1215英国大宪章
大宪章名词解释
大宪章名词解释
大宪章是一个历史上的重要文件,它于1215年在英国签署,成为世界上第一个具有普遍意义的宪法文件。
其内容涉及到许多重要的政治、法律和社会问题,因此需要对其中涉及的一些术语进行解释。
1. 宪章:宪章是一个国家或组织的基本法律文件,规定了其政治制度、权力机构和公民权利等方面。
大宪章是英国历史上的一个重要宪法文件。
2. 统治者:指拥有权力和掌握政权的人或组织,如国王、政府、政党等。
3. 贵族:指具有特权和社会地位的人,如英国的贵族阶层,包括公爵、伯爵、子爵等。
4. 地方官员:指在地方政府机构中担任官职的人,如镇长、县长、市长等。
5. 税收:指政府强制征收的财产和收入的一部分,用于维持国家机器运转及公共事业建设和发展。
6. 自由:指个人或集体在不受限制的情况下可以自由行使其权利和
自由,如言论自由、人身自由、信仰自由等。
7. 法律:指规范社会行为的规则和制度,是维护社会秩序和正常生活的基础。
总之,大宪章是一个具有重要历史价值的文件,为后世宪法制定和公民权利的发展奠定了基础。
对其中涉及的一些术语的理解,有助于我们更好地理解和研究这一历史文献。
英国大宪章
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• 19 • 王迪
孙全康
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历史背景
• 公元1066年,法国诺曼底公爵威廉借口其有权继承英格兰王位而入侵英格兰,并成功 打败了英王哈罗德而建立了诺曼底王朝,史称威廉一世。(从此之后直到现代,英国 再也没有被外国军队入侵过,虽然也是王朝更迭,但历位英国国王或者女王都是威廉 一世后代,因此按我们普通国人的看法,英国自1066年起至今都是一个王朝)。在与 哈罗德的一战中,威廉一世主要依靠的是从法国带来的骑士。当时,骑士要拥有备齐 了马鞍、马蹬和马衔的数匹战马,以及利剑长矛等武器装备。对这种职业武士的训练 要从孩提时代开始一直到21岁,其武器装备和培训训练费是相当昂贵的,于是国王通 过向跟随作战的武士授予土地的方式来解决这个问题,这种“回报”的地产就变成了 封建财产。这显然是一种契约制度,但并不是现代社会的非人格化的商业契约,因为 土地的受封者在人格上变成了封主的臣属,他必须效忠、服务,甚至为主人而献身。 在接受封土时举行“臣服礼”不仅具有宗教道德方面的约束力,它还表明因封主把作 为封建财产的土地分给封臣,封臣就对封主有服从、效忠和尊重的义务。从此封建制 度在英国建立起来。不过,此时的封建制度只是一种习惯法,国王与贵族以习惯而行 事,没有成文的规定来明确这一行为。 到了公元1199年,英王约翰继位。这位国王能力十分有限,在他的统治前期,其先祖 留给他的法国领土大多被法王占领,为了争夺回法国的领土,他穷兵黩武,因而不顾 原有封建习惯,大量开征各种税收捐助等,最终迫使部分英国贵族为了保护自己的权 利而联合市民阶层武装反抗。1215年初,主要来自北方各郡的贵族在斯坦福聚集,并 推进到北安普顿,大贵族在伯拉克利公开拒绝向国王行效忠礼,战争开始。5月17日, 反叛贵族秘密进入伦敦,在市民的支持下,国王被迫与25名男爵代表在兰尼德草地上 签定了《大宪章》。
英国自由大宪章的意义简述六百字
英国自由大宪章的意义简述六百字摘要:一、引言二、英国自由大宪章的背景三、英国自由大宪章的主要内容四、英国自由大宪章的历史意义五、英国自由大宪章对现代民主制度的影响六、结论正文:【引言】在英国历史的长河中,自由大宪章无疑是一部具有重要意义的文献。
它诞生于中世纪,为英国人民争取自由、权利和民主奠定了基础。
本文将对英国自由大宪章的背景、主要内容、历史意义及其对现代民主制度的影响进行简要阐述。
【英国自由大宪章的背景】英国自由大宪章诞生于1215年,当时英国国王约翰(又称“失地王”)因贪婪无度和专制统治引发了贵族们的反抗。
为了平息贵族们的愤怒,约翰国王被迫签署了这个宪法性文件。
自由大宪章旨在限制国王的权力,保障贵族的特权,从而维护国家的稳定。
【英国自由大宪章的主要内容】英国自由大宪章共有63条条款,主要内容包括:保障贵族的土地权益、限制国王对贵族的征税权、确立司法独立、保障个人自由等。
这部宪章对当时的英国社会产生了深远的影响,成为后来英国民主制度发展的基石。
【英国自由大宪章的历史意义】自由大宪章的诞生,标志着英国开始实行有限君主制。
它确立了法律至上原则,为后来英国民主制度的发展奠定了基础。
同时,自由大宪章也对世界其他国家产生了影响,许多国家在制定宪法时都借鉴了其经验和原则。
【英国自由大宪章对现代民主制度的影响】英国自由大宪章虽然是中世纪的产物,但其蕴含的民主、自由、平等等理念对现代民主制度产生了深远影响。
它为后来英国及世界各国的宪法制定提供了借鉴,推动了全球民主制度的发展。
时至今日,自由大宪章仍然具有很高的历史价值和文化价值。
【结论】总之,英国自由大宪章是中世纪英国民主制度的重要里程碑,它为现代民主制度的发展奠定了基础。
这部宪章所蕴含的民主、自由、平等等价值观,至今仍具有现实意义。
英国民主革命历史事件时间轴
英国民主革命历史事件时间轴英国民主革命是英国历史上的重要篇章,它标志着英国从君主专制向民主政治转型的过程。
下面是英国民主革命的历史事件时间轴:1、1215年,《大宪章》签署:英国贵族与国王约翰缔结了《大宪章》,规定了国王权力的限制和贵族的权益,奠定了英国民主制度的基础。
2、1642-1651年,英国内战爆发:国王查理一世与议会爆发了长达九年的内战。
最终议会派得胜,国王被处决,这一事件具有里程碑意义,为后来的民主革命奠定了基础。
3、1688年,光荣革命:国王詹姆斯二世因违反宪法,被贵族和议会推翻。
光荣革命标志着君主权力的进一步限制,确认了议会的主权地位。
4、1689年,权利法案颁布:《权利法案》确立了君主立宪制度,规定了国王与议会的权力界限,保障了公民的基本权利。
5、1707年,英格兰与苏格兰合并:英格兰与苏格兰签订《合并条约》,成立大不列颠王国,这一事件有力地推动了英国的统一和民主进程。
6、1832年,议会改革法通过:议会改革法扩大了选举权和代表范围,减少了贵族阶层的影响,增加了中产阶级的代表权力,进一步推进了英国的民主进程。
7、1833年,奴隶废除法通过:这一法律废除了英国殖民地的奴隶制度,标志着对人权的尊重和平等的追求。
8、1918年,普选权扩大:通过《选举法》,英国的普选权得到扩大,妇女也首次获得部分选举权,进一步加强了民主制度。
9、1945年,福利国家建立:第二次世界大战结束后,英国建立了福利国家制度,提供了广泛的社会保障和公共服务,促进了社会公平和民主。
10、1999年,英国欧洲议会选举:英国进行了第一次的欧洲议会选举,这一事件标志着英国作为民主国家与欧洲其他国家的合作更为密切。
英国民主革命历史事件的时间轴仅涵盖了主要的里程碑事件,这些事件展示了英国民主制度的演进过程,对于理解英国的政治体系和民主发展具有重要的意义。
通过历史事件时间轴的回顾,我们可以看到英国民主的持续进步和成熟。
大宪章相关知识点
大宪章(Magna Carta)是英国历史上具有重要意义的法律文件,于1215年签署,被视为现代宪政的基石之一。
它对国王的权力进行了限制,确立了一些基本的法律原则和个人权利。
本文将从不同的角度介绍大宪章的相关知识点。
一、历史背景大宪章的签署是英国历史上重要的里程碑,并对后来的宪政发展产生了深远影响。
1215年,英国国王约翰(John)在与贵族和教会的权力斗争中陷入困境。
贵族们对约翰的专制统治感到不满,要求他接受一份文件,约束其权力。
在这样的背景下,大宪章诞生了。
二、大宪章的内容大宪章共有63条,其中包括一些重要的条款。
其中最著名的条款是第39条,它规定了个人的权利,包括对非法拘留的禁止和对司法程序的保护。
此外,大宪章还规定了国王对贵族的责任和义务,以及财政和司法方面的改革措施。
三、大宪章的影响大宪章的签署标志着国王统治的限制开始得到确立,对后来英国宪政的发展产生了深远影响。
它奠定了国王权力受制于法律的基础,并保护了个人的权利。
此外,大宪章的思想也对其他国家的宪政演变起到了激励作用。
四、大宪章在英美法律中的地位大宪章的思想对于后来宪政国家的法律体系产生了广泛的影响。
虽然大宪章本身在法律上已经废止,但它的许多原则被吸收并成为英美法律体系的一部分。
例如,对个人权利的保护、法律程序的公正性以及政府权力的制约原则等,这些都体现了大宪章的精神。
五、大宪章的现代意义尽管大宪章的时代背景与现代社会存在很大的差异,但它的核心价值观仍然具有重要意义。
大宪章提出了对个人权利和公正法律的保护,这是现代民主社会所追求的核心目标。
因此,大宪章仍然被视为宪政原则和人权保护的基石之一。
六、总结大宪章是英国历史上具有重大意义的法律文件,它限制了国王的权力,并确立了一些基本的法律原则和个人权利。
它标志着国王统治受制于法律的开始,并对后来的宪政发展产生了深远影响。
尽管大宪章的时代背景与现代社会存在差异,但它的核心价值观仍然具有重要意义,并在英美法律体系中发挥着重要作用。
magna carta名词解释
magna carta名词解释《大宪章》(Magna Carta),又称《英王大宪章》、《伦敦大宪章》等,是英国历史上的一份重要文件。
它于1215年由英格兰的贵族和教会领导人与国王约翰(John)签署,成为君主权力制约的范例,体现了个人权利和法律的原则。
以下是对《大宪章》的名词解释。
1. 大宪章(Magna Carta):指《大宪章》本身,是一份具有法律效力的文件,规定了英国国王的权力受到限制,保护了贵族和教会的权益。
2. 君主制约(Monarchical Restraint):指《大宪章》对国王权力的限制。
根据《大宪章》,国王必须遵守一定的法律和程序,不能随意剥夺贵族和教会的权益,也不能滥用权力。
3. 个人权利(Individual Rights):指《大宪章》保护的个人权利。
其中最重要的是禁止任意逮捕和拘留,确保人民的自由不受侵犯。
《大宪章》还规定了其他一些权利,如不得违法征收税收、自由买卖等。
4. 法治原则(Principle of Rule of Law):指《大宪章》确立的法治原则。
根据《大宪章》,国王不得随意制定法律,而必须遵循一定的程序和原则。
这为后来的法治理念奠定了基础。
5. 限制国王权力(Restriction of Royal Power):指《大宪章》规定的对国王权力的限制。
根据《大宪章》,国王不能随意征收税收、剥夺贵族和教会的权益,也不能单方面修改法律。
6. 致敬节制(Salvo Jure):指《大宪章》中一个重要的原则。
根据这个原则,国王可以在某些特定情况下暂时违反《大宪章》的规定,但必须将违反的行为报告给贵族和教会,以免被视为是一种恶意的行为。
7. 罢免国王(Deposition of the King):指《大宪章》规定的贵族和教会有权罢免国王的权力。
这是对国王滥用权力的制约措施,确保国王不得不遵守《大宪章》的规定。
8. 法律正义(Justice):指《大宪章》追求的法律公正和正义。
1215年大宪章原文及其译文
The Magna Carta(The Great Charter)1215(Clauses marked (+) are still valid under the charter of 1225, but with a few minor amendments. Clauses marked (*) were omitted in all later reissues of the charter. In the charter itself the clauses are not numbered, and the text reads continuously. The translation sets out to convey the sense rather than the precise wording of the original Latin.)JOHN, by the grace of God King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justices, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his officials and loyal subjects, Greeting.KNOW THAT BEFORE GOD, for the health of our soul and those of our ancestors and heirs, to the honour of God, the exaltation of the holy Church, and the better ordering of our kingdom, at the advice of our reverend fathers Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England, and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, Henry archbishop of Dublin, William bishop of London, Peter bishop of Winchester, Jocelin bishop of Bath and Glastonbury, Hugh bishop of Lincoln, Walter Bishop of Worcester, William bishop of Coventry, Benedict bishop of Rochester, Master Pandulf subdeacon and member of the papal household, Brother Aymeric master of the knighthood of the Temple in England, William Marshal earl of Pembroke, William earl of Salisbury, William earl of Warren, William earl of Arundel, Alan de Galloway constable of Scotland, Warin