电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：外文翻译译文网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升；费雷斯特研究公司估计，今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。
相比之下，美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。
因此，目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。
专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。
网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%，或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的，到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终，在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。
虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能，例如，很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么，以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定，以及网站设计。
那么，什么激发网上购物？在离线的环境中营销人员认识到，消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验（因为好玩）还是目标导向（因为效率高）。
我们的网上客户的研究表明，这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。
体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。
收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。
同样，有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。
学者们还发现，更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。
目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的，高效的，合理的和蓄意的。
因此，专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向，希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。
零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来，如“成功”“完成”。
重要的是，市场调查公司发现，2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。
网络购物行为分析中英文对照外文翻译文献
网络购物行为分析中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)The network shopping behavior analysisAbstractThe thesis analyzes the current situation of online shopping in China. It offers a further analysis to its advantages, and disadvantages, gives solutions to the problems, gives a deep analysis of the benefits it brings to both producer and consumer and make people be more confident with the promising prospect of online shopping in china. It systematically illustrates the exiting problems of online shopping in china from a different view attached with exactly figures and vivid examples. At the same time, it gives relevant resolutions to the existing problems. It includes personal information safety, online payment, logistics, and a series of relevant law problems. The thesis chooses the authentic English materials which gave me a valuable guide and instruction; meanwhile, it has also been attached with specific figures so that people can understand them easily.Key words: Online shopping marketing research logistics service online payment distribution1. IntroductionWith the rapid development of Internet, online shopping has gradually entered the lives of ordinary people. And with the rapid development of Internet in China, more and more Chinese begin to favor online shopping for its convenience, quick delivery and benefit. According to the latest statistics released by China Internet Network Information Centre (CNNIC), the number of netizen in China has hit 87 million, and 7.3 percent said they had the experience of online shopping. Meanwhile, the statistics also showed that 58 percent of netizen in China would try the online shopping next year.Online shopping, in a narrow sense, can be understood as getting online information and inking online deals. In a broad sense, however, once one section of shopping is finished online, it can be regarded as online shopping. In that way, traditional or burgeoning online enterprises may seek a combination, mingling two modes' advantages.The percentage of online shopping in China is growing year on year. According to the experts' prediction, the total volume of China's online shopping is expected to reach 28 billion Yuan in years to come.2. Advantages of the online shopping2.1 Benefits to consumers2.1.1 Saving time and convenienceOnline shopping is becoming popularity ,not only because the great convenience ,but also you can find a shop with so many goods that you may favor. And it also saves your a great some of time ! You can just typing-in the key word of what you want to find , the target will appear on the screen quickly .The online shopping industry has grown a lot in the recent year, and millions of people prefer to buy from the large variety from the online stores than to waste time at the long lines from supermarkets. Furthermore, the online shopping industry keeps growing, and more and more products are made available online. You can now find everything from CD to fruits and books, and you can purchase the items you want just with a few clicks.After you've done some online shopping you'll see how easy it is and you'll quickly get used to it. Soon you will know what the best shopping websites are and you will be able to buy the things you need very easy and fast, saving a lot of time and trouble. Online shopping is the most practical, economical and fun method of shopping, that is perfect for everyone."Online payment provides a more convenient way for consumers who don't carry cash."Beijing resident Ding Xin(丁欣)in her late 20s bought a bottle of perfume online last month."I often browse the websites of online shops because the goods have more attractive prices," she said.With the fast development of the society, the rhythm of life is accelerated progressively, the traffic jam changes crowd gradually, people are unwilling to spend much time to go shopping, and network marketing is accepted by consumers for it’s convenient characteristic Consumers can select the goods at home without going out , with the help of strong database, the shopping course is simplified to an action of " click ", consumers can finish doing shopping at any time, with the appointment of a place to deliver goods.About 41.8 per cent of all online shopping payments are handled over the Internet, the survey shows. And 43.2 per cent of online shopping payments are handled via money remittance personnel and 34.7 per cent are completed in person, the survey shows.2.1.2 Customization and personalizationOnline shopping can provide mass customization and personalization with moderate cost. Point cast, for example, delivers customized news and financial data toevery single customer based on his or her specific needs. displays specific recommendations based on the customer’s previous purchases. These kinds of services are very expensive in traditional marketing .The web providing online shopping can move from providing general products or services customized to a customer’s needs, tastes, and preferences.2.1.3 Access to more informationOne important consumer benefit associated with marketing on the web is the access to greater amounts of dynamic information to support queries for consumer decision-making. Furthermore, the interactive nature of the web and the hypertext environment allow deep, non-liner searches initiated and controlled by customers. Hence marketing communication on the web is more consumer-driven than those provided by traditional media. In addition, recreational uses of the medium manifested in the form of non-directed search behavior are such an important benefit to consumers that they are intrinsically motivated to use the medium.2.1.4 Easier market research and comparisonThe ability of the web to access, analyze and control large quantities of specialized data can enable comparison shopping and spread the process of finding line which may stimulate purchase. There is also the potential of wider availability of hard-to- find products and wider selection of items due to the width and efficiency of the channel.2.2 Benefits to the firms2.2.1 Lower costs and pricesIncreased competition in procurement as more suppliers are able to compete in an electronically open market place causes a greater competition, which naturallylowers prices and costs. This increase in competition leads to better quality and variety of goods through expanded markets and the ability to produce customized goods. One of the reasons to lower cost is that they haven’t traditional warehouses and retail shops in the retailing business of the great majority in the commercial city online. Generally speaking, the network does not have a traditional retail channel to sell. For example like , the online retailing bookshop with no stock of books, places an order with bookseller and sends to consumers directly which aims to realize real " zero stock " to lower cost.2.2.2 Better distributionFirm benefits arise partly from the use of the web as a distribution channel. First, the web potentially offers certain classes of providers and opportunity of participating in a market in which distribution costs or cost-of-sales shrink to zero. This is most likely for product categories. For example, digital products can be delivered immediately and hence such businesses may encounter massive disintermediation or even the eventually elimination of middleman. Moreover buyers and sellers can access and contact each other directly, potentially eliminating some of the marketing cost and constraints imposed by such interactions in the terrestrial world. This may also have the effect of shrinking the channel and making distribution much more efficient (mainly due to reduced overhead costs through such outcomes as uniformity, automation and large-scale integration of management processes). Time to complete business transaction may be reduced as well, translating into additional efficiencies for the firm. However, such potential efficiencies must be tempered with market realities.2.2.3 Marketing communicationWeb sites are available on demand to consumers 24 hours a day. The interactive nature of the medium can be used by marketers to hold the attention of the consumer by engaging the consumer in an asynchronous “dialogue” that occurs at both parties’ convenience. This capability of the medium offers unprecedented opportunities to tailor communications precisely to individual customers, allowing individual consumers to request as much information as desired.Further, it allows the marketer to obtain relevant information from customers for the purpose of serving them more effectively in the future. The simplestimplementations involve engaging customers through the use of the E-mail buttons located strategically on the site. More sophisticated implementations may involve fill-out forms and other incentives designed to engage customers in ongoing relationships with the firm. The objective of such continuous relationship building is dual- pronged: to give consumers information about the firm and its offers and to receive information from consumers about their needs with respect to such offerings.3. Limitations of online shoppingDespite the prospects is optimistic, a shortage in types of online payment, lagging logistics and lack of relevant laws are just some of the problems which continue to hinder the development of online shopping.3.1 Online paymentOnline payment plays a key role in e-commerce, and a safe, convenient, and efficient online payment system is essential. However, safety authentication, one of the main factors of online payment system, is inadequate in China.Online shopping is information technology ---based business , which makes the trade between consumers and firms online through the internet . The two sides from time and space limitation , thus not only greatly expand its network of consumers and firms online on the opportunities of commodities trading , but also greatly reduce the cost of commodities trading. However there are still a number of factors influence the development of online shopping in China .1.Security .Security issues is the biggest problem that have hindered the development of online shopping . Although the existing methods Alipay online shopping played a good role, but it is only a substitute in the period of electronic payments . It has obvious defects on security of electronic payments and real-time of financial flows , which can not fully meet the financial electronic requirements.2.Taxation .With the rapid development of online shopping and online shopping as paperless, no site-based, intangible, unbounded, virtual and electronic payments, etc. to make the work difficult to carry out effectively, there has been a series of loopholesin tax administration led to the draining away of tax chargeable caused enormous economic losses to the state. As for the traditional legal system and tax collection management , it is difficult to resolve tax and related issues online shopping . However there is no clear policy for online shopping recently in China .3.Protection of the interests of consumers .In online shopping activities, there is a shortage of face to face communication , the transaction has a large uncertainty. The buyer gets the goods information through the network. Some unscrupulous Internet companies know consumers can not see the real goods and they can’t see each other , in order to reap huge profits, manufacturing counterfeit products. Therefore, the public generally feel online shopping is not intuitive, secure, they don’t believe the network's "rhetoric". The result is caused to the development of online shopping has a large obstacle . Online shopping is also a vacuum of after-sale security, some problem often arise that customers don’t know who to look for . Thus, in recent years online trading complaints are significant increase. In addition, the delivery time is not accurate . The development of shopping depends on a strong logistics system. But in our country, so far still lack a systematic national freight distribution business. Inadequate logistics infrastructure, third-party logistics services developed slowly, that all hampered the development of online shopping.Although many banks have already set up their own financial authentication center, there lacks a notified and authoritative nationwide authentication center, leading to many cases of cross authentication, repeated