Chapter 5 Morphology

Chapter Five Morphology1. Define the following terms.1) Morpheme, allomorph and morph2) free morpheme vs bound morpheme3) affix 4) acronymy5) abbreviation vs clipping 6) IC analysis7) stem,base and root 8) inflection9) compounding 10) conversion11）inflectional morpheme 12) morphology13）backformation 14) blending15) inflectional affix vs derivational affix2. Multiple Choices1) The word “hospitalize” is an example of ______.A. compoundB. derivationC. inflectionD. blending2) ____refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which wordsare formed.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonology3) _____ doesn’t belong to the most productive means of word-formation.A. AffixationB. CompoundingC. ConversionD. Blending4) Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words5) Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ________morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational6) There are ________ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six7) In English -ise and -tion are called ________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes8) Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and________.A. affixationB. etymologyC. inflectionD. root9) The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _______.A.derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation10) ________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words bysubtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the word.A. AffixationB. Back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition11) The word TB is formed in the way of ________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending12) Ther e are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the wo rd “learned”is known as a(n) ________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form13) The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by ________.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformafionD. Acronymy14) The stem of disagreements is ________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement15) All of the following are meaningful except _________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphA. phonemesB. MorphsC. morphemesD. allomorphsA. phoneticsB. syntaxC. phonologyD. morphologycombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affixational19) modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech ofthe original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixesa new word.A. rootB. affixC. stemD. word21) Compound words consist of ________ morphemes.A. boundB. freeC. both bound and free22) Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are _________.A. grammatical wordsB. lexical wordsC. neither grammatical nor lexical words23) “Radar” is a / an __________.A. acronymB. blendingC. coinageD. clipping24) The words “take” and “table” are called __________ because they can occur unattached.A. form wordsB. bound morphemesC. free morphemesD. inflectional morphemes25) A __________ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectionalaffix can be added.A. stemB. rootC. allomorphD. lexeme26) __________ is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has aheavily modified headword.A. BlendingB. AcronymyC. AbbreviationD. Invention27) The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on _________.A. BorrowingB. word-formationC. conversionD. the number of the people speaking English28) ________ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displayingsuch contrasts as masculine / feminine, animate/inanimate, etc.A. CaseB. GenderC. NumberD. Category29) The relation between words “rose” and“flower” is that of __________.A. synonymyB. antonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymy30) T he adjective word “uniform” has __________ morphemes.A. oneB. threeC. twoD. zero31) Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or________ to stems.A. affixesB. suffixesC. inflectional affixesD. derivational affixes32) Prefixes do not generally change the _________of the stem but only modify itsmeaning.A. word-classB. meaningC. formD. structure33) The primary function of suffixes is to ________.A. change the word-class of rootsB change the meaning of stemsC change the grammatical function of stems]D change the structure of roots34) Conversion is a method __________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.1) Combining two parts of two already existing words is called _______ inword-formation.2) Take is the ______ of taking, taken and took.3) Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ________ and ________.4) An ________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as aword.5) Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with ________.6) Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and__________.7) All words may be said to contain a root ________.8) ________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process ofshortening.9) __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of itsinflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use ofwords interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.10) Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.11) A word formed by derivation is called a ____________, and a word formed bycompounding is called a __________.12) The poor is an example of ______ conversion.13) __________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14) The affix “-es” conveys a __________ meaning.15) morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all bythemselves.16) affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories suchas number, degree, and case.17) The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p .18) The combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words incalled .19) Semantically, the meaning of a c__________ is often idiomatic, not always being thesum total of the meanings of its components.20) __________ morphology studies word-formation.21) __________ can never stand by itself although if bears clear,definite meaning.22) __________ are added fo the end of stems.4. Make a judgment on the following statements decide whether they are true or not.1)Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words areformed.2)Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub-branches of morphology.3)The structure of words is not governed by rules.4) A morpheme is the basic unit in the study of morphology.5)Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.6)Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.7)There is only one type of affixes in the English language.8)Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.9)Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.10)Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.11)Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system.12)We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because themeaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.13)All roots are free and all affixes are bound.14)Chinese language is heavily inflectional.15) A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning, which means that a morpheme has a lexicalmeaning.16)Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.17)Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.18)Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.19)In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixeS change theword-class of the base.20)Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion.21)Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a Word.22)The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.23)In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number ofmorphemes.24)Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.25)Inflection is a parficnlar way of word-formations.5. Tell the root, stem and base of the following words.1) desirable; 2) undesirable3) undesirables; 4) desired6. Short Answer questions1) What does morphology study?2) What is a morpheme? Dissect the following words into morphemes:description underdeveloped photosyntheticanatomy radiation geographyphilharmonic defrosted refreshmentdemobilized conducting suppressioncircumspect dialogue deformedcombination3) Describe with examples various types of morpheme used in English.4) What are the main inflectional affixes in English? What grammatical meaning do theyconvey?5) Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or threewords that contain each of them:hydro chron demo duragr kilo nym pedrupt gress poly syn6) State the morphological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixes.Example: -er The suffix -er is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agentthat carries out the action, e.g., write – writer-ant -ment sub- -enen- -ee -ful -some-wise un-7) What are the main features of the English compounds?8) Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds:Example: nightcap Nightcap is a noun formed by combining two nouns, mean- inga drink one takes before going to bed.Cat’s paw tablecloth green-eyed green hornupdate jet lag bootleg built-