Fitz Gerald, Peter Fitz Herbert, Hubert de Burgh seneschal of Poitou, Hugh de Neville, Matthew Fitz Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, Philip Daubeny, Robert de Roppeley, John Marshal, John Fitz Hugh, and other loyal subjects:+ (1) FIRST, THAT WE HAVE GRANTED TO GOD, and by this present charter have confirmed for us and our heirs in perpetuity, that the English Church shall be free,and shall have its rights undiminished, and its liberties unimpaired. That we wish this so to be observed, appears from the fact that of our own free will, before the outbreak of the present dispute between us and our barons, we granted and confirmed by charter the freedom of the Church's elections - a right reckoned to be of the greatest necessity and importance to it - and caused this to be confirmed by Pope Innocent III. This freedom we shall observe ourselves, and desire to be observed in good faith by our heirs in perpetuity.TO ALL FREE MEN OF OUR KINGDOM we have also granted, for us and our heirs for ever, all the liberties written out below, to have and to keep for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs:(2) If any earl, baron, or other person that holds lands directly of the Crown, for military service, shall die, and at his death his heir shall be of full age and owe a `relief', the heir shall have his inheritance on payment of the ancient scale of `relief'. That is to say, the heir or heirs of an earl shall pay £100 for the entire earl's barony, the heir or heirs of a knight l00s. at most for the entire knight's `fee', and any man that owes less shall pay less, in accordance with the ancient usage of `fees'(3) But if the heir of such a person is under age and a ward, when he comes of age he shall have his inheritance without `relief' or fine.(4) The guardian of the land of an heir who is under age shall take from it only reasonable revenues, customary dues, and feudal services. He shall do this without destruction or damage to men or property. If we have given the guardianship of the land to a sheriff, or to any person answerable to us for the revenues, and he commits destruction or damage, we will exact compensation from him, and the land shall be entrusted to two worthy and prudent men of the same `fee', who shall be answerable to us for the revenues, or to the person to whom we have assigned them. If we have given or sold to anyone the guardianship of such land, and he causesdestruction or damage, he shall lose the guardianship of it, and it shall be handed over to two worthy and prudent men of the same `fee', who shall be similarly answerable to us.(5) For so long as a guardian has guardianship of such land, he shall maintain the houses, parks, fish preserves, ponds, mills, and everything else pertaining to it, from the revenues of the land itself. When the heir comes of age, he shall restore the whole land to him, stocked with plough teams and such implements of husbandry as the season demands and the revenues from the land can reasonably bear.(6) Heirs may be given in marriage, but not to someone of lower social standing. Before a marriage takes place, it shall be' made known to the heir's next-of-kin.(7) At her husband's death, a widow may have her marriage portion and inheritance at once and without trouble. She shall pay nothing for her dower, marriage portion, or any inheritance that she and her husband held jointly on the day of his death. She may remain in her husband's house for forty days after his death, and within this period her dower shall be assigned to her.(8) No widow shall be compelled to marry, so long as she wishes to remain withouta husband. But she must give security that she will not marry without royal consent, if she holds her lands of the Crown, or without the consent of whatever other lord she may hold them of.(9) Neither we nor our officials will seize any land or rent in payment of a debt, so long as the debtor has movable goods sufficient to discharge the debt. A debtor's sureties shall not be distrained upon so long as the debtor himself can discharge his debt. If, for lack of means, the debtor is unable to discharge his debt, his sureties shall be answerable for it. If they so desire, they may have the debtor's lands and rents until they have received satisfaction for the debt that they paid for him, unless the debtor can show that he has settled his obligations to them.* (10) If anyone who has borrowed a sum of money from Jews dies before the debt has been repaid, his heir shall pay no interest on the debt for so long as he remains under age, irrespective of whom he holds his lands. If such a debt falls into the hands of the Crown, it will take nothing except the principal sum specified in the bond.* (11) If a man dies owing money to Jews, his wife may have her dower and pay nothing towards the debt from it. If he leaves children that are under age, their needs may also be provided for on a scale appropriate to the size of his holding of lands. The debt is to be paid out of the residue, reserving the service due to his feudal lords. Debts owed to persons other than Jews are to be dealt with similarly.* (12) No `scutage' or `aid' may be levied in our kingdom without its general consent, unless it is for the ransom of our person, to make our eldest son a knight, and (once) to marry our eldest daughter. For these purposes ouly a reasonable `aid' may be levied. `Aids' from the city of London are to be treated similarly.+ (13) The city of London shall enjoy all its ancient liberties and free customs, both by land and by water. We also will and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall enjoy all their liberties and free customs.* (14) To obtain the general consent of the realm for the assessment of an `aid' - except in the three cases specified above - or a `scutage', we will cause the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and greater barons to be summoned individually by letter. To those who hold lands directly of us we will cause a general summons to be issued, through the sheriffs and other officials, to come together on a fixed day (of which at least forty days notice shall be given) and at a fixed place. In all letters of summons, the cause of the summons will be stated. When a summons has been issued, the business appointed for the day shall go forward in accordance withthe resolution of those present, even if not all those who were summoned have appeared.