authentication and a waste of resources.3.2 Logistics serviceSecond is the limitation in the logistics system. Present from the perspective of the development of the logistics, the logistics of electronic commerce have following problems: the weak link at logistics infrastructure, it has n’t high ly specialization, the third party logistics ineffective work , limited services, that all impact the logistics, logistics have a flavor of planned economy color, from the perspective of logistics activities, our main problems is the development of immature distribution center, a small range of logistics activities, logistics alliance is not high, the low level oflogistics technology, information system applications still closed .Among the corporations providing logistic services for online shopping in China, some 1,000 are traditional ones and their service quality is not good enough; therefore, the need to provide a speedy transaction and delivery regardless of space and distance can hardly be fulfilled.3.3 Legal problems and public-social policiesThe laws and regulations are imperfect. Online shopping, as a new commercial activity, brings unavoidable a series of legal problems, such as the electronic contract, the legal effect question of signing in figure, an economic dispute question of the online trade, computer crime question, etc.There are a number of questions concerning marketing through the web: validity of an electronic signature, legality of an electronic contract, risk, trademarks, loss of right to trade secrets and liabilit y. There are also government’s rules, regulations, economic policies and censorship.Besides, due to the lack of legal protection in this field, arbitration and liability cognizance are difficult when disputes arise. In addition, the efficiency of online payment in China is still low: payment validation from the bank takes a long time (about 10 days), the charge is too high (5 per cent service fee of credit cards transaction), and there are too many restrictions. All these hinder the development of e-commerce in China.4. Solutions to the problems4.1 Establishing a good payment mechanismConsistent with Phoneme Institute's other Privacy Trust studies, the biggest fear consumers have is identity theft (82%), followed by unauthorized access to their bank accounts and telemarketing abuse. Eighty percent of respondents said that the privacy of their personal information is very important or important to them.Based on these findings, banks should concentrate strength on solving the security encryption of the online shopping system, authentication, key technology problem on payment, etc., technically, banks should not only prevent mischief anddestruction to the network of computer by virus and hacker, but also guarantee national benefit and commercial rights and interests and secret of enterprises .At the same time the bank should make breakthrough in trade account settlement and cash allocation between different banks or different regions in order to meet the development demand of network marketingAt the same time, banks should address the online security of their Web sites and provide information about the measures customers can take to protect their financial assets. Banks should clearly communicate their commitment to protecting the privacy of their customers and provide information on how consumers can contact the bank with questions or concerns.Respondents were also asked to suggest actions their bank could take to increase confidence in its ability to protect personal information. The most important issue with online consumers is setting limits on the sharing of personal information with third parties. This finding is also consistent with the results of our 2005 Online Consumer Permissions Study. According to that study, consumers want control over their online experience.The rewards from listening to and respecting the concerns of online consumers can lead to greater trust. And, in the world of online banking, trust is positively related to consumer acceptance and greater use of online banking services.4.2 Improving the lagging logisticsLogistics is defined as a business planning framework for the management of material, service, information, and capital flows .It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in today’s business environment.The allocate-and-deliver system of logistics should be perfected. The network marketing has offered internal motive force and external demand to the variety and dispersiveness of the allocate-and-deliver demand and the reform of resources in logistic enterprises. It is urgent to establish a nationwide allocate-and-deliver system, which covers both the urban and rural areas to be accorded to the demand of allocate-and-deliver system of network marketing. Logistic enterprise should not only deliver goods, but also become the service supplier to customer finally to help enterprises to finish the after-sales service, to offer more appreciated service contents,for example, to follow the products order, to offer selling statistics and report form, etc., to further increase the kernel service value of enterprises. In addition, they can develop the third-party-logistics, unify manufacturer service thus to optimize the logistics deliver network, and then the cost of allocate-and-deliver service will be reduced.4.3 Making relevant lawsThe research and formulation of strengthening the laws and regulations to offer the favorable external environment for development of marketing of the network, in order to protect the development of network marketing, developing relevant network management by centering the marketing of the networks, the information safety, settle account in finance, such problems as intellectual property protection, etc., at the same time they should accelerate the modification paces of the current laws and regulations , make and issue the new trade regulation at the same timeThey need not only make the relevant laws, but also strengthen the government’s management the management of government except making the relevant laws.Facing the opportunities and challenges in global development of online shopping, the Chinese government has placed online shopping high on the agenda in its basic economic construction.The key task at present is to establish a unified application and service platform with Chinese characteristics. Upon its completion, currently complicated online shopping can be turned into a simple platform operation, and an advanced service mechanism and infrastructure can be set up, which will facilitate the establishment of a new economic model for e-commerce in traditional enterprises.The government should take an active role in encouraging and supporting the Internationalization of traditional corporations. Besides, it also emphasized the business nature of online shopping, and warned that online shopping activities cannot be done by simply building networks.5. ConclusionThe main advantage of online shopping is that it allows people to browse through many items and categories without leaving their house, to compare the prices of as many shops as they want, and also to order as many items as they can afford without having to worry about how they will transport them, because the online shopping websites also deliver the things to the buyer's home. Furthermore, the Internet is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, so you don't have to hurry or worry about finding a parking spot.A new survey shows Internet shopping is increasing thanks to improvements of online payment systems and delivery services. The China Internet Network Information Centre survey reveals 17.9 per cent of consumers shop online often.Among those who have never purchased online, 63.7 per cent said they would convert to online shopping in the future, which means the existence of greater potential market.Online shopping has very bright prospect in china. By the end of 2004, the netizen of Chinese Internet users is 94 million. It is estimated by 2007, Chinese Internet user will reach 140 million. The one faster than this speed is the development of user's number of China's online shopping. It is that 5,630,000 will use users in 2004. It is estimated by 2007, this figure will be up to 16 million, online shopping users will be 3 times those of 2004 in 2007, 28 times those of 2001. In addition, the market scale of online shopping increase by 160% in 2004, the turnover rises to 4,500 million RMB by a wide margin. In 2007 this figure is hopeful to be up to 29,600 million RMB, 6 times those of 2004. In the face of more and more users, in the face of such a big market, I think nobody dares to neglect this market; nobody bets and speaks NO to this market.References1.Hu Chunlan (Hu, Chunlan). New economic English [M]. Tsinghua university press, 20042.Zhang Qingying (Zhang Qingying). Logistics engineering English [M]. Chemical industry press, 20033.ZhuangPeiJun (Zhuang Peijun). Logistics professional English [M]. Electronic industry press, 20034. The fourth one (Ding Mingyi.) enterprise electronic commerce foundation [M]. Electronic industry press, 20025. NiJin (Ni Jin). The wto English [M]. Southeast university press, 2001网络购物行为分析摘要此文从对我国目前网上购物的现实状况入手，深入的分析了网上购物的优，缺点，以及解决的方法等一系列的问题，深入的分析了网上购物给商家和消费者双方带来的利益，使人们对网上购物在中国的发展充满信心。
电子商务 外文翻译
B2B e-marketplace:an e-marketing framework for B2B commercePurpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities.Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed,and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing.The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment.This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets.Research limitations/implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international,the empirical study was restricted to China,Malaysia,and Singapore.Therefore,the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries.Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited.Practical implications– The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace.The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities.Originality/value–Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing,this study is significance to:SMEs, marketers,information technology practitioners,and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes.BackgroundThe development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions”According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally,e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers.Strauss and Frost (2001)support the above statement and suggested that,sales,public relations,direct marketing,and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy.B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers.The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array ofsuppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing,2004).However,small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how theirbusinesses can gain benefits from B2B e-marketplace.With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. Nonetheless, there is limitation on how to explore the opportunities for SMEs in benefiting from the emergent e-marketing practices, derive from the B2B e-marketplace.Review of e-marketing performances in B2B e-marketplaceThe internet is the foundation for B2B commerce that provides the technology and platform to enable this business relationships work effectively.B2B transactions over public and private sectors uses the internet as a delivery vehicle for transactions including;financial transfer,on-line exchanges,auctions,delivery of products, and services (O’Reily and Finnegan, 2007). Many pra ctitioners are predicting B2B commerce is expected to have a massive growth and majority of the organisations will have to give consideration to involve with B2B commerce. Referring to Figure 5, B2B consists of three main elements and the e-marketplace performs the main tasks such as sourcing, automated purchasing, processing to facilitate the sellers and buyers to do business transactions.Laudon and Laudon (2000)stated that B2B e-marketplace refers to the exchange of information,products, services,and payment via the internet between buyers and sellers.B2B e-marketplaces are typically defined as inter-organisational IS through which multiple buyers and sellers interact electronically to identify potential trading partners, select them and execute transactions (Rohmtal.2004). Argued that, B2B e-marketplace is able to remove some of the inefficiency of traditional business functionality and allows partners to streamline their marketing activities by sharing information instantaneously.In recent years,B2B e-marketplace have improved/enhanced the extent of e-marketing activities;providing to all marketers especially to SMEs. Recent studies (Narayanasamy ET al.2008; Pavaloia, 2009) are indicative of the fact that SMEs have started to respond positively to the changes brought about by the internet technologies.While the main concerns of SMEs are related to the generic SMEs characteristics of limited time/resources and expertise,B2B e-marketplace provide a favorable environment for SMEs to;lower operating and marketing cost, better opportunity to promote their products/services,and enrich their overall marketing communications mix. Overall,the benefits of B2B e-marketplace as reported by many academics and practitioners include:reducing search costs by facilitating comparison of price, products, and services(Kandampully, 2003; Bakos, 1998; Kaplan and Sawhney, 2000);.improving production and supply capability (Barua et al. , 1997; Albrecht et al. ,2005);.improving personalization and customization of product offerings (Bakos, 1998);.enhancing customers relationships (Kierzkowski et al. 1996);.reducing marketing costs compare to traditional marketing media (Sculley andWoods, 2001);.reducing numbers of marketing staff (Gloor, 2000).However,the current literatures do not fully explore the issues relating to the performances of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective. In addition, much of the research is focused on particular research areas of interest often ignoring the links to others dimensions in particular e-marketing services.Hence,there are concerns that the despite the efforts to promote adoption of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective, SMEs are not fully aware of the opportunities and benefits (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). The literature provides insights into the current level of internet-enabler marketing technologies from B2B e-marketplace to the marketers. The online and offline publications from both academics and practitioners indicated that,e-marketing via B2B e-marketplace is a modern marketing practice for buying and selling goods/services,exchange information/ideas via the internet associated with communication and promotional purposes.The frameworks suggested by various authors including Chaffey (2004), Gloor (2000),Kierzkowski et al.(1996) makes a significant contribution to knowledge in the areas of e-marketing that has the potential to create competitive advantage and enhance customer value. However, it appears that there is limited exploitation of such frameworks by industry professional. In order to develop a better understanding of the topic under study,this paper will adapt a multidisciplinary approach by integrating;traditional SMEs marketing,e-marketing,IS/IT,and B2B e-marketplace to develop an e-marketing framework that will offer a greater value for SMEs.B2B 电子商务市场：电子营销的 B2B 电子商务框架背景自上世纪 90 年代互联网作为一种全球共享信息的工具，互联网开辟了一种新的营销模式。
