如何辨别英语短语动词中的介词和副词

如何辨别英语短语动词中的介词和副词

英语短语动词系指动词和介词或副词的习惯结合，其功能相当一个

动词。表面看上去完全相同的短语动词，因介词或副词的词类不同，其

语义差别很大。如：

①They talked over the problem to see if they could solve it.

他们认真讨论了这个问题，看是否解决。(over副词)

②They talked over the counter when William visited Peter's shop．

威廉来到彼得店里后，他们隔着柜台说话。(over介词)

因此，正确识别短语动词中的介词或副词的词类，对我们掌握短语

动词正确理解和翻译语言帮助很大。如何识别呢?方法如下：

(1)根据不变词的位置是否可以移动来识别。通常，短语动词中的

副词位置可移动，可置于名词宾语的前边或后边，代词宾语(特别是人

称代词)的后边：

①They called up all young men．

②They called au young men up．

③They called them up．(他们征所有年轻人入伍。)( up 副词)

而介词只能置于宾语的前边：

①She called on her friends．(他拜访了朋友。)

②She called on them．

③Her friends on whom she called were not at home．

同样，He kept on his overcoat because it was so cold．He kept his overcoat：on because-t was so cold．(因天气很冷，他一直穿着大衣。)因为“kept his overcoat on"中的0II可移放在动词宾语overcoat后面，所以是副词。而，He kept on the pavement because of heavy traffic．(因车辆很多，他一直在便道上站着。)句中on不能移到pavement之后，on 是介词。

(2)从语音上区别。短语动词中的介词通常不重读(多音节介词有时例外。)而副词则往往重读。若该副词处于句尾，甚至成为核心重读词。

①He called on the man． The man was called on．

(他去看那个人。)(on不重读，是介词)

②He called up the man． The man was called up. He called the man up.

(他叫醒那个人。)(up重读，是副词)

③Keep off the grass．

勿踏草坪(off非重读，介词)

④Draw the curtain to keep off the sun．

(拉上窗帘，别让太阳晒。)(off重读，副词)

(3)根据做状语的副词的位置来区别。一个含有短语动词的句子，其状语副词若出现在动词与不变词之间，则可判定该不变词为介词，而不是副词。闪为做状语的副词可插在动词与介词之间，不可插在动词与副词之间。

(1)They called early on their friends．

他们很早便来拜访他们的朋友。(on介词)

②The girl stepped hurriedly up the staircase．

这姑娘匆忙地拾级而上。(up介词)

但，不会出现这样的句子：

He hastily put on his coat．／He put on his coat

hastily．

他急忙穿上外衣。

有时由“动词+介词”构成的短语动词，状语副词不可插人动词与介词之间，这种情况多为不可分割的习语。如：

He evidently takes after his father．

显然，他长得像他的父亲。

不能说，He takes evidently after his father．

(4)通过强调手段来识别。

The man went down the cliff．

这人顺山崖而下。

为收到强调效果，可将down the tiff置于主语之前：

Down the tiff he went．(down介词)但，短语动词中的副词一般不可置于主语之前以强调：

He passed out．他昏倒了。

Out he passed．(误)

He took off his hat.他摘下帽子。

Off his hat he took．(误)

The boiler blew up．锅炉爆炸了。

Up the boiler blew．(误)

Up blew the boiler．

短语动词的介词或副词若重迭使用，则可前置以强调。无疑，该词为副词。如：

He went on and on about his wife and family． On and on he went about his wife and family．

(正)关于他的妻子和家庭，他说起来没完没了。