* (15) In future we will allow no one to levy an `aid' from his free men, except to ransom his person, to make his eldest son a knight, and (once) to marry his eldest daughter. For these purposes only a reasonable `aid' may be levied.(16) No man shall be forced to perform more service for a knight's `fee', or other free holding of land, than is due from it.(17) Ordinary lawsuits shall not follow the royal court around, but shall be held in a fixed place.(18) Inquests of novel disseisin, mort d'ancestor, and darrein presentment shall be taken only in their proper county court. We ourselves, or in our absence abroad our chief justice, will send two justices to each county four times a year, and these justices, with four knights of the county elected by the county itself, shall hold the assizes in the county court, on the day and in the place where the court meets.(19) If any assizes cannot be taken on the day of the county court, as many knights and freeholders shall afterwards remain behind, of those who have attended the court, as will suffice for the administration of justice, having regard to the volume of business to be done.(20) For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence, and for a serious offence correspondingly, but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood. In the same way, a merchant shall be spared his merchandise, and a husbandman the implements of his husbandry, if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court. None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood.(21) Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals, and in proportion to the gravity of their offence.(22) A fine imposed upon the lay property of a clerk in holy orders shall be assessed upon the same principles, without reference to the value of his ecclesiastical benefice.(23) No town or person shall be forced to build bridges over rivers except those with an ancient obligation to do so.(24) No sheriff, constable, coroners, or other royal officials are to hold lawsuits that should be held by the royal justices.* (25) Every county, hundred, wapentake, and tithing shall remain at its ancient rent, without increase, except the royal demesne manors.(26) If at the death of a man who holds a lay `fee' of the Crown, a sheriff or royal official produces royal letters patent of summons for a debt due to the Crown, it shall be lawful for them to seize and list movable goods found in the lay `fee' of the dead man to the value of the debt, as assessed by worthy men. Nothing shall be removed until the whole debt is paid, when the residue shall be given over to the executors to carry out the dead man s will. If no debt is due to the Crown, all the movable goods shall be regarded as the property of the dead man, except the reasonable shares of his wife and children.* (27) If a free man dies intestate, his movable goods are to be distributed by his next-of-kin and friends, under the supervision of the Church. The rights of his debtors are to be preserved.(28) No constable or other royal official shall take corn or other movable goods from any man without immediate payment, unless the seller voluntarily offers postponement of this.(29) No constable may compel a knight to pay money for castle-guard if the knight is willing to undertake the guard in person, or with reasonable excuse to supply some other fit man to do it. A knight taken or sent on military service shall be excused from castle-guard for the period of this servlce.(30) No sheriff, royal official, or other person shall take horses or carts for transport from any free man, without his consent.(31) Neither we nor any royal official will take wood for our castle, or for any other purpose, without the consent of the owner.(32) We will not keep the lands of people convicted of felony in our hand for longer than a year and a day, after which they shall be returned to the lords of the `fees' concerned.(33) All fish-weirs shall be removed from the Thames, the Medway, and throughout the whole of England, except on the sea coast.(34) The writ called precipe shall not in future be issued to anyone in respect of any holding of land, if a free man could thereby be deprived of the right of trial in his own lord's court.(35) There shall be standard measures of wine, ale, and corn (the London quarter), throughout the kingdom. There shall also be a standard width of dyed cloth, russett, and haberject, namely two ells within the selvedges. Weights are to be standardised similarly.(36) In future nothing shall be paid or accepted for the issue of a writ of inquisition of life or limbs. It shall be given gratis, and not refused.(37) If a man holds land of the Crown by `fee-farm', `socage', or `burgage', and also holds land of someone else for knight's service, we will not have guardianship of his heir, nor of the land that belongs to the other person's `fee',by virtue of the `fee-farm', `socage', or `burgage', unless the `fee-farm' owes knight's service. We will not have the guardianship of a man's heir, or of land that he holds of someone else, by reason of any small property that he may hold of the Crown for a service of knives, arrows, or the like.(38) In future no official shall place a man on trial upon his own unsupported statement, without producing credible witnesses to the truth of it.+ (39) No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land.+ (40) To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice.(41) All merchants may enter or leave England unharmed and without fear, and may stay or travel within it, by land or water, for purposes of trade, free from all illegal exactions, in accordance with ancient and lawful customs. This, however, does not apply in time of war to merchants from a country that is at war with us. Any such merchants found in our country at the outbreak of war shall be detained without injury to their persons or property, until we or our chief justice have discovered how our own merchants are being treated in the country at war with us. If our own merchants are safe they shall be safe too.