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。
which combines tourism and the。
has unique features that distinguish it from XXX industry。
and as society advances。
it has XXX commerce to create a new economic form - electronic commerce。
This has XXX accelerates。
online travel services and their business models have also XXX.2 The business model of online travelThe business model of online travel is based on the。
and merce。
It is a customer-centric model that provides users with a -shop for travel-related services。
including booking flights。
n。
and activities。
Online travel agencies (OTAs) have emerged askey players in this industry。
with their business models XXX pricingXXX.3 Business model XXXIn recent years。
online travel companies have been innovating their business models to stay ahead of the n。
One ofthe key XXX of social media into their platforms。
电子商务专业外文文献
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT文献、资料来源：加勒斯特经济学院文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.3.25院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT1. IntroductionIn the last decade, the majority of the companies were preoccupied with production, recession, mergers, new technologies and business regulation. Romania’s accession in the European Union will bring many advantages for further development, together with membership in a Common Market with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement for all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labor). This means that Romanian companies will compete with other companies from the EU directly in their home market. European companies are more flexible and mobile and will put a high pressure on the local companies in order to produce better products, launch better offers and services and orientate more towards their customers. High revenue equals important customer is a classic rule when the company organises its customer policy. “An important customer brings a gross amount of money for our enterprise” has become a reflex for many companies a broad and perhaps in Romania, too. But is this always true, or do we need more information than a simple figure reported at the end of the year?2. Marketing information systemA winning company is more productive in acquiring and retaining customers, to expand its clientele (Kotler, 2003). This company improves the value of the customers by reducing the rate of defection, increasing the longevity of customer Management & marketing relationship, making low-profit customers more profitable or terminating them etc. Gathering information on the actual or potential marketplace not only allows the organisation to monitor trends and issues concerning its current customers, but also helps it identify and profile potential customers and new markets, to keep track of its competition, their strategies, tactics and future plans (Brassington and Pettitt,2003). In order to collect and organize a high quantity of diverse information, the enterprises started to build marketing information systems. There are, mainly, a set of procedures and methods by which pertinent, timely and accurate information is continually gathered, sorted, analysed, evaluated, stored and distributed for the use of marketing decisionmakers (Zikmund and D´Amico,1993). The marketing information system includes data from external and internal sources (sales records, customer records, marketing communications, and sales force information). The focus on the customer and the integration of the marketing function helps the company to create customer databases with comprehensive information about individual customers or prospects.3. Customer relationship managementCustomer Relationship Management has been around for the last 30 years, but it became very important when companies changed their attitude towards marketing function. Nowadays, the cross-functional approach to marketing requires an organizational culture and climate that encourages collaboration and cooperation between departments. People within the business must understand their role in serving customers, internal or external one. CRM builds on the principles of relationship marketing and recognizes that customers are a business asset and not simply a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to processes, information are used proactively rather than reactively and develops the ne-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006).When defining CRM, we must first explain the difference between customer acquisition and customer retention. The two concepts have different drivers. Attracting customers has become very difficult these days, when people are harder to please. They are smarter, price conscious and sensitive, more demanding, less forgiving, and they are approached by many more competitors with equally good or better offers (Kotler,2003). Companies focus more on sales analysis, customer segmentation, advertising, merchandising and campaign management. The more difficult part is keeping the customers. According to Bruhn, a customer is satisfied when the comparison between offer and consumption fulfils his/her expectations, after he/she accepts the company, trusts it and exhibits a positive attitude towards it, becomes loyal to that company. In this situation, the customer talks favourably about the company and about its products, pays less attention to competing brands and is less sensitive to price, which turns transactions into routine (Bruhn, 1999). With customer retention, the company must pay attention to service satisfaction and trust in Customer relationship management the organization and its staff. Some companies believe that if a customer complaints the problem will be solved, but 96% ofunsatisfied customers don’t complain and go to another company. Therefore, Customer Relationship Management is the mechanism for retaining customers (Russell-Jones, 2003). Mainly CRM allows the company to understand who their customer is, isolate the best customer (those with whom you desire to have long-standing relationships), create relationships stretching over time and involving multi-interactions, manage the relationship to mutual advantage, seek to acquire more of those “best” customers. Inputs like marketing strategy, customer base, products, and regulation, competitors and staff skills are synthesized in a CRM programme which creates outputs as customer service, customer retention, higher share of wallet, customer referral, more predictable revenues streams, improved profitability, lower costs and better compliance (Russell-Jones, 2003).4. Developing a strategy in customer relationship managementBecause CRM is a cross-functional activity and large companies have thousands and millions of customers, the need for a strategic framework is very high. The dimensions of a CRM strategy are mainly focused on defining the following topics:- object of the customer relationship management – the company has three options: focusing on the company itself, on a brand or on the distributor;- target segment – the company usually sets priorities between different customer segments, it defines strategic customers based on the portfolio analyses, factors as revenue, length of the relationship, income, collaboration with the customer. These are its analysis criteria;- ways of retaining the customers –customers’ satisfaction is in the centre of all the decisions, but customers retention can also become a central issue through contractual clauses, such as service, leasing and warranty;- choosing the instruments of CRM – the company combines the instruments of the 4P´s with focus on the customer;- intensity and timing of the CRM decisions –show when and how should the company introduce different instruments; programmes can last from one day to one week, or from three month to two years;- cooperation within the CRM programme – sometimes the company must cooperate with other partners from the distribution channel, mainly between producer and wholesaler and retail.5. Instruments of customer relationship managementThe communication policy plays an important role in the instruments mix. It follows two objectives: first, to build a permanent dialogue with the customer in order to stabilize or change its expectations, and second, to counteract influences after consumption. The main CRM instruments within the communication policy are: Direct-Mail is material distributed through the postal service to the recipients’ home or business address to promote a product or service. In CRM the mailed issue can vary from a simple letter to a catalogue, and its sending will always occur at a particular moment in customer’s life (birthday, invitation for an event). It must incorporate sticky gadgets to increase their chances of being opened and read; Newsletters are distributed to customers for free and contain information about new products, offers for special events and others; Fidelity cards (store cards) are an important tool in gathering information about customer behaviour. By accumulating points of fidelity, the customer can benefit from different special offers; Clients club designates a concept which has grown in parallel with the fidelity cards. Its main forms are VIP-Club, Fan-Club, Product-Interest-Club, and Lifestyle-Club. The club represents an opportunity for the company to make offers in accordance with the social status, acceptance, prestige and expectations of its customers;Telemarketing allows companies to undertake marketing research and is highly measurable and accountable; the number of positive and negative responses are easily recorded and monitored. It provides for interaction, is flexible and permits immediate feed-back. Online-marketing includes many forms such as on-line advertising, on-line sales promotions, on-line direct marketing, on-line public relations, one-line personal selling. The medium used is the internet and the main instrument is the email. Virtual promotions are cheaper than hard copy versions, but the challenge is to drive traffic to your company’s Web site. Event-marketing takes place in three main areas: the product (here, it focuses on increasing sales), the corporation (for developing a corporate body) and the community (to make a difference in the life of the local community) (Bruhn, 1999& Fill, 2002).The price policy can be thought about in various ways when building a CRM programme: discounts for special customers, underselling or matching competitors, loyalty refunds, bundling items together and offering overall prices. Although price is not a measure of inherent value received, it is often used by customers as a benchmark, ignoring any other features or differences.Key factors in the product policy are the product itself, with quality, design, technical features, packaging and service management which includes lifelong warranty, price warranty or a customer telephone line. An active management in the distribution policy can focus on the customer or on the distribution channel. The producer evaluates the activity of the distribution partner and Customer relationship management intervenes when needed. The focus on the customers is realised through a Key Account Management which develops programmes for special customers.6. Customer relationship management in financial servicesFinancial services differ from many other industries. This can be seen particularly in Romania, where 40 commercial banks fight for a population of 21 million citizens. They cover the whole spectrum of customers from individuals to partnerships, institutions, corporations and governments. As a result, it can be very difficult to focus on single markets. Customers are often in two positions: they may have a deposit and savings accounts, but also loans and overdrafts. They are very service focused, they sell only intangibles. Financial services require processing billions of transactions worldwide and they are one of the heaviest regulated industries in the world (Rusell-Jones, 2003).The customers in the financial services are better informed, are switching channels, and seem to