm. Benefits:
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High level of entrepreneurial activity New products created High mobility – exposed to different ways of doing business High degree of managerial mobility between companies Bring bad impression to future companies Difficult to build teams within an organization to perform collective tasks.
Language 1. Spoken language
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Enable the communication Verbal communication Shapes the way people perceive the world and also helps define culture
Unspoken language
3. The determinants of culture Social structure Religion Political philosophy Economic philosophy Education Language Social Structure A society‟s “social structure” refers to its basic social organization. 2 dimensions when explaining differences between cultures:
2. Social stratification - Societies stratified on a hierarchical basis into social categories which is social strata. - Defined on the characteristics: family background, occupation, income. a) Social Mobility - refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born. - varies significantly from society to society. - most rigid system: caste system (closed) - less rigid: class system (open)
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Norms are social rules that govern people‟s actions toward one another. Can be subdivided into 2: folkways and mores.
a) Folkways – the routine conventions of everyday life.

Harms:
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b) The Group Contrast to Western, group is the primary unit of social organization in many other societies. Japan: social status is determined as much by the standing of the group to which he/she belongs. Create pressures for mutual self-help and collective action. Close cooperation between different functions. Discourage the mobility.