* (42) In future it shall be lawful for any man to leave and return to our kingdom unharmed and without fear, by land or water, preserving his allegiance to us, except in time of war, for some short period, for the common benefit of the realm. People that have been imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the land, people from a country that is at war with us, and merchants - who shall be dealt with as stated above - are excepted from this provision.(43) If a man holds lands of any `escheat' such as the `honour' of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boulogne, Lancaster, or of other `escheats' in our hand that are baronies, at his death his heir shall give us only the `relief' and service that he would have made to the baron, had the barony been in the baron's hand. We will hold the `escheat' in the same manner as the baron held it.(44) People who live outside the forest need not in future appear before the royal justices of the forest in answer to general summonses, unless they are actually involved in proceedings or are sureties for someone who has been seized for a forest offence.* (45) We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or other officials, only men that know the law of the realm and are minded to keep it well.(46) All barons who have founded abbeys, and have charters of English kings or ancient tenure as evidence of this, may have guardianship of them when there is no abbot, as is their due.(47) All forests that have been created in our reign shall at once be disafforested. River-banks that have been enclosed in our reign shall be treated similarly.* (48) All evil customs relating to forests and warrens, foresters, warreners, sheriffs and their servants, or river-banks and their wardens, are at once to be investigated in every county by twelve sworn knights of the county, and within forty days of their enquiry the evil customs are to be abolished completely and irrevocably. But we, or our chief justice if we are not in England, are first to be informed.* (49) We will at once return all hostages and charters delivered up to us by Englishmen as security for peace or for loyal service.* (50) We will remove completely from their offices the kinsmen of Gerard de Athée, and in future they shall hold no of fices in England. The people in question are Engelard de Cigogné', Peter, Guy, and Andrew de Chanceaux, Guy de Cigogné, Geoffrey de Martigny and his brothers, Philip Marc and his brothers, with Geoffrey his nephew, and all their followers.* (51) As soon as peace is restored, we will remove from the kingdom all the foreign knights, bowmen, their attendants, and the mercenaries that have come to it, to its harm, with horses and arms.* (52) To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands, castles, liberties, or rights, without the lawful judgement of his equals, we will at once restore these. In cases of dispute the matter shall be resolved by the judgement of the twenty-five barons referred to below in the clause for securing the peace (§ 61). In c ases, however, where a man was deprived or dispossessed of something without the lawful judgement of his equals by our father King Henry or our brother King Richard, and it remains in our hands or is held by others under our warranty, we shall have respite for the period commonly allowed to Crusaders, unless a lawsuit had been begun, or an enquiry had been made at our order, before we took the Cross as a Crusader. On our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once render justice in full.* (53) We shall have similar respite in rendering justice in connexion with forests that are to be disafforested, or to remain forests, when these were first a-orested by our father Henry or our brother Richard; with the guardianship of lands in another person's `fee', when we have hitherto had this by virtue of a `fee' held of us for knight's service by a third party; and with abbeys founded in another person's `fee', in which the lord of the `fee' claims to own a right. On our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once do full justice to complaints about these matters.(54) No one shall be arrested or imprisoned on the appeal of a woman for the death of any person except her husband.* (55) All fines that have been given to us unjustiy and against the law of the land, and all fines that we have exacted unjustly, shall be entirely remitted or the matter decided by a majority judgement of the twenty-five barons referred to below in the clause for securing the peace (§ 61) together with Steph en, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be present, and such others as he wishes to bring with him. If the archbishop cannot be present, proceedings shall continue without him, provided that if any of the twenty-five barons has been involved in a similar suit himself, his judgement shall be set aside, and someone else chosen and sworn in his place, as a substitute for the single occasion, by the rest of the twenty-five.(56) If we have deprived or dispossessed any Welshmen of lands, liberties, or anything else in England or in Wales, without the lawful judgement of their equals, these are at once to be returned to them. A dispute on this point shall be determined in the Marches by the judgement of equals. English law shall apply to holdings of land in England, Welsh law to those in Wales, and the law of the Marches to those in the Marches. The Welsh shall treat us and ours in the same way.* (57) In cases where a Welshman was deprived or dispossessed of anything, without the lawful judgement of his equals, by our father King Henry or our brother King Richard, and it remains in our hands or is held by others under our warranty, we shall have respite for the period commonly allowed to Crusaders, unless a lawsuit had been begun, or an enquiry had been made at our order, before we took the Cross as a Crusader. But on our return from the Crusade, or if we abandon it, we will at once do full justice according to the laws of Wales and the said regions.