be more demanding of service, and used to change. The market is also highly competitive and new entrants are coming with diverse products and approaches.The industry of financial services in Romania has a very high potential and registers every year high growth rates. Till now, the location in a major city of the country with a population around 300.000 people was an advantage of the business and a success factor. Now the battlefield has moved in the small towns. The competition became tougher; banks began to develop and to introduce new products. Some experts say that a weakness of the banking sector is market segmentation. There is lots of information about customers, but it seems that banks prefer to focus on clients with large savings accounts. The main banks in Romania, as BRD, BCR, ING, and HVB-Tiriac announced for the year 2005 an increase in the number of the private banking clients. These are mainly customers with accounts between 50.000 and 100.000 Euros, they benefit of private consultancy, special interest rates, commissions, and special insurances. Customers have also a word to say about their bank. A market study made by DeadalusConsulting revealed that the customer profile for banking services is: person aged between 45-55 years, with higher or middle education. The most utilized service is the bank card for salaries payment (32,6%). Next, savings accounts (10,2%), credits for personal needs (11,1%), credits for buying electronics (9,2%) and auto leasing. The best grades were received by Raiffeisen Bank (8,83), BCR (8,58) and BRD Societe Generale (8,57). A customer’s criteria when choosing a bank are the trust in the bank, the environment in the branch, the quality of the staff, the advice they receive, the best interest rate they can receive, the information about the credit costs, and the conditions for obtaining a credit. A successful service provided by the majority of the banks is internet banking. It allows clients to save time and money, without going to the bank, 24 of 24 from inside or abroad. The access is free of charge or very cheap, and includes all kinds of activities from money transfer, payment orders, currency exchange, payment of current bills, external payments etc. The rate of penetration is still low, ranking between 10% and 30% of the customers in one middle bank.7. ConclusionsRomanian companies must focus in the future on the Customer Relationship Management and try to turn a “susceptible” client into a “partner”, to transform people who once needed their product/service, or occasional business partners into supporters and advocates and, eventually, into loyal partners that “sell” on the behalf of the company. Companies must create a permanent dialogue with their customers, and fight for them, because the clientele is not given for free. Customers that were price sensitive show now a higher interest in quality, service and behaviour of staff, and a company which concentrated on a price strategy should check how prepared its rivals are for a competition in the aforementioned fields. Customer Relationship Management increases its flexibility and adaptability to the market, in a world of capricious clients.中文译文：客户关系管理1.介绍在过去的十年中，大多数企业正在忙于生产，经济衰退，合并，新技术和商业管理。
电子商务毕业外文文献(本科)
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Distribution to users from alogistics base shipping method 文献、资料来源:网络文献、资料发表（出版)日期:2012。
7院（部）：商学院专业: 电子商务班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：Distribution to users from a logistics base shipping methodAbstract: Logistics is the company's 'third profit source'，while at the end of the logistics of distribution, logistics and economic efficiency has to improve, optimize，improve the logistics system，improve service, reduce costs and other functions in the logistics system to occupy an important position。
Keywords：Efficient Logistics And Distribution Trends Of The Importance Of Features Distribution of transport and other logistics activities，or constitute a combination of integrated logistics services activities。
Distribution of the 'distribution’ includes the requirements of the order by the user，sorting，picking, loading, storage, handling and other activities, one of the 'free' in the transport process is in the 'secondary transport’, ’Feeder' or 'transport terminal', starting and ending point of the logistics base to the user。
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务信用中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文：Towards Enhancing Trust on Chinese E-Commerce Abstract:E-Commerce has been much more popular in western countries where the development of E-Commerce systems has been relatively matured. While the technology and social credit environment are well developed, E-Commerce is relatively new and receives fewer acceptances within commercial industries in China. Building trust has been identified as one of the major concerns in E-Commerce.In this paper, we will develop an computational model, which may be used to improve the trust-building relationship among consumers, retailers and authorities. This model considers a number of factors including direct experiences, customer recommendations, and authority certification, while parties involved in the E-Commerce activities can confidently establish and reliably enhance the trustworthiness.We also conduct a case study on how to improve consumer-retailer trust relationship in an E-Commerce application by the use of the trust model, which is one of functional electronic storefronts with the consideration of trustworthiness in China. In addition, the findings from this research will also be helpful for national policy maker on legislation of Chinese E-Commerce activities.Key Words: Trust, E-Commerce, Trust-building, Computational model, Chinese E-Commerce.I. Introduction“With the rapid development of Internet technology, the landscape of exchanging information and doing business has been com pletely changed”. As a new way of doing business, E-Commerce is increasingly affecting, changing and even replacing the traditional commerce approach. People are increasingly accepting and using E-Commerce than ever before. Without any doubt, many network applications, based on initial Door to Door to B2B, B2C, and C2C models, have a profound influence on the global economy. However most of the development of E-Commerce is primarily achieved within a handful of countries, particularly in countries like US, Japan and some of European countries. Since the advent of the Internet in the late 1990’s in China, various applications can be seen in the following years, which stirred thousands of ambitious young Chinese people to establish their own business on-line with a dream of getting wealthy overnight. Over the past few years, almost 70% of the growth in Internet users from all over the world occurred only in China. However, in terms of E-Commerce development, there is still a gap between China and the developed countries. With the increased popularity of the Internet and the continuous improvement of Internet technologies, the development of E-Commerce has just made an impressive start. What hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce can be attributed to various problems and barriers. Some of these problems such as payment method, distribution problem, and security issues have been partially alleviated. Unfortunately the consumers’ lack of trust towards E-Retailers has been identified as the biggest barrier that needs to be overcome in long-term.In the paper, we will identify the challenges in developing Chinese E-Commerce and propose a model to cooperate with current E-Commerce system as a mean of enhancing trustworthiness. The paper is organized into 6 sections. Section 2 introduces the current standing of E-Commerce, and then Section 3 briefly reviews the challenges in developing E-Commerce, and examines the “Trust problem”, which is identified as the major obstacle that hinders the spreading of E-Commerce in China. In Section 4, we propose a computational model that can be used to address the trust problem. Section 5 specifically discusses how to apply the model to improve trustworthiness, and gives a case study in Section 6. Section 7 concludes the paper by discussing further directions for improving trust between E-Commerce users.II. Current Chinese E-Commerce Standing(I) Issues in E-CommerceTrust has always been the main concern among most of Chinese E-Commerce companies. On one hand, people are impressed by doing business on-line, but on the other hand they are still worried about using E-Commerce widely. Consequently, a gap appeared between on-line retailers’interest in attracting shoppers to their electronic storefronts and many consumers’ trust in those activities. Nevertheless, researches have shown that the trust problem is not only technical problem, but more of a social problem caused by various reasons. First and foremost, for historical reasons, people may lack of confiden ce with others, therefore it’s quite difficult to puttrust in someone else in the beginning. Secondly, the commercial law and regulation for E-Commerce cannot fully protect the interests of consumers and merchants. Therefore E-Commerce users lack the confidence to take the risk when communicating with an unfamiliar party. Thirdly, the social credit system and payment system in China are still not strong enough when carrying complex E-Commerce transactions, so that on-line business frauds may happen, and harm consumers. Last but not least Internet security and cryptography techniques, which can increase consumers’confidence in on-line activity, are still under development. Due to all these issues, E-Commerce specialists commonly regard that the bottleneck of Chinese E-Commerce is as a trust problem than anything else.(II) Opportunities of Chinese E-CommerceIn 2005, Chinese E-Commerce has been experiencing the upsurge of B2C markets. With the recognition of trust problem, many retailers are experimenting with various trust building strategies to establish trustworthiness towards E-Retailers. Establishing trust between E-Commerce users is a long term process. Apart from more education or training in the long term, we can resort to technology to enhance consumer trust in an unfamiliar E-retailer. One effective method is to participate in third-party assurance programs, which assist consumers in an accessible level of trust they should place in an E-Commerce transaction. In that way, merchants who agree to meet a third party assures standards can either use the assure certified technology, or agree to be bound in some way by the assure procedures or oversight are registered by the assure and permitted to display an identifying logo or assurance seal on their website. Consumers can reveal specific validation of the merchants good-standing with the assure or additional disclosures related to the merchants’ business practices or history. Some theories suggest that trust in an E-retailer can be speci fically defined as consumers’ willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations regarding an E-Retailers future behavior. By evaluating a party’s post behavior and tracking its activities, the party’s futu re behavior can be expected and trust level can be considered so that consumers can make purchasing decision according to the trust level of E-Retailer. In this paper, a third party assurance program that can be cooperated with the current E-Commerce system is proposed. Through tracking E-Retailer ’s activity records, collecting consumer experiences, and recommendations, the computation model is capable of considering the level that consumer can trust an unfamiliar E-Retailer. More detail about the model is described in Section 4.III. Challenges in Developing Chinese E-CommerceChinese E-Markets is undeniably of great potential. E-Markets are not only beneficial for national economy, but also for the global economy, especially since China has entered the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, in terms of developing E-Commerce, there is a gap between China and other developed countries. The primary cause is that the advent of information age has a great impact on the economy of industrialized countrie s, while the social environment and China hasn’t become used to its coming. These can be noticed from various aspects including information infrastructure, barriers of social environment, degree of technologyinnovation, level of awareness, and trustworthiness and so on. Technically, the improvement is obvious, but it’s difficult to catch up in short term for some social problems.(I) Informationization GapCurrent social environment in China is yet to match the rapid informationization. The understanding of the relation and interaction between industrialization and informationization is inadequate. In addition, the importance and urgency of informationization in social and economic development haven’t been fully appreciated. Apart from that, for a long term progress, the awareness and acceptance to informationization are still underway both theoretically and practically.Furthermore, the global information infrastructure are building up, China is not a exception. However, the popularity of informational and electronic facilities in China is still behind the USA, even though 70% of the growth in Internet users occurred in China. That is mainly due to the huge population of China and the imbalanced development of different regions.In terms of the innovation of information technology, China is catching up to the developed countries progressively, although the exploring and utilization of information resources and services are not yet adequate.(II) Social Barriers in E-CommerceIn China, E-Commerce activities are impeded by some social barriers as well. For instance, the law and regulation are not flawless. E-commerce gives a full impetus to social and economic development; in the meantime, it raises some new problems. So we need to address the inadequacy of traditional policy and laws in the new circumstance, and recommend new and effective law and regulation system. E-commerce may cause multi-facet problems, such as legitimacy and authentication of E-currency, E-contract, and E-bill. Taxation is another problem. It includes how to collect business tax and custom; whether new tax and collecting methods are needed for some intangible products (e.g. software, electrical audio and video); how to secure market and prevent monopoly, especially telecommunication monopoly; how to protect privacy and Intellectual Property(IP); how to manage and control export and import of intangible products, and so on.There is a lack of E-Commerce standard. Standardization and legislation is a difficult but important task in developing E-Commerce. For instance, before the E-Signature Standard was invented in China, there was no particular standard to normalize the behaviors on Internet, therefore, it could not setup a standard business environment compatible with international standards, which has a huge impact on integration of individual country and global economy.Another problem associated with E-Commerce is the social credit system and payment system. The present E-Commerce can only be regarded as quasi-E-Commerce. Since the credit system lacks of trust, effective monitoring and payment mechanism. The Internet commodity transaction centers only fulfilled parts of E-Commerce processes, but by no mean to be full processes from pre-purchase to post-purchase. The current distribution system for Chinese E-Commerce is still not satisfied enough. For instance, the delivery of products has yet to be separated frommanufacturing and commercial enterprisers. The incomplete distribution system still responds passively to production and sales departments, where different processing links such as warehousing, transporting and loading functions as independent entities so that the distribution problem has not been solved well at present.In summary, these informationization gaps and social barriers indeed hinder the development of Chinese E-Commerce, but many people consider lack of consumers trust in E-Commerce merchants, technology, social, financial and legal infrastructures of E-Commerce environment as the most concerned issues that affect the development in an individual country, since most traditional cues for assessing trust in physical world are not available on-line.(III)Trust IssueTrust is a catalyst for human cooperation, and it has received considerable attention in the business and social science literature. Lack of trust can result in a waste of time and resources on protecting ourselves against possible harm and thereby clogs up the economy. Consumer’s trust in an E-Retailer can be defined as consumers’willingness to accept vulnerability in an on-line transaction based on their positive expectations in regard with an E-Retailers future behavior. Factors that affect trust in E-Commerce for consumers include security risks, privacy risks, and lack of reliability in E-Commerce processes in general. As pointed by Nielsen, real trust builds through a company’s actual behavior towards its customers over time, and it is seen to be difficult to build and easy to lose. Theoretically, there are three trust-building processes summarized in:1. Knowledge-based trust is described as a form of trust that develops over time as one party learns about intentions, capabilities, and activity experiences. Example can be recommendation, evaluations, and reputations.2. Institutional-based trust relied on the creation of a “trust infrastructure”, of socially recognized third-party intermediaries that certify the trustworthiness of parties in a commercial exchange or actually enforce trustworthy behaviors on the part of one or both partners. Such example is certificate, membership of association.3. Trust transfer happens when one party ascribes trustworthiness to an unfamiliar exchange partner based on that partner’s association with a trusted party.In the ext section, we will describe a computational model, which can be used to facilitate the trust- building process in E-Commerce, particularly for Chinese E-Commerce market.In this paper, we surveyed the E-Commerce activities currently under going in China. We have closely analyzed the gap between the informationization and barriers of Chinese E-Commerce systems. Among the topics of facilitating development of a positive, effective and satisfied E-Commerce system, “trust” is a major issue, which has not received adequate attention in past decades. We have proposed a computational trust model (ERC2G), which can foster a trust relationship between consumers and merchants, and illustrate how to apply the model in a Chinese E-Commerce system. From the case study of EI Computer, we briefly talked about the implementation of E-Commerce systems with the consideration of enhancing trust. However, establishing trust must be a complex process, which involves moreinformation sources, so continuous improving and enhancing the trustworthiness will be the main objective we need to achieve in future work.翻译：提升中国电子商务信用度摘要电子商务在西方国家已经非常流行，并且电子商务系统在这些国家的发展也相对成熟。
电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade E-Commerce is doing business through electronic media or the practice of buying and selling products and services over the Internet,utilizing technologies such as the Web,Electronic Data Interchange(EDI),Email,electronic fund transfers and smart cards,without face-to-face meeting between two parties of the transactions.In brief,E-Commerce is the online exchange or sale and purchase of goods and services.The BackgroundWith the extension of internet in application area, from academies, enterprises tothe government departments, the network reaches variable aspects of our society. From knowledge learning, message obtaining to e-commerce, the digital network is all proved a strong pushing strength. With network, the difference of time and space are eliminated, the exchange and communication among people, the resources sharing are becoming much more easier, based on that, more and more applications are developed, and one of which is the network university and remote learning which will be a great revolution to the traditional teaching and learning way. People can study online, exchange thoughts interactively with teachers and schoolmates through network rather than special classrooms in the campus, this will provide a chance to learn knowledge all the life for those who are in work or can’t go into colleges, perhaps the network university will be the most important model to study in a not long future.Abstract：The 21st century is the century of the network, with the growing popularity of the network, making e-commerce has become the most important international trade as a means of convenient e-commerce has brought the entire international trade an in-depth change, a great impact the development of international trade.In this paper, the impact of electronic commerce on international trade research, first on the meaning and mode of e-commerce and international trade, a simple introduction to basic concepts,followed by analysis to identify the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and found that not only e-commerce promote the rapid development of international trade transactions, but also changed the way of making small and medium enterprises to become more involved in international trade to; and making the international market truly be realized, but also the international trade business management major changes.Key Words：Electronic commerce; international trade; InternetIntroductionIn recent year, e-commerce has emerged as the fastest growing sector of the world marketplace. Despite the contraction in the high-tech industry during the recent recession, firms have continued to enter and expand their presence in e-commerce, and consumers have increased the number of purchases made online. E-commerce currently represents a very small share of overall commerce, but it is expected to continue to expand rapidly in coming years. As e-commerce grows, so will its impact on the overall economy.1．The Overview of E-commerce1.1 The Meaning of E-commerceE-commerce usually refers to the use of computer technology, network technology and telecommunication technology to achieve the entire business process become computerization, digitization and networking.E-commerce is a new business model making that both buyers and sellers do not have to meet each other in various business activities in a wide range of business around the world trade. It also contributes to the consumer's online shopping, online transactions between merchants and online electronic payment in different business activities, trading activities, financial activities and activities related to integrated services in the Internet, an open network environment which based on WEB / server applications ways.E-commerce permeates every stage of trade activities, including information exchange, pre-sales service, sales, electronic payments, transportation, the formation of virtual enterprise and sharing resources. The participants of E-commerce include consumers, vendors, suppliers, financial institutions, enterprises, government and other institutions or individuals, whose purpose is to achieve a business and the whole society efficiency and low-cost trade.1. 2 The E-commerce PatternThe E-commerce pattern is refers to the basic mode which the enterprises obtain the business income using the Internet development management, it is based on a certain technology based commercial operation way and the profit pattern in the network environment. The research and the analysis of the E-commerce pattern’s classified system is helpful in unearths the new E-commerce pattern, provides the way for the E-commerce pattern innovation and be helpful in the enterprise formulates the specific E-commerce strategy and the implementation step. The E-commerce pattern can establish different classification framework from different angles. From the traditional viewpoint, E-commerce pattern is summed up as B2C(Business to Consumer), B2B(Business to Business), C2B(Consumer to Business), C2C(Consumer to Consumer), B2G(Business to Government), BMC（Business Medium Consumer）..1.2.1 The Emergence of E-commerceDuring the 1940s’ and 1950s’, the fiber optic communication technologies and computer technology based on microelectronics has detonated the information technology revolution which still has not ceased until now. Whether it is data processing or information transmission, the human beings have entered an unprecedented era of efficient. In the 1970s, the production of EDI technology (Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Data Interchange) causes the people began to try to exchange business data automatically between different computers, which is the primary form of e-commerce.E-commerce originated in the 1960s’ and development in the 1990s’, and the important conditions of its emergence and development are mainly:● Government's support and impetusAfter the European Union issued Europe Electronic Commerce Agreement in 1997 and the US issued the “Framework for Global Electronic Commerce”, the electron ic commerce has been valued by the governments all over the world.● Widespread use of computerIn the recent 30 years, the faster speed of computer's processing, the stronger handling ability, the lower price and the broader application area provided the solid foundation for use ofE-commerce.● Popularity and maturity of the networkUp to December 31, 2008, the Chinese net citizen achieves at 298, 000, 000 people, and the popularizing rate achieves 22.6%, which surpasses the global average level.● Impeccable network serviceAccording to the statistics, there are more than 4000 influential websites in the world, and almost every website can provide the electronic commerce information and the service. And theOn-line payment technology and the electronic currency payment technology are reliable and popular used all over the world.A recent study of the marketplace by Nielsen//Net Ratings found more than 200 million Americans (or 75%) are using the Internet. Those who shopped online in 2003 spent $17.2 billion online in just the fourth quarter alone. Research firms anticipate that, in 2004, the number of online shoppers will increase by 14 percent, representing 30 percent of the U.S. population. In four more years, half the country’s population will be purcha sing online.1.2.2 The Meaning of International TradeThe international trade refers the exchange between commodity and service in different countries (and/or area), the business of buying and selling commodities beyond national borders. It is the international shift of commodity and service which is also called the world trade and composed of two parts, imports and exports.International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.2 The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade2.1 Promote the Rapid Development of International TradeThe electronic transaction can replace other trading method to a certain extent. In this case, the rise in e-commerce trade will offset the decline in trade in other ways. For example, the increase of international commercial volume through the Internet means the decrease of the volume through the mail or services across the border. However, electronic commerce improve the transaction efficiency and creates the extra commercial opportunity unceasingly by reducing the transaction cost and the price, which on one hand from the superiority that the electronic commerce can reduce the price and increases the international demand; On the other hand it can create the new trade partner and develop the new business partner, making these overtop cost or implementation difficulties transaction becomes feasible.Moreover, electronic commerce can be supplement of the traditional transaction method to complete the transaction together with the transportation of tangible goods. For example, electronic commerce can be the supplementary means of trade through advertisement, marketing, purchase and electronic payment. In short, electronic commerce makes the cross-border transfer of information and resource sharing truly meet the requirements as breaking the space and time limit, thus promoted the international trade development.websites through the provision of goods price and seeking the lowest prices all over the world and use the online auction bidding and other forms of collective bargaining to buy goods at lower prices. This can reduce the prices of imported goods in the country and be conducive to the development of the country's import trade and growth, and form the expansion effects of trade to a certain extent. 