* (58) We will at once return the son of Llywelyn, all Welsh hostages, and the charters delivered to us as security for the peace.* (59) With regard to the return of the sisters and hostages of Alexander, king of Scotland, his liberties and his rights, we will treat him in the same way as our other barons of England, unless it appears from the charters that we hold from his father William, formerly king of Scotland, that he should be treated otherwise. This matter shall be resolved by the judgement of his equals in our court.(60) All these customs and liberties that we have granted shall be observed in our kingdom in so far as concerns our own relations with our subjects. Let all men of our kingdom, whether clergy or laymen, observe them similarly in their relations with their own men.* (61) SINCE WE HAVE GRANTED ALL THESE THINGS for God, for the better ordering of our kingdom, and to allay the discord that has arisen between us and our barons, and since we desire that they shall be enjoyed in their entirety, with lasting strength, for ever, we give and grant to the barons the following security:The barons shall elect twenty-five of their number to keep, and cause to be observed with all their might, the peace and liberties granted and confirmed to them by this charter.If we, our chief justice, our officials, or any of our servants offend in any respect against any man, or transgress any of the articles of the peace or of this security, and the offence is made known to four of the said twenty-five barons, they shall come to us - or in our absence from the kingdom to the chief justice - to declare it and claim immediate redress. If we, or in our absence abroad the chiefjustice, make no redress within forty days, reckoning from the day on which the offence was declared to us or to him, the four barons shall refer the matter to the rest of the twenty-five barons, who may distrain upon and assail us in every way possible, with the support of the whole community of the land, by seizing our castles, lands, possessions, or anything else saving only our own person and those of the queen andour children, until they have secured such redress as they have determined upon. Having secured the redress, they may then resume their normal obedience to us.Any man who so desires may take an oath to obey the commands of the twenty-five barons for the achievement of these ends, and to join with them in assailing us to the utmost of his power. We give public and free permission to take this oath to any man who so desires, and at no time will we prohibit any man from taking it. Indeed, we will compel any of our subjects who are unwilling to take it to swear it at our command.If-one of the twenty-five barons dies or leaves the country, or is prevented in any other way from discharging his duties, the rest of them shall choose another baron in his place, at their discretion, who shall be duly sworn in as they were.In the event of disagreement among the twenty-five barons on any matter referred to them for decision, the verdict of the majority present shall have the same validity as a unanimous verdict of the whole twenty-five, whether these were all present or some of those summoned were unwilling or unable to appear.The twenty-five barons shall swear to obey all the above articles faithfully, and shall cause them to be obeyed by others to the best of their power.We will not seek to procure from anyone, either by our own efforts or those of a third party, anything by which any part of these concessions or liberties might be revoked or diminished. Should such a thing be procured, it shall be null and void and we will at no time make use of it, either ourselves or through a third party.* (62) We have remitted and pardoned fully to all men any ill-will, hurt, or grudges that have arisen between us and our subjects, whether clergy or laymen, since the beginning of the dispute. We have in addition remitted fully, and for our own part have also pardoned, to all clergy and laymen any offences committed as a resultof the said dispute between Easter in the sixteenth year of our reign (i.e. 1215) and the restoration of peace.In addition we have caused letters patent to be made for the barons, bearing witness to this security and to the concessions set out above, over the seals of Stephen archbishop of Canterbury, Henry archbishop of Dublin, the other bishops named above, and Master Pandulf.* (63) IT IS ACCORDINGLY OUR WISH AND COMMAND that the English Church shall be free, and that men in our kingdom shall have and keep all these liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably in their fulness and entirety for them and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all things and all places for ever.Both we and the barons have sworn that all this shall be observed in good faith and without deceit. Witness the abovementioned people and many others.Given by our hand in the meadow that is called Runnymede, between Windsor and Staines, on the fifteenth day of June in the seventeenth year of our reign (i.e. 1215: the new regnal year began on 28 May).英国大宪章 1215年受命于天的英格兰国王兼领爱尔兰宗主,诺曼第与阿奎丹公爵、安茹伯爵约翰,谨向大主教,主教,住持,伯爵,男爵,法官,森林宫,执行吏,典狱官,差人,及其管家吏与忠颇的人民致候。
(完整版)英国1215年自由大宪章
英国1215年自由大宪章--------------------------------------------------------------------------------受命于天的英格兰国王兼领爱尔兰宗主,诺曼底与阿奎丹公爵、安茹伯爵约翰,谨向大主教,主教,住持,伯爵,男爵,法官,森林官,执行吏,典狱官,差人,及其管家吏与忠顺的人民致候。
由于可敬的神父们,坎特伯里大主教,英格兰大教长兼圣罗马教会红衣主教斯提芬;杜伯林大主教亨利……暨培姆布卢克大司仪伯爵威廉;索斯伯利伯爵威廉……等贵族,及其他忠顺臣民谏议,使余等知道,为了余等自身以及余等之先人与后代灵魂的安全,同时也为了圣教会的昌盛和王国的兴隆,上帝的意旨使余等承认下列诸端,并昭告全国:(1)首先,余等及余等之后嗣坚决应许上帝,根据本宪章,英国教会当享有自由,其权利将不受干扰,其自由将不受侵犯。
关于英格兰教会所视为最重要与最必需之自由选举,在余等与诸男爵发生不睦之前曾自动地或按照己意用特许状所颁赐者,——同时经余等请得教王英诺森三世所同意者——余等及余等之世代子孙当永以善意遵守。
此外,余等及余等之子孙后代,同时亦以下面附列之各项自由给予余等王国内一切自由人民,并允许严行遵守,永矢勿渝。
(2)任何伯爵或男爵,或因军役而自余等直接领有采地之人身故时,如有已达成年之继承者,于按照旧时数额缴纳承继税后,即可享有其遗产。
计伯爵继承人于缴纳一百镑后,即可享受伯爵全部遗产;男爵继承人于缴纳一百镑后,即可享受男爵全部遗产;武士继承人于最多缴纳一百先令后,即可享受全部武士封地。
其他均应按照采地旧有习惯,应少交者须少交。
(3)上述诸人之继承人如未达成年,须受监护者,应于成年后以其遗产交付之,不得收取任何继承税或产业转移税。
(4)凡经管前款所述未达成年之继承人之土地者,除自该项土地上收取适当数量之产品,及按照习惯应行征取之赋税与力役外,不得多有需索以免耗费人力与物力。
英国大宪章历史渊源
大宪章1215年的大宪章以法律限制了英国王室的绝对权力。