2.2 Changed the Trade ModeThe traditional marketing model is the first with the product to look for customers, and sellers are basically telephone communication, mailing product catalogs, all kinds of exhibitions, and so the traditional way to exchange views and suggestions. The changes arising from electronic eommerce marketing, the promotion of international trade, marketing, generate new forms of marketing - e-marketing (e-marketing). E-marketing, there are two meanings: one refers to the use of electronic means of marketing; the other one refers to the Internet as the core e-marketing. However, the latter is developing as a modern international trade, an important way of marketing.The emergence of e-commerce makes a significant change in the trade transactions of the international market, and contributes to the appearance of the virtual trading market without cashtransaction. Electronic commerce developed a brand-new opening, multi-dimensional, the three-dimensional market environment through the exchange of on-line “virtual” information, which broke through the premise condition in which traditional market must take certain time and area. the whole world are connected into a unified "big market" by the information network, promoting to form a world economics marketability. Meanwhile, it drove the development of our country’s social economy in great extent and urged deepen the reform of our country’s enterprise in industrial structure and the trading mode.The existing network has achieved the real-time transmission and exchange of the standard format among the business users document such as contracts, bills of lading, invoices and so on). Both buyers and sellers can handle the order, the negotiations, signing, the declaration, the inspection, the chartering, the taxes payment and other trade service procedure directly online, which reduced the trading hours greatly and made the transaction more fast and convenient and promote the working efficiency of the finance, the customs, the transportation and the insurance. The capital, the commodity and the technology brought by the fast flowing information accelerate the global flows of production elements and promote network economy to the computer network technology as the platform and electronic commerce for the pattern in the rapidly developing economy world. The economic and trade and the connection among countries can strengthen greatly under this kind of network trade's environment and bring the new energy and spirit to the development of world’s economic.2.3 Making SMEs More Involved in International TradeThe rapid development of e-commerce in the world makes the position where the large enterprises plays a leader role in the international trade in traditional trade pattern decrease day by day and ushered a brand-new development opportunities and a broader international market. The emergence of electronic commerce makes the Small and medium-sized enterprises have more opportunities to show their good brand image and product on the international stage, which is mainly manifested in two aspects:On the one hand, e-commerce is helpful for the small and medium-sized enterprise displays its unique superiority of products and greatly develops the brand products. in environmental impact of the traditional mass production and marketing, people often tend to buy the most satisfying products in the lowest price, which often has the relative advantage of the advantage in large scale of economies, mass production capabilities by large enterprises, the formation of cost, so that to bea dominant position in the small and medium-sized enterprise competition. However, electronic commerce provided customers an effective way that they can talk face to face with manufacturers of products and ordered services personalized, by which customers can massively visit enterprise's related website, describe their products and business needs and different requirements in the web sides, and make a transform from large scale production's pattern into the personalized product ordering pattern。
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译 )译文：跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起，往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。
我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。
我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。
分析结果表明，相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。
然而，语言相关的交易成本的增加。
此外，网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。
在平衡，没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。
我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。
在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1 %可以增加多达7 %的跨境电子商务。
我们还表明，在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。
关键词电子商务 / 引力方程 /欧盟1. 介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。
互联网的兴起，更一般地，数字通信技术，具有 LED 许多观察家宣布，距离“死”（Cairncross，1997）。
在这方面，它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。
在传统的线下实物商品贸易，证据却指向距离成本增加（disdier和头，2008）。
贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。
问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。
Blum 和 Goldfarb（2006）表明，即使是纯粹的信息产品，距离仍然起着重要的作用。
他们认为这是文化上的差异，随着物理距离的增加。
除了信息成本的影响，可能会有副作用，对贸易模式的影响。
网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积，为供应商和消费者，在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。
这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。
然而，出现在网络上，可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。
本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。
本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。
2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
旅游商务英文作文
旅游商务英文作文英文：As someone who works in the tourism industry, I have had the opportunity to interact with a variety of clients and businesses. In my experience, there are a few key factors that contribute to successful tourism business ventures.Firstly, it is important to have a clear understanding of the needs and preferences of your target audience. This means conducting market research and analyzing data to determine what types of experiences and services are in demand. For example, if you are targeting a younger demographic, you may want to focus on adventure activities such as hiking or zip-lining, whereas if you are targeting families, you may want to offer more kid-friendlyactivities such as theme parks or animal sanctuaries.Secondly, it is crucial to establish strongpartnerships with other businesses in the industry. This can include hotels, restaurants, transportation companies, and tour operators. By working together, you can create packages and promotions that benefit both parties and provide a more comprehensive and enjoyable experience for customers. For example, a hotel may partner with a local tour operator to offer discounted tours to guests, while the tour operator may recommend the hotel to their clients.Finally, it is important to prioritize customer service and satisfaction. This means going above and beyond to ensure that customers have a positive experience and addressing any issues or concerns in a timely and professional manner. This can include offering personalized recommendations, providing assistance with logistics and transportation, and following up with customers after their trip to gather feedback and address any issues.中文：作为旅游业的从业者，我有机会与各种客户和企业互动。
商务英文和旅游英文作文
商务英文和旅游英文作文英文：As a business professional, I often find myselftraveling for work. Whether it's meeting with clients, attending conferences, or negotiating deals, travel is an essential part of my job. In these situations, it's crucial to be able to communicate effectively in both English and Chinese.For example, when I was in Shanghai for a business trip, I had to negotiate a contract with a Chinese company.During the negotiation, I had to use both English and Chinese to ensure that there were no misunderstandings. Being able to switch between the two languages seamlessly was a valuable skill that helped me to build rapport and trust with my Chinese counterparts.In addition to business travel, I also enjoy traveling for leisure. When I visited Beijing last year, I found thatbeing able to speak Chinese was incredibly useful. From ordering food in a local restaurant to asking for directions, speaking the local language made my travel experience much more enjoyable and immersive.中文：作为一名商务专业人士，我经常需要出差工作。
电子商务外文翻译文献
The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and financial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channelfor businesses to contact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Companies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW(Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based onrelatively expensive traditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utiliseall three components to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businessesshould investigate the implications of these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we curr ently call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of thistechnology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involvedin marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required by the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the transaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he couldn’t tell if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the customers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. Bysatisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways ofacquiring, managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered the channels through which companies and customers maintaintheir relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to make a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolutionin marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances of many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenience shoppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust and security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet privacy and security, in thecontext of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So whyis it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust andsecurity which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electronic community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that tryto advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customerloyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate)is still applicable, but now operates in a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this moredifficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by thefollowing example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large,multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Telecom’s Telnet sy stem to support EDI-like connections to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed throughMinitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into the development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。
电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献电子商务营销中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电子商务在马来西亚中小企业的应用摘要：该研究项目旨在探讨电子商务是否适用于马来西亚马来洲的中小型企业。
主要参与研究的人群是马来西亚马来人的德瓦恩和吉兰丹州的登记入住人员，一共有302个受访者被选择参加我们的研究。
根据世界商界的一般假设，一致认为，电子商务的应用与全球经济的生存和挑战高度相关。
同时，获取知识和认识环境，应对和处理变化，加快业务决策的过程能够进一步提高中小型企业的竞争力。
通过应用建立的模型，我们的调查集中在5个可识别的变量，以表现采用电子商务对推动中小企业的实用性。
我们的分析表明，所有选择的变量对加强电子商务的应用，从而保持其在该行业的的竞争优势有显著意义。
关键词：电子商务应用物流营销采购安全中小企业1.介绍电子商务电子商务的出现正在根本性地改变商业进行的方式。
客户可以在其全面休闲的任何地方，任何时候购物，并且总是享受几乎没有任何成本的同等水平的服务。
显然，通过这种无纸化交易，顾客不再需要填写订购表格，或到经营场所去放置他们的订单。
什么事都可以在客户便利的条件下电子化地完成。
根据EDI报文（2000），即使中小企业因为缺乏专业知识和资金而可能有困难建立一个先进的网站，但是他们仍然需要电子商务去繁荣和持续生存。
许多个人和组织在用典型的方式去解释电子商务。
当企业开始意识到互联网作为强大媒体的角色开展业务，特别是在服务行业，因为它能够提高客户与供应商的关系，电子商务术语出现了。
电子商务是指主要的相关商业关系或交易通过互联网实现的流程，包括采购，营销，销售和客户支持。
劳顿和特拉弗形容电子商务涉及所有时间周期，速度和全球化，可以增强生产力，获取新顾客和跨机构分享知识，通过数字化实现跨边界产品和服务的交易。
电子商务是商业圈各种关系演变而成的。
它可以是企业对个人的形式（B2C），企业对企业（B2B）的形式，商业业务（BIB）的形式，和最后的个人对个人（C2C）的形式。
农村电子商务模式外文文献翻译最新译文
文献信息文献信息Gleeson M. The study of B2C e-commerce sites in the countryside [J]. Procedia Computer Science, 2016, 12(3): 57-67. 原文原文The study of B2C e-commerce sites in the countrysideGleeson M1 IntroductionB2C e-commerce is a pattern, which are usually said direct-to-consumer sales of products and services commercial retail mode. This form of electronic commerce general with network mostly retail, mainly by using the Internet to develop online sales activities. B2C namely enterprise through the Internet to provide consumers a new shopping environment - online stores, consumers through the network shopping on the Internet, online payment and other consumer behavior. A B2C business through the Internet offers consumers a new shopping environment - electronics store. Due to the rapid growth of the scale of rural, rural B2C e-commerce research also should pay attention to it.2 The development conditions of agricultural products B2C e-commerce2.1 Use e-commerce means the requestFirst of all, establish a systematic, professional, low-cost agricultural products logistics distribution system of agricultural products of short shelf life than other commodity, some consumer wants to buy the green food can storage, preservation and at the same time, consumption of agricultural products is characterized by the quantity of every time to buy, buy less frequency is high, the transaction amount is small. So there must be a quick, powerful agricultural products logistics distribution system. Second, perfect the system of B2C e-commerce of agricultural products. E-commerce development is very rapid, and electronic commerce is a kind of free, open trade mode, with the traditional business activities are quite different, some related management system, laws and regulations lag. So, how to guarantee the authenticity of online advertising and e-commerce market to crack down on illegal manufacturer, specification, agricultural market constraints become an important factor in thedevelopment of B2C e-commerce. Third, the wide application is order management subsystem. Agricultural product circulation enterprises must give the timelyprocessing of orders for customers; arrange production according to the quantity ofgoods, all on schedule of delivery to the customer. Fourth is the establishment ofoperation mechanism of daily statistical pattern library. Agricultural products can beobtained at any time from the project manager of various kinds of statistical reports,pattern library, including all kinds of marketing mode, such as the advertising budget, new product planning, media selection, pricing models, the best marketing mix, etc., mainly for the senior management personnel in the face of the unstructured problems to provide a reference model.2.2 Requirements for agricultural product processing industryAgricultural production standardization, standardization of agricultural production, there are two aspects of content, namely certainty and uniformity. Agricultural products consumption dictionaries, dictionaries is the precondition for the development of B2C e-commerce, only the consumer to a certain extent, stray from the consumption habit of agricultural products, agricultural products and identity dictionaries, can from the Internet to buy agricultural products. Dictionaries contributed to the agricultural products of mass production of agricultural products, to create the possibility for standardization of agricultural production. Strengthen agricultural products between enterprises and engaged in distribution and other business cooperation. A higher percentage of the produce of the small and medium-sized enterprises, but also can't form the B2C e-commerce of agricultural products distribution system, it is difficult to achieve the rapid response. Joint, which requires companies to build and maintain a distribution system and thereby reducing costs play the role of the overall advantage.3 Key technology of rural electronic commerceFor rural electronic commerce has many problem presses for solution, such asagricultural preservation requires rapid logistics distribution (including dynamic pathplanning and convenient business matching and precise knowledge search, etc.), suitable for rural application environment of human-computer interaction need tosolve the problem of data open, etc.3.1 The dynamic path planningDynamic path planning problem about agricultural products distribution, due to the different characteristics of the agricultural products there is a big difference, so for different kinds of agricultural products, in addition to the need to consider when choosing a distribution model of general merchandise characteristics of constraints (such as demand, volume, delivery of the goods transportation cost, delivery time,vehicle capacity limits, mileage limit, time limit, etc.), also take into account the constraints of characteristic agricultural products (such as the efficiency of the agricultural products and transport the required temperature, humidity, oxygen consumption, etc.).To solve the key problem is how to in the actual process of logistics distribution based on the distribution characteristics of the agricultural products, design and efficient logistics distribution dynamic path planning algorithm, for producers and business operators to provide comprehensive transportation of low cost, low consumption goods, convenient agricultural products logistics distribution solutions, enhance the competitiveness of the products in the target market.3.2 Business maximum similarity matching algorithmThe depth of the rapid spread of the Internet and search engine development, the number of sellers buyers make e-commerce platform to soar, new "asymmetric information". For buyers to identify the seller's information effectively has become very difficult, resulting in platform is very difficult to find suitable suppliers; For sellers, is very difficult to get buyers information also, the promotion of the problems of high cost and low profit margins. How to improve the purity of information, enhancing business matching efficiency becomes the e-commerce platform must face the problem. Through the analysis of Web data mining, user access patterns, userrecords of consumption and user survey data, the analysis of the mining knowledge extraction system developed a smart website. Its key technology is automatic information acquisition technology, data mining technology, the automatic indexing technology, full-text retrieval technology and statistical techniques, etc. For example, the use of collaborative Filtering (Collaborative Filtering), according to the statisticalanalysis of a customer before buying behavior and purchase behavior from similar customers buying behavior to speculate that the customer pay attention to the goodsand is related to its business scope of business opportunities, etc.3.3 Based on the concept of search engineResearch oriented knowledge element mining of massive unstructured resourcesand its semantic relation rapidly detect algorithms; In the semantic environment,intelligent service involves a large number of dynamic distribution in the network information resources, in order to improve the efficiency of semantic environment knowledge mining and found that the quality of knowledge, to these information resources are extracted and synthesis of the available knowledge organization, to guarantee the knowledge and effectiveness. Research under the guidance of ontology for mass and space-time distribution of unstructured information resources of multi-level knowledge mining technology, realization of metadata, the relationship between concepts and their semantic knowledge element mining components in different levels; Research knowledge learning sample complexity and computational complexity of the algorithm, establish a formal representation of the learning process, including reasonable constraint are knowledge semantic relation learning framework, achieve comprehensive knowledge, the knowledge element compound raise the level of knowledge processing, solve for Knowledge complex problems.3.4 The human-computer interaction technologyIn the human-computer Interaction technology (the Human - ComputerInteraction Techniques) refers to the dialogue with the Computer technology. Itincludes machine through the output or display device provide people withinformation, people through the input device to the machine input information, etc.The human-computer interaction technology is one of the important content ofcomputer user interface design. It and cognitive science, ergonomics, psychology, and other areas of the discipline are closely linked, and the farmer's cultural level is generally low. So the convenient, quick, the human-computer interaction interfaces and operation method of humanization, personalization and easy to use interactive equipment, for rapid advance village, e-commerce is of great significance. Touchscreen machine is a special service terminal and public service facilities of rural grassroots, because it possesses the characteristics of convenient operation, the use offree and brought to the attention of the government departments at all levels.Therefore, research on a touch screen support dialogue and remote update serviceplatform, has a practical significance.4 Concrete measures4.1 Construct consumer shopping concept change of business operation modeConsumers shopping habits are traditional "to see, touch, listening to the sounds and taste" .Despite the multimedia electronic commerce network advertising effect, but can't replace agricultural character and the universal attraction for consumers. Only consumer shopping idea changes, adapt to the direction of the network development, B2C e-commerce of agricultural products can be developed on a large scale.4.2 Strengthen the construction of enterprise network and improve the quality ofwebsite informationEnterprises should open channels of information with the help of the Internettechnology, further to do a good job of online marketing. In addition, studies haveshown that for a shopping experience for the peasants agriculture website information quality, seriously affect their purchase intention. Information is most widely network buyers mentioned one of the aspects in need of improvement, and at present most of the agricultural B2C website information quality is not satisfactory.4.3 Set up online security system and payment systemA key problem of online trading is safety, including safety communications,safety confirmation and pays three aspects. There are a lot of information on theInternet have illicit close sex, online transactions need to confirm the identity toensure that electronic non-repudiation after signing the agreement. Set up online payment system is the development of network marketing is an important content, the research shows that 52% of users think the biggest issue online shopping is not safe and convenient payment, development and security of online payment system is very necessary.4.4 Simplify the purchasing process of agricultural productsThe current electronic payment means, is network consumers mention most the place that needs to be improved, the second is to simplify the shopping process and after-sales service. In fact, there are some farmers consumers are ready to the purchase of agricultural products through the agricultural website, but in the process of clearing, settlement steps too complicated or be asked to fill out the web site of personal information too much and give up halfway. This part of the farmers is the most likely potential customers, part of which is the most worth fighting for customers. Payment platform by using simple shopping program, simplify the buying process of agricultural products, at the same time improve the quality of after-sales service, make farmers customers feel in agricultural website to buy agricultural products is both simple and trust, thus for enterprise to create more opportunities of electronic trading.译文译文B2C 农村电子商务网站农村电子商务网站Gleeson M1 引言引言B2C 是电子商务的一种模式，也就是通常说的直接面向消费者销售产品和服务商业零售模式。
在线旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
在线旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:The business model innovation of online travel in E-commerceenvironmentU GretzelAbstractOnline travel industry as the combination of tourism and the Internet, have different characteristics with the traditional tourism. In this process,the Internet is always playing an important role in the world. With the progress of the society, the Internet technology perfect fusion together with the traditional commerce, has given rise to a new economic form, namely the electronic commerce. Electronic commerce appeared was penetrated into society at an alarming rate of all walks of life, to bring all walks of life the subversive, new changes. The speeding up of the modernization process, making online travel services and online travel services business model also have different characteristics and features. Keywords: e-commerce, online travel, business model1 IntroductionCompared with a previous any technological revolution in the computer network is widely used for the symbol of the social impact of modern science and technology revolution in both depth and breadth is unprecedented, it is in the human into the information age also created a new industry, information technology industry. Electronic commerce if it shows strong vitality and influence, its impact on the society as a whole both in breadth and in depth are far more than any time before the scientific and technological achievements. On the one hand, it forced firms to transfer the line of sight to the traditional business constraints, across the existing competition boundaries to create a new market. On the other hand, it also create conditions for the adjustment of enterprise business model. Enterprise business model, its essence is business modeldesign and implementation of business model of systemic framework and tools. Therefore, in this with differentiation, personalized for the demand of the mainstream market environment, companies can create, practice its strategy is essentially refers to the enterprise business model innovation is valid.The biggest characteristic is to customers of tourism demand elasticity, sensitive to the environment. The penetration of the thorough application of the Internet and e-commerce is bound to have a significant impact on the development of the industry. Therefore, the enterprise can be in a whole new perspective of business model innovation as the starting point is the access to resources, improve ability and the key to achieve strategic competitive advantage.2 Literature reviewThe rise of online travel services and