大宪章(拉丁文:Magna Carta,英文:The Great Charter)是英国于1215年订立的宪法,用来限制英国国王(主要是针对当时的约翰)的绝对权力。
订立大宪章的主因是教皇、英王约翰及封建贵族对王室权力出现意见分歧。
大宪章要求王室放弃部分权力,尊重司法过程,接受王权受法律的限制。
大宪章是英国在建立宪法政治这长远历史过程的开始。
然而例如1509年上任的英国国王亨利八世随意杀害贵族和后妃,之后的玛丽一世杀害许多新教徒,接下来的伊丽莎白一世又处死贵族表亲,当时各地法官也由国王和贵族指派,可见大宪章并未被确实遵守。
目录[隐藏]1历史2 1215年的大宪章3影响4参考资料[编辑]历史诺曼人于1066年开始入侵英格兰,在诺曼人成为英国的国王后,于十一及十二世纪逐渐强大。
他们建立的集权政府,加上本地盎格鲁-撒克逊人原来的统治方法,还有盎格鲁人和诺曼人在诺曼底所拥有的土地,使英国国王在1199年成为欧洲最有权力国王。
当英王约翰在十三世纪初即位之后,一连串的事件却令英格兰的封建贵族起来反抗他,并要求限制绝对的王权。
当时英王约翰受到的压力来自三方面:首先是他夺得王位的手法遭人非议,前任英王狮心王理查在1199年死后无子,出现两名继承人,即理查的侄子亚瑟,和理查的弟弟约翰。
约翰将他的对手,亦即他的侄子不列塔尼的亚瑟囚禁,之后亚瑟便失去音讯。
很多人认为约翰是将他的亲人暗杀以取得王位。
第二,约翰与教皇就坎特伯雷大主教的任命产生争执,于是教庭向英格兰施以绝罚,约翰被迫于1213年向教皇屈服。
第三,当时法国国王占领了英国在诺曼底大部份的土地,英国的贵族要求国王夺回领土,约翰即在1214年发动对法国作战,却遭逢大败。
1215年6月10日,英格兰的封建贵族在伦敦聚集,挟持英格兰国王约翰。
约翰被迫赞成贵族提出的“男爵法案”(Articles of the Barons)。
年英国大宪章签署
年英国大宪章签署1215年英国大宪章签署在英国历史上,1215年被认为是一个重要的里程碑,因为在这一年,英国的贵族迫使国王约翰批准了《大宪章》,即英国历史上第一部正式的宪法文件。
本文将回顾1215年英国大宪章的签署过程以及其对英国政治、法律和人权的重要影响。
一、大宪章制定的背景1215年,英国国王约翰统治下的王国面临着严重的政治和经济动荡。
国王的专制统治引发了贵族的不满和反抗,王国内部陷入了混乱和冲突。
为了缓解紧张局势,国王约翰被迫与贵族们进行谈判,并最终同意批准一份宪法文件,以限制自己的权力,保障贵族的权益。
二、大宪章的主要内容大宪章是一份含有63条规定的文件,内容涵盖了各个方面的政治、法律和经济问题。
以下是大宪章的几个重要条款:1. 税收限制:国王不得随意征收额外的税收,贵族享有避免过度征税的权利。
2. 法律公正:保障人民的法律权益,确保公正和迅速的司法程序。
3. 贵族特权:贵族享有一定的特权和地位,但也必须遵守国家法律。
4. 合法扣押:限制国王对人民财产的不合理扣押和征用。
5. 保护教会权益:保障教会的独立权利和财产安全。
三、大宪章的签署过程大宪章的签署过程可以追溯到1214年,当时约翰国王在面临外国入侵的威胁下,需要贵族的支持。
贵族们为了保护自己的利益,向国王提出了签署一份宪法文件的要求。
然而,这一要求在最初阶段遭到了国王的反对和拖延。
最终,在1215年6月15日,国王约翰不得不在伦敦的一片开放空地上,签署了名为《大宪章》的文件。
虽然国王签署了宪章,但他立即撕毁了该文件,并试图恢复他的专制统治。
然而,贵族们并不接受这种行径,他们组织起来,甚至采取了武装行动,最终迫使国王不得不重新接受宪章的规定。
四、大宪章对英国的影响大宪章的签署开创了英国宪政的先河,为后来的政治和法律体系奠定了基础。
以下是大宪章对英国的重要影响:1. 宪政思想的兴起:大宪章强调了限制和平衡政府权力的理念,为以后的宪政思想奠定了基础。
英国大宪章内容
英国大宪章内容英国大宪章,也被称为1215年大宪章,是英国历史上具有重要意义的文件之一。
它是在13世纪初期,由英国国王约翰没有土地(John Lackland)签署的。
大宪章被视为英国宪政原则的基石之一,旨在限制国王的权力,保障个人权利和法治的尊严。
以下是大宪章的主要内容:1. 税收和征兵:大宪章确立了国王征税的限制,规定只有在国家紧急情况下才能征收额外的税款,而且必须经过咨询民众的同意。
此外,大宪章规定国王在征召军队时必须遵循一定的程序。
2. 土地继承和财产权:大宪章保护了贵族和自由人的土地继承权,并禁止国王将土地没收或出售给非法的目的。
这项规定确保了地主和所有者的财产安全。
3. 司法制度:大宪章确立了司法程序的法治原则,并阐明了正当程序的重要性。
它规定了公正的审判程序,禁止任意逮捕和拘留。
此外,大宪章确保了公众享有追究公职人员滥用职权行为的权利。
4. 禁止滥权:大宪章限制了国王滥用权力的行为,包括在对待贵族和公民的处理上的公正和恪守承诺。
大宪章并非完美,但它是英国宪政发展的重要里程碑。
它奠定了君主专制国家向立宪制转变的基础,并为后来的统治者和法律体系提供了重要的参考。
值得一提的是,大宪章尽管最初的意图是为了贵族和自由人的权益,但它的一些原则和价值观为后来的人权和民主运动提供了基础。
这使得大宪章成为全球范围内争取公民权利和政府责任的重要标志。
总而言之,英国大宪章的内容体现了对国王滥用权力和违反司法程序的惩罚,同时确保了个人的财产权和公正的审判程序。
它为英国宪政的发展奠定了基础,并在全球范围内产生了深远的影响。
自由大宪章名词解释
自由大宪章名词解释
自由大宪章,是英国1215年狮心王理查与反叛贵族订立的协定,该协定厘定了国王和贵族的权利义务。
大宪章也称《自由大宪章》。
英国封建时期的重要宪法性文件之一。
1215年6月15日金雀花王朝国王约翰王(1199一1216在位)在大封建领主、教士、骑士和城市市民的联合压力下被迫签署。
全文共63条。
主要内容是保障封建贵族和教会的特权及骑士、市民的某些利益,限制王权。
规定非经贵族会议的决定,不得征收额外税金;保障贵族和骑士的采邑继承权;承认教会自由不受侵犯;归还原侵占的领主土地、抵押物和契据;尊重领主法庭的管辖权,国王官吏不任意受理诉讼,对任何自由人非经合法判决,不得逮捕、监禁、没收财产或放逐出境;承认伦敦和其他自治城市的自由;统一度量衡,保护商业自由等。
同时规定由领主推举25人员负责监督宪章的实施。
宪章主要是封建阶级内部权力再分配的文件,并未改变广大农民的地位,而且不久即被即位的亨利三世撕毁,失去效力。
英国资产阶级革命时期,大宪章被利用作为争取权利的法律依据,并被确定为英国宪法性文件之一。
英国大宪章的介绍
英国大宪章的介绍
《大宪章》(,1215年6月15日(一说1213)英王约翰被迫签署的宪法性的文件。
其宗旨为保障封建贵族的政治独立与经济权益。
又称《自由大宪章》或《1215大宪章》。
这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力,日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。
《大宪章》是英国宪法的基础,创造了法治这一理念。
时至今日,《大宪章》中的三个条款目前仍然有效,包括保证英国教会的自由,确认伦敦金融城及其他城镇的特权,以及所有人都必须有合法的审判才能被监禁。
英国大宪章产生的背景
诺曼人(Norman)于1066年开始入侵英格兰,诺曼人成为英国的国王后,于十一及十二世纪逐渐强大。
他们建立的集权政府,加上本地盎格鲁撒克逊人(Anglo-Sa某on)原来的统治土地,还有盎格鲁人和诺曼人在诺曼底所拥有的土地,使英国国王在1199年成为欧洲最有权力国王。
当英王约翰在十三世纪初即位之后,一连串的事件却令英格兰的封建贵族起来反抗他,并要求限制绝对的王权。
当时英王约翰受到的压力来自三个方面:首先是他夺得王位的手法遭人非议,前任英王狮心王理查一世(Richard)在1199年死后,出现两名继承人。
约翰将他的对手,亦即他的侄子不列颠尼亚瑟囚禁,之后亚瑟便失去音讯。
很多人认为约翰是将他的亲人暗杀以取得王位;第二当时法国国王占领了英国在诺曼第大部份的土地。
英国的贵族要求国王取回失去的领土,约翰即在1214年发动对法国作战,却遭逢大败。
此外,约翰与教皇
就坎特伯雷大主教的任命出现争执,于是教廷向英格兰施以惩罚,约翰被迫于1213年向教皇屈服。
用中国历史解读《英国大宪章》
用中国历史解读《英国大宪章》西元1215年,英国的一些贵族和主教同英国国王签订了一个协议,史称《大宪章》。
这个《大宪章》在西方历史上具有很重要的地位,很多西方历史书都以相当的篇幅描述这个法律文件。
的确,对于西方历史,尤其对于英国来说,这个法律文件是很重要。
因为在此之前,西方历史上几乎没有这样的法律,它关系到贵族的权利,贵族妇女的权利,法庭审判方式,一些简单的财产权利等。
《大宪章》因为它的内容在西方历史上的重要性,被西方人看得很重,这很容易理解。
但是,一些中国人也顺着西方人的结论,将《英国大宪章》说得神乎其神,就很没有道理。
比方说,有的中国学者把《大宪章》称为“划时代的人权宣言”,这种高帽子基本上属于“拿着鸡毛当令箭”。
之所以在某些中国学者那里会有这种观点,主要是因为他们对中国历史严重缺乏了解,也缺乏中国历史与西方历史的横向比较。
《英国大宪章》的年代,相当于中国南宋宁宗(西元1194~1224在位)时期。
因此,用宋朝的法律与《英国大宪章》相比较,我们就很容易看出,在很多法律问题上,到底谁先进,谁落后。
例如《英国大宪章》第七条规定,丈夫死后,寡妇应获得她原先的嫁妆和遗产。
这个规定的现实基础是,贵族只能与贵族通婚,贵族女性嫁给贵族男性时,会带来值钱的嫁妆,比方说土地。
因此,这个规定的意思是说,丈夫死后,女性贵族成了寡妇,她原先带来的土地之类的嫁妆,依然归她自己。
类似这样的规定,在宋朝的法律条文中要彻底得多。
依宋朝法律,女性对于嫁妆的权利,遍及每一个人,而不仅仅是女性贵族。
甚至在丈夫未死时,嫁妆的处置权依然在女性手里。
就在比《英国大宪章》稍早一点的时间,南宋有一个妇女三次改嫁,其嫁妆依然在自己手里。
再如,《英国大宪章》规定,不得强迫拥有土地的自由人“服额外之役”。
在这里,英国所谓拥有土地的自由人,是指贵族和武士。
而当时大多数英国农民,都是没有土地的农奴,与领主之间是没有人身自由的依附关系。
在宋朝,绝大多数农民都可以自由拥有土地,自由买卖土地。
公元1215年,英王签署的【自由大宪章】是一份怎样的文件
公元1215年,英王签署的【自由大宪章】是一份怎样的文件大宪章(英文:The Great Charter )是英国于1215年订立的宪法,用来限制英国国王(主要是针对当时的约翰)的绝对权力。
订立大宪章的主因是教皇、英王约翰及封建贵族对王室权力出现意见分歧。
大宪章要求王室放弃部分权力,尊重司法过程,接受王权受法律的限制。
大宪章是英国在建立宪法政治这长远历史过程的开始。
话说这英国国王约翰是历史上有名的一脓包国王人称lackland(无地王) 在他执政期间与法国贵族交战结果丧失了很多英国贵族在法国的属地(也就是说在法国投资房地产失败了)后又与教皇发生了争执(教皇干涉国王的婚姻大事起到了居委会主任的作用)结果胳膊没教皇的粗又屈服于教皇引起大部分贵族不满在这样的背景下 1215年6月10日,英格兰的封建贵族在伦敦聚集,挟持英格兰国王约翰。
约翰被迫赞成贵族提出的“男爵法案”(Articles of the Barons)。
同年6月15日,约翰在兰尼美德(RunnyMede)为法案盖上王室的盖章,贵族在4日后(6月19日)重申效忠约翰。
最后王室秘书将国王与贵族间的协议正式登录,即成为最初的大宪章,并将副本抄送至各地,由指定的王室官员及主教保存。
(类似于连哄带骗加恐吓的意味国王内心是不情愿的可问题是国王已身不由己了)1215年的大宪章确立了一些英国平民享有的政治权利与自由,亦保障了教会不受国王的控制;同时改革了法律和司法,限制了国王及王室官员的行为。
一方面限制了国王的权利:未经贵族大会同意不得加征赋税不得发动对外战争国王无权干涉教会事务(这些在同时期的中国社会是不可想象的)在大宪章的执行过程中逐渐衍射出了人身保护的概念:除非经过由普通法官进行的法律审判,或是根据法律行事;否则任何自由的人,不应被拘留或囚禁、或被夺去财产、被放逐或被杀害。
根据这个条文的规定,国王若要审判任何一个人,只能依据法律;而不能以他的私人喜好来进行。
九年级历史大宪章内容
九年级历史大宪章内容大宪章,又被称为《伦敦市和平法案》或《约翰无君威之征税和逮捕法令》,是英国历史上极为重要的宪政文件之一。
它于1215年6月15日由英格兰国王约翰一世签署,并在伦敦附近的芒特寺(Runnymede)被贵族们逼迫签署。
大宪章的签署标志着国王的权力受到法律和自由的制约,成为后来西方民主制度的重要基石之一。
本文将详细介绍九年级历史大宪章的内容。
首先,大宪章规定了法治原则。
宪章强调了国王必须遵守法律和约定,限制了国王的任意行动。
根据大宪章,国王不能随意征税,而是需要争取大家的同意。
此外,宪章规定了财产权的保护,禁止非法征用私人财产。
这些原则对于确保国家稳定和公平非常重要。
其次,大宪章确立了权力平衡的原则。
宪章规定了两个主要机构的职责和限制,即国王和大议会(Parliament)。
大宪章规定国王需要获得大议会的同意才能制订和修改法律。
这一条款奠定了英国宪政体制的基础,确保了国王不能随意滥用权力。
继而,大宪章还关注了个人自由权利。
宪章规定了被捕和关押的程序,保障了所有自由公民的权益。
此外,宪章还强调了公民的权利,保护了商人、教士和其他特权群体的权益。
这些条款为个人和社会自由奠定了基础,对后来的人权保护产生了深远影响。
另外,大宪章涉及了对基础社会制度的改革。
宪章规定了国王不能任意任命官员,而需要通过适当的程序来任命合适的人选。
此外,宪章还规定了司法制度的改革,确保了公正审判和公正对待。
最后,大宪章还探讨了特定群体的权益。
宪章保护了教士的权益,规定国王不能干涉教会事务。
此外,宪章还保护了封建男爵和领主的利益,规定了他们的税务和赔偿问题。
总之,大宪章是英国历史上的一部重要法律文件,它具有重要的意义。
大宪章确立了法治原则、权力平衡、个人自由权利和基础社会制度的改革。
这一文件对西方宪政的形成产生了深远影响,并被世界上许多国家所效仿。
大宪章是保障权力制衡和人权保护的重要里程碑,为国家的稳定和公正打下了坚实基础。
《大宪章》对王权的限制主要体现在哪些方面
《大宪章》对王权的限制主要体现在哪些方面?
《大宪章》(Magna Carta)是1215年在英国制定的一项重要法律文件,对王权进行了一定的限制。
它主要体现在以下几个方面:
1.法治原则:《大宪章》确立了法治的原则,宣布国王也必
须遵守法律,并不得随意剥夺公民的权利。
这意味着国王
不再是法律之上的存在,而是受到法律限制的国家元首。
2.国王征税限制:《大宪章》规定国王只能在特定情况下征
收税收,并通过制定税收程序保障公正与透明。
国王在征
税时必须征询大议会或盖茨头人委员会的意见,以确保征
税符合合法程序。
3.保护贵族特权:《大宪章》特别保护了贵族的权益,确保
他们不受国王的任意剥夺。
这包括禁止国王没收封地和财
产,以及确保合理遵守封建职责和封建规范。
4.司法独立:《大宪章》强调司法独立原则,规定国王不得
干预司法程序,不得任意拘留或否定公民的法律程序和正
当审判权。
这项规定有助于确保公正的司法制度,避免国
王滥用司法权力。
5.自由与保障:《大宪章》保障了公民的一些基本自由权利,
例如规定自由人不得非法拘押,禁止非法剥夺私人财产,
保障人身自由和私人安全等。
这些规定为公民赋予了相对
的保障和权益。
《大宪章》作为一项重要的法律文件,对当时英国的政治体制和法律体系产生了深远的影响。
它确立了国王也受到法律约束的原则,保护了贵族和公民的权益,为后来的英国宪政发展奠定了基础,也对全球范围内的法治和人权产生了重要影响。
英国大宪章今译(1)
英国大宪章今译(1)
英国大宪章是人类政治史上重要的文件之一,它于1215年由英王约翰签署,为英国及其殖民地奠定了法律与自由的基础。
以下是大宪章的重要内容及翻译。
一、赋予公民自由权利
1. 无人受到非法拘留或剥夺自由
2. 无人受到没收财产或惩罚,除非有合法审判,由同等的法律程序裁决
3. 公民拥有言论自由,可以在法律规定范围内自由表达并传播想法
二、保护合法财产权
1. 所有合法财产受法律保护
2. 禁止私自剥夺他人财产
3. 税收必须经过合法程序,并在公共利益和需要的情况下使用
三、限制国王权力
1. 国王只有在遵守法律的情况下才能征税
2. 国王必须遵循一定法律程序进行逮捕
3. 国王不得以任何形式剥夺公民的权利和财产,除非根据合法法律程序
四、保障司法公正
1. 人民拥有受到公正审判的权利
2. 司法系统必须独立于政府和其他外部势力
3. 司法系统必须由合法的审判者领导
英国大宪章被视为人类社会政治自由的重要里程碑。
它使得约翰王的暴政受到限制,为公民的自由和权利奠定了坚实的基础。
虽然大宪章最初仅仅适用于英国的贵族和教会,但它为今后的英国和其他国家的立宪之路铺平了道路,奠定了法治社会的基础。
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1215英国大宪章受命于天的英格兰国王兼领爱尔兰宗主,诺曼第与阿奎丹公爵、安茹伯爵约翰,谨向大主教,主教,住持,伯爵,男爵,法官,森林宫,执行吏,典狱官,差人,及其管家吏与忠颇的人民致候。
由于可敬的神父们,坎特伯里大主教,英格兰大主教兼圣罗马教会红衣主教斯提芬;杜伯林大主教亨利……暨培姆布卢克大司仪伯爵威廉;索斯伯利伯爵威廉……等贵族,及其他忠顺臣民谏议,使余等知道,为了余等自身以及余等之先人与后代灵魂的安全,同时也为了圣教会的昌盛和王国的兴隆,上帝的意旨使余等承认下列诸端,并昭告全国:(1) 首先,余等及余等之后嗣坚决应许上帝,根据本宪章,英国教会当享有自由,其权利将不受干扰,其自由将不受侵犯。
关于英格兰教会所视为最重要与最必需之自由选举,在余等与诸男爵发生不睦之前曾自动地或按照己意用特许状所颁赐者,一一同时经余等请得教王英诺森三世所同意者一一余等及余等之世代子孙当永以善意遵守。
此外,余等及余等之子孙后代,同时亦以下面附列之各项自由给予余等王国内一切自由人民,并允许严行遵守,永矢勿渝。
(2) 任何伯爵或男爵,或因军役而自余等直接领有采地之人身故时,如有已达成年之继承者,于按照旧时数额缴纳承继税后,即可享有其遗产。
计伯爵继承人于缴纳一百镑后,即可享受伯爵全部遗产;另爵继承人于缴纳一百镑后,即可事受男爵全部遗产;武士继承人于最多缴纳一百先令后,即可享受全部武士封地。
其他均应按照采地旧有习惯,应少交者须少交。
(3)上述诸人之继承人如未达成年,须受监护者,应于成年后以其遗产交付之,不得收取任何继承税或产业转移税。
(4) 凡经管前款所述未达成年之继承人之土地者,除自该项土地上收取适当数量之产品,及按照习惯应行征取之赋税与力役外,不得多有需索以免耗费人力与物力。
如余等以该项土地之监护权委托执行吏或其他人等,侮对其收益向余等负责,而其人使所保管之财产遭受浪费与损毁时,余等将处此人以罚金,并将该项土地转交该采地中合法与端正之人士二人,傅对该项收益能向余等或余等所指定之人负责。
如余等将该项土地之监护权赐予或售予任何人,而其人使土地遭受浪费与损毁时,即须丧失监护权,并将此项土地交由该采地中之合法与端正人士二人,按照前述条件向余等负责。
(5)此外,监护人在经管土地期间,应自该项土地之收益中拨出专款为房屋、园地、鱼塘、沼、磨坊及其他附属物修缮费用,停能井井有继承人达成年时,即应按照耕耘时之需要,就该土地收益所许可之范围内置备犁、锄与其他农附于其全部土地内归还之。
(6) 继承人得在不贬抑其身份之条件下结婚,但在订婚前应向其本人之血属亲族通告。
(7) 寡妇于其夫身故后,应不受任何留难而即获得其嫁资与遗产。
寡妇之嫁盔、嫁资、及其得之遗产与其逝世前为二人共同保有之物品,俱付任何代价。
〔自愿改嫁〕之寡妇得于其夫身故居留夫宅四十日,在此期间其嫁查应交还之。
(8) 寡妇之自愿孀居者,不得强迫其改嫁,寡妇本人,如执有余等之土地时,应提供保证,得余等同意前不改嫁。
执有其他领主之土地者,应获得其他领主同意。
(9) 凡债务人之动产足以抵偿其债务时,无论余等或余等之执行吏,均不得强取收入以抵偿债务。
如负债人之财产足以抵偿其债务,即不得使该项债务之担保人受扣押动产之处分。
但如债务人不能偿还债务,或无力偿还债务时,担保人应即负责清偿。
担保人如愿意时,可扣押债务人之土地与收入,直至后者偿还其前所代偿之债务时为止。
惟该债务人能证明其所清偿已超过保人担保之额者,不在此限。
(10) 任何向犹太人借债者,不论其数额多少,如在未清偿前身故,此项债款在负责清偿之继承人未达成年之前不得负有利息,如此项债务落入余等之手,则余等除契据上载明之动产以外,不得收取任何其他物品。
(11) 欠付犹太人债务者亡故时,其妻仍应获得其嫁资,不负偿债之责。
亡故者如有未成年之子女时,应按亡者遗产之性质,留备彼等之教养费,剩余数额,除扣还领主应得之报效外始可作为清偿债务之用。
关于犹太人以外之债务,同样依此规定处理。
(12) 除下列三项税金外,设无全国公意许可,将不征收任何免役税与贡金。