development, and changed from the wooden curve of the development of tourism industry and tourism enterprises operating mode and business process, influence is more, I want to focus ten online travel service management, the relationship of relevant interest groups, business model, sales, and pure way, successful experience and the development trend of the future.Fesenraaier (2008) analyzed the business situation and business models. Think there are three kinds of operation mode: general tourist information service website, online travel booking service agents, travelservice and travel products suppliers directly. Analyzes the travel website works in the United States, the U.S. travel sites is the brand cooperation, preferential prices, the network marketing, service fees and other measures to boost profits.Sigak (2007) discusses the social network such as the use and management of new technology of web 2.0, web 2.0 combined with online travel is a new innovation, will set up a new online travel business model, the use and management of web 2.0 will be to influence business decisions.Reuver, etc. (2008) studied the importance of online travel website domain name online, online domain influence consumer concern for its tourism website on the Internet, analyze the importance of the search engine's influence on online travel and tourism search engine.Olson (2010) through the travel sites, travel sites users and tourism service providers to three aspects of survey, reveals the most is a regional tourist destination travel website supplier organization, provides comprehensive local tourism information and online services. Analyzed the user's satisfaction, discuss the obstacles for realizing the online travel service lies in technology and finance, Internet speed is slow and high cost, and put forward the possible methods to improve the quality of service of online travel.Terwiech (2005) studied the NYOP consumer behavior, analysis to simulate the NYOP intermediate distributors and bargaining between a group of consumers buying and selling model.NYOP middlemen to accept potential buyers choose to accept orreject after quotation. Bargain buying and selling model through price discrimination to show us how to use this NYOP business model set limits the price the retailer and get a better profit.Fay (2004) studied the NYOP business model of repeated issue quotation. Enterprise’s single bid of Priceline it may cause repeated bidding procurement, paper studies the limit consumer the behavior is not conducive to the number of bid NYOP company's profits. Results show that the number of repeat for the impact on the profit is not unified, too high and too low will repeat to NYOP bidding behavior and the impact on profits.3 Online travel enterprise business model analyses3.1 The summary of online travel related3.1.1 The meaning of online travelOnline tourism is refers to the use of the Internet technology route query reservation and travel products, online services and other related tourism products, include sharing tourism process through the network or tourist experience, and the interactions between passengers. Specific include: tourism and the corresponding prepared; ongoing interaction and tourism after the sharing and review. In general, the online travel is the travel service industry and the combination of electronic commerce, with the "online" to serve "tourism", and got a new forms of operation in the service industry, in a narrow sense, tourism electronic commerce, broadly speaking is the online travel industry chain.3.1.2 The characteristics of online travelDepending on the technology of online travel refers to the network through online access and booking travel products, and can travel through the network to share or travel experience. Online travel and primarily due to the traditional tourism mode and refer to the difference of information, not in addition to no other difference. Online travel service is a kind of means, through the Internet or mobile Internet to facilitate everybody. No matter traditional website is now online travel agency, is with the nature of the agents, provide passengers with scenic area as the center of the related tourism products experience, the ultimate goal of all of them is to get benefits, to maximize profit.Online travel cost is low; the travel agency for the launch of advertising is increased, but the return on investment is small. It can take advantage of the Internet, reducing the costs of tourist information filtering. Through the vertical search engine, users can learn different price differences, price-sensitive online users will be able to buy relatively cheap travel products, as a result, passengers can travel through online channels to get product price, price advantage. Online travel to maximize the integration of the world in the fan of tourist information, diversified services to realized. Mobile network application is breakthrough space constraints, promoted the growth of online travel. The travel speed of network marketing, transmission range is wide,advertising effect is obvious. Tourism product differentiation, service content, the advantage of diversity and tourism users do not need to on-the-spot investigation, can through online access to other tourists travel information sharing. Network interactive advantage user confidence is in the tourism product, the tourism become a group of potential customers.3.2 The online travel business model and its operationOnline travel market size, and has huge potential, online travel companies in competition, many different kinds of business models, and to diversify its business model include:The agent service is business model. See this business model is more. The online travel companies act as the role of intermediate distributors, provide trading services for users and product suppliers, and draw a certain proportion in the trading commission. The business model of the lower trading revenues, but the income is stable.Single reservation mode, subdividing the individual content of tourism experience, have special only responsible for hotel reservation website, only responsible for car rental Booking website and only make a reservation for flight Booking website, etc., such as hotel reservation services only Agora and Booking, etc., only provide Avis car rental service.Social media everything is business model. The model through theInternet for reviews of tour and travel guides, tourism information sharing, novel share gathered a large number of the target group of social interaction, produce traffic, at the same time use the display of the contents and advertisements in mass effect, its main source of profits is content display and ads. This new online is travel enterprise profit model with on behalf of the enterprise.Users' bid mode is namely the NYOP business model. The business model pioneered in the United States, the main business hotel reservation, ticket booking, tankers, car rental and destination scenic area cooperation business, with the product quantity and relatively fixed price to get the corresponding goods, online travel service providers as intermediate distributors have pricing power, provide fuzzy information to consumers, the asymmetric information of earn commodity price bidding behavior. Income is higher; the model of single deal main profit source is the product of the difference.E-commerce development model is online tourism Commodity Exchange acceleration, goods online mall. Due to the traditional tourism holds the proportion of the resources, the advantage of electric business model makes the traditional travel agencies to consider online services, using the offline products online sales network, both online and offline sales channels. Tourism market in the future, there will be no difference between traditional tourism and online travel sites, online travelcompanies to offline channels, and traditional tourism enterprises start to online service channel, tourism enterprises double channels of the online and offline two-way integration of the business model inevitable trend. Related business model a relatively stable earnings, due to the power of the web, price difference is not obvious, profit space is small.4 ConclusionsOnline travel industry is the development trend of intelligent tourism and social services, so the development of online travel service business model to the intelligent and high quality of service development. Information to continue to strengthen, the advantages of using new technology to adapt to the needs of social development, meet people's needs, intelligent is means. Tourism is a service industry experience, the ultimate purpose is to improve the service and customer satisfaction, information into a consumer experience, no matter how tourism landscape changes, to serve the community for the purpose. Future, information technology will further development, the development of the online travel industry chain are built on the basis of the mobile network to develop, the online travel service from the user needs to have the necessary quality of service, moreover also requires attention to two-way integration of online and offline business.译文:电子商务环境下的在线旅游模式创新U Gretzel摘要在线旅游业作为旅游业与互联网的结合,有着与传统旅游业不同的特点。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
电子商务与旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:电子商务与旅游业摘要电子商务的鼎盛时期已经过去还是仅仅只是在休整？商业和股市期望没有得到满足。
但是，抛去其强硬的经济问题和数量稀少旅客，电子商务在诸如旅游和旅游业的网上交易的一些部门依然不断增加。
这个行业是在B2C（企业对消费者）领域的领导型应用。
而在其他行业有较强的坚持传统工艺，旅游业正经历一个电子商务的接受过程，该行业的结构正在发生变化。
网络不仅用于收集信息；通过互联网订购服务正在被接受。
一个新型的用户正在出现，接受成为他自己的旅行社，并建立自己的旅游套票。
在2002年美国在线旅游市场增长了45％至27亿元。
占市场总值的14.4％，欧洲在线旅游增加了67％，占市场总额的3.6％。
同年美国32％的旅客已使用互联网预订旅游安排。
预测到2007年30%的B2C交易在欧洲的德国将在互联网上完成。
然而，其他的市场研究机构发布其他，高和低，编号。
这些统计数据问题，他们是基于不同，要么宽或窄、定义：要么区分：电子商务和电子商务(看到后者作为部分的第一)或不是，并且使用不同的变量和测量方法。
但是，即使证明不同的定义，给出了所有的统计数字旅游域点向上。
然而，在所有这些定义亏缺了一个重要方面我们可以看出在旅游案例：他们是所有交易和商业导向和忽略了这个事实，即网络也是一个中等的好奇心、创建社区或刚一件有趣的事，所有这一切都可能发生，也可能不会获得业务。
特别是旅游产品与情感体验，有趣但并不仅仅是业务。
一、关于这个行业旅游及旅游业作为一个全球或者说全球化的行业体现了非常具体的特点：1.旅行和观光的代表了大约11%世界范围内(GDP)旅游卫星账户后举行的世界旅游的方法和旅游委员会)；2.将有十亿国外游客在2010年世界旅游组织，平均而言，旅游增长速度超过其他的经济部门；3. 作为一个伞业它涉及到许多部门，如文化或体育运动，超过30种不同的工业部件，服务已确认的旅行者；4.解释了整个行业的非均质性，因为它的中小企业结构(尤其是拍照的时候目的地的观点)，它有一个巨大的重要性了区域发展。
例如,在欧盟的饭店和餐厅部门占了超过130万个企业,这些8.5都是欧洲的企业。
95%的企业是非常小的,例如有的企业只有1 - 9名员工；5.供给与需求面形成一个世界范围的网络，两种生产和分配规律是基于合作。
6.该产品是具有阶段性和复杂性的，（1）一个宾馆房间的床上，不卖一晚代表一个失落的收入。
供应商面临着潜在危险，而这种危险通过获得的信息的可能得意减少；(2)旅游产品本身是一种“捆绑型”的基本产品。
支持相当复杂的捆绑产品必须有很好定义与尊重对消费者需求、价格或者还经销渠道的接口。
旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，给予一个先于体验的综合评价它的特质是不可能的。
游客不得不离开自己的日常环境消费产品。
此刻的决策，只可得到一个基于一系列的信息通过后天的多套频道(网络、电视、小册子或朋友) 的产品的抽象模型。
这一特点的旅游产品信息都需要消费者和供应商两个方面，面对高信息搜寻成本，导致信息市场的不完善。
所有这些反过来使其建立起相应的信息和价值的长链。
图1.市场结构视图[12]图1区分了供给和需求侧和各自的中介。
链接标记的关系以及信息的流动。
它仅仅显示最相关的链接，节显示点的参与者在各自区域的相关类型。
在供应方面，我们与“主要的供应商”指企业如酒店或餐馆里，大部分中小企业。
对于这些公司在泛函数微分在同一水平为“大”的成员，像航空公司。
旅游经营者可以被看作是产品汇集者，旅游代理充当信息经纪人，提供最终用户提供有关信息和订的设施。
CRS / GDS(中央预订系统/全球分销系统)，出于航空订票系统已经发展了他在60年代，还涉及其他产品，如打包度假，或者其他方式的交通工具。
而中介机构在右边可以被看作是“专业”连接供给与需求之间(主要是基于电子基础建设和功能的CRS /(GDS)，左侧是相关的管理、规划和品牌的一个目的地。
这些国家、地区和地方旅游组织通常是政府资助的，以及代表所有的供应商在目的地和不从事预约的过程。
上游流按照图1的流程构成产品信息，而下游流动报告主要在于在市场行为，主要表现在条款的统计上。
两个信息流动创造一个旅游信息网绑在一起，而且很明显地反映了所有市场参与者之间的经济关系。
二、层业务正在改变（一）新的产品和服务网络引导两个新的方法来满足改变消费习惯——他们并不忠诚，往往会使更多但更短的假期、决策之间的时间和消费减少，整个旅游价值链的“信息化”也是如此。
这允许不同的策略来产生价值[11]：1.增加价值的提取效率，降低物流成本，如：自动化的具体进程或外包给客户，自我入住酒店的客人或航空公司的乘客。
2.价值捕获：客户端和销售数据用来支持营销，例如，数据挖掘的预报或产量的管理。
3.价值增长：一个线性组合价值的产品及服务，创造更丰富的产品捆绑，例如，新服务品质为消费者通过将无线服务，以现有的网站给游客建议购买他们的服务。
4.价值创造：把重点放在网络效应，例如，游客们在一个目的地参与服务的定义和规划。
这样，不但过程变化，而且能自行设计新服务延伸的范围和配置选项来定制产品。
定制过程在基于互联网技术的规模定制下进行了描述有个性的产品或服务。
配置是指产品或服务捆绑的不同成分的综合，公司结合他们的核心产品与层附加的服务。
（二）新商业网络动力学和部门的已经很有竞争力的电子市场，几乎所有的利益相关者已经实施了他们的策略。
同样，旅游业也成为了新入者的发展领域，不论是初创企业还是公司来自媒体和IT领域。
自从旅游是一种以信息为基础的业务，它非常适合各自的背景。
一个可以观察进一步专业化的趋势并不断解构由成员和产品并联集成的价值链。
最新评论的竞争和合作的同时，在边界行业内是模糊的，所有类型的市场参与者都受影响。
1.游客们被更多的成员访问，但是他们同样也在说明它们的服务例如，用反向拍卖网站中扮演更积极的角色。
2.旅行社在销售渠道看到一个渺茫的权力，后果是他们将重点更多地放在咨询和更复杂的产品上。
3.进一步提高网络旅游网站提供了新的市场功能和技术，焦点集中在对旅行者的个性化智能工具见在主要网站使用的建议功能)。
目的地管理机构在目的地开发合作模式，在那里他们会占据一个新角色作为经验和集成服务商，例如爱尔兰。
4.旅游经营者基于规模化定制和灵活的配置(例如，意大利操作员科斯塔Crociere已经开发了一种个性化的巡航建造者)，总是将个体之间和包装旅游的边界模糊。
5.CRS / GDS显示了一个“英特尔内置”的营销战略，利用链接到主要旅游网站提高其交易额，同时进行直接销售以增加零售环节。
6.供应商将日益形成同盟和支持电子直销，增加价格竞争和价格，重新分化过程，如电子的票务客户或自动登机手续。
这导致了市场的一种进化，形象地描述为一个进行中的相互影响的集中(例如，如美国与全国各大网站，例如Expedia在线旅行，Orbitz或Travelocity)和同步的新进入的新成员。
增加了复杂性，但是也生成了需要新的服务项目，如提供透明访问，市场概览，或价格的比较，这反过来又会促进创新，将更加强调技术创新。
三、IT系统：特点和发展趋势新兴的商业场景是基于灵活的网络结构和一个消费者不断提高的整合。
如果一个人增加旅游生命周期——考虑到流动性方面的旅游者——可以得出以下的简化图中的链接各自的旅游阶段与公司的过程。
图2.旅游生命周期和公司的进程(供应商和中介机构)很明显，公司合伙人得交叉过程促进了了分布式的b2b2c的形成，并且支持移动通信公司和消费者之间的合作。
技术——基于一种普遍深入人心的基础设施——将变得透明，对消费者来说是无形的；信息就会出现在家中、工作中和在旅行中。
在这样一个场景的IT系统应该具有以下特点：1.支持异构数据格式和业务功能以及分布式数据来源，因为他们必须考虑的不同类型的参与主体与他们的功能差异；2.有弹性和开放性，关于地理和功能扩展。
他们会支持整个消费生命周期和所有商业阶段；3.使各自的参与者拥有充分的自主权，而是增强合作行为，为供应商提供复杂工具以及进行动态的网络配置；4.移动和固网服务的整合，促成服务的多渠道访问，提供像先前描述的所有不同类型的成员；5.支持细心的用户界面和通过广泛的开发的用户模型的个性化，考虑到用户的行为、认知以及感情方面。
交叉的研究和开发工作已经在着手解决旅游及旅游业应用上述主题，并取得了一些显著的成绩。
很自然地，很多这些活动遵循一个基于AI途径。
接下来，我们参考他们中的一些人，集中关注于那些更有影响力，已经或即将有重大作用的途径。
这些都是具有相当水平的技术，它能在不同的应用中被开发，如旅游规划与调度、来访者导引系统、个人定价、反向拍卖，或工作流管理支持合作的市场中。
1．信息提取。
旅游信息门户网站仍然很大程度上基于非结构化的信息。
因此，发展中的一个关键问题在于存取数据的分布式系统为人类使用格式化并把它们转换成一个结构化的数据格式，如XML。
这个问题通过包覆技术得到妥善解决来学习高度精确提取规则，适应结构的改变网站确保正确的抽取数据([5]，[6])。
2．信息集成。
包装器可以利用顶部或结构化信息来源的半结构化来建立。
这为解答基于多重包装的数据的结合与提取的疑问的系统[4] 搭建了舞台。
旅游相关资讯来源代表一个完美的应用等技术。
例如，TheaterLoc是一种信息集成的应用程序，可以让用户检索在美国的剧院和餐馆的信息，这些信息来自5个不同的线上资源[1]。
这个应用程序的核心部件是一个开发AI规划技术的媒介，是一个领域模型(含一种本体论)，它结合一套公理描述之间的映射关系与综合性数据来源。
当查询时，系统原因提出关于领域的模型的描述和来源，建立一个计划数据检索和整合。
3．信息的简报。
旅游是一种特殊的文化遗产，是一个享有特权的应用领域为智能信息介绍技术[10]。
自然语言技术被用来建造语境演讲，演讲和手势识别以及动画角色支持一条增量互动性涉及用户在欣赏文化遗产。
应用已经开发出来，因为这才是真正的展览的信息，即用户混合，监测，一组感测器，能在移动设备上活化个性化的窗户，那里提供在展的的信息(例如，在一个博物馆)。
此外，即使是不请自来的对进一步话题或对象设想都可以提供交付。
4．建议。
建议系统建会推荐产品并未消费者提供建议的产品信息以便于决策。
有一些显著的应用聚焦于旅游目的地的选择和应用旅游产品捆绑([2]，[8])。
在这些应用中用户关于对他的需要和系统被明确的要求，包括约束和基于内容过滤技术、交互式查询管理、和过滤写作方法的变化趋势或基于实例推理的，等级建议提取结构化的目录。
旅游推荐提出关于其复杂性和无形的旅游产品的特殊要求。
改进措施必须设计多种产品(地点、吸引力、住宿、航班，等等。