即赎回余等身体时之赎金〔指被俘时〕。
策封余等之长子为武士时之费用。
余等之长女出嫁时之费用一一但以一次为限。
且为此三项目的征收之贡金亦务求适当。
关于伦敦城之贡金,按同样规定办理。
(13) 伦敦城,无论水上或陆上,俱应享有其旧有之自由与自由习惯。
其他城市、州、市镇、港口,余等亦承认或赐予彼等以保有自由与自由习惯之权。
(14) 凡在上述征收范围之外,余等如欲征收贡金与免役税,应用加盖印信之诏书致送各大主教、住持、伯爵与男爵指明时间与地点召集会议,以期获得全国公意。
此项诏书之送达,至少应在开会以前四十日。
此外,余等仍应通过执行吏与管家吏普遍召集凡直接领有余等之土地者。
召集之缘由应于诏书内载明。
召集之后,前项事件应在指定日期依出席者之公意进行,不以缺席人数阻延之。
(15) 自此以往,除为赎还其本人之身体,策封其长子为武士,与一度出嫁其长子以外,余等不得准许任何人向其自由人征取贡金。
而为上述目的所征收之贡金数额亦务求合乎情理。
(16)不得强迫执有武士采地,或其他自由保有地之人,服额外之役。
(17) 一般诉讼应在一定地方审间,无需追随国王法庭请求处理。
(18) 凡关于强占土地,收回遗产及最后控诉等案件,应不在该案件所发生之州以外之地区审理。
其方法如下:由余等自己,或余等不在国内时,由余等之大法官,指定法官二人,每年四次分赴各州郡,会同该州郡所推选之武士四人,在指定之日期,于该州郡法庭所在地审理之。
(19)州郡法庭开庭之日,如上述案件未能审理,则应就当日出庭之武士与自由锢农中酌留适当人数,停能按照事件性质之轻重作出合宜裁决。
(20) 自由人犯轻罪者,应按犯罪之程度科以罚金;重罪者应按其犯罪之大小没收其土地,与居室以外之财产于商人适用同样规定,但不得没收其货物。
凡余等所辖之农奴犯罪时,亦应同样科以罚金,但不得没收其农具。
上述罚金,须凭邻居正直之:人宣誓证明,始得科罚。
(21)伯爵与男爵,非经其同级贵族陪审,并按照罪行程度外不得科以罚金。
(22)教士犯罪时,仅能按照处罚上述诸人之方法,就其在俗之财产科以罚金;得按照其教士采地之收益为标准科处罚金。
(23) 不得强迫任何市镇与个人修造渡河桥梁,惟向未负有修桥之责者不在此限。
(24) 余等之执行吏,巡察吏,检验吏与管家等,均不得受理向余等提出之诉讼。
(25) 一切州郡,百人村,小镇市,小区——余等自己之汤沐邑在外——均应按照旧章征收赋税,不得有任何增加。
(26) 凡领受余等之采地者亡故时,执有余等向该亡故者索欠之特许证状之执行吏或管家吏应即依公正人士数人之意见,按照债务数额,将该亡故者之动产加以登记与扣押,使在偿清余等债务之前不得移动。
偿清后之剩余,应即交由死者之遗嘱执行人处理。
如死者不欠余等之债,则除为其妻子酌留相当部分外,其余一切动产概依亡者所指定之用途处理。
(27) 任何未立遗嘱之自由人亡故时,其所遗动产应依教会之意见,经由其戚友之手分配之,但偿还死者债务之部分应予留出。
(28) 余等之巡察吏或管家吏,除立即支付价款外,不得自任何人之处擅取谷物或其他动产,但依出售者之意志允予延期付款者不在此限。
(29) 武士如愿亲自执行守卫勤务,或因正当理由不能亲自执行,而委托合适之人代为执行时,巡察吏即不得向之强索财物。
武士被率领或被派遣出征时,应在军役期内免除其守卫勤务。
(30)任何执行吏或管家吏,不得擅取自由人之车与马作为运输之用,但依照该自由人之意志为之者,不在此限。
(31) 无论余等或余等之管家吏俱不得强取他人木材,以供建筑城堡或其他私用,但依木材所有人之意志为之者不在此限。
(32) 余等留用重罪既决犯之土地不得超过一年零一日,逾期后即应交还该项土地之原有领主。
(33) 自此以后,除海岸线以外,其他在泰晤士河、美得威河及全英格兰各地一切河流上所设之堪坝与鱼梁概须拆除。
(34) 自此以后,不得再行颁布强制转移土地争执案件至国王法庭审讯之敖令,以免自由人丧失其司法权。
(35) 全国应有统一之度、量、衡。
酒类,烈性麦酒与谷物之量器,以伦敦夸尔为标准;染色布,土布,锁子甲布之宽度应以织边下之两码为标准;其他衡器亦如量器之规定。
(36) 自此以后发给检验状( 验尸或验伤)时不得索取或给予任何陋规,请求发给时,亦不得拒绝。
(37) 任何人以货币租地法,劳役租地法,或特许享有法保有余等之土地,但同时亦保有其他领主之兵役采地者,余等即不得借口上述诸关系强迫取得其继承人〔未成年者〕及其所保有他人土地之监护权。
除该项货币租地、劳役租地与特许享有租地负有军役义务外,余等皆不得主张其监护权。
任何人以献纳刀、剑、弓、箭电等而得为余等之小军曹者,余等亦不得对其继承大及其所保有之他人土地主。
(38) 自此以后,凡不能提供忠实可靠之证人与证物时,管家吏不得单凭己意使任何人经受神判法〔水火法〕。
(39) 任何自由人,如未经其同级贵族之依法裁判,或经国法判,皆不得被逮捕,监禁,没收财产,剥夺法律保护权,流放,或加以任何其他损害。
(40) 余等不得向任何人出售,拒绝,或延搁其应享之权利与公正裁判。
(41) 除战时与余等敌对之国家之人民外,一切商人,倘能遵照旧时之公正习惯,皆可免除苛捐杂税,安全经由水道与旱道,出入英格兰,或在英格兰全境逗留或耽搁以经营商业。
战时,敌国商人在我国者,在余等或余等之大法官获知我国商人在敌国所受之待遇前,应先行扣留,但不得损害彼等之身体与货物。
如我国商人之在敌国者安全无恙。
敌国商人在我国者亦将安全无恙。
(42) 自此以后,任何对余等效忠之人民,除在战时为国家与公共幸福得暂加限制外,皆可由水道或旱道安全出国或入国。
但监犯与被损夺法律保护权之人为例外。
关于敌国人民与商人,依前述方法处理。
(43) 领有归属土地——诸如自窝林福德,诺定昂,波罗因·兰开斯忒诸勋爵领有者,或其他归属于余等之男爵领地——之附庸亡故时,其继承人不另缴继承税。
余等亦不得令其提供较男爵生前更多之役务,一切应依该采地在男爵手中时为标准。
(44)自此以后,不得以普通传票召唤森林区以外之居民赴森林区法庭审讯。
但为森林区案件之被告人,或为森林区案件被告之保人者,不在此限。
(45) 除熟习本国法律而又志愿遵守者外,余等将不任命任何人为法官,巡察吏,执行吏或管家吏。
(46) 一切自英国历朝国王获得特许状创立寺院或握有寺产保管权之男爵〔贵族,应悉仍旧例,在该项寺院无人主持时,负保管之责。
(47) 凡在余等即位后所划出之森林区,及建为防御工事之河岸,皆应立即撤除。
(48) 有关每一州郡之森林,园固,森林官,园固守护人,管家吏及其仆役,河岸及其守护人等之一切陋规恶习,应由各该州郡推选武士十二人,于宣誓后立即驰赴各地详加调查,并于调查后四十日内予以全部彻底草除,务使永不再起,调查情形应先奏知余等,若余等不在国内时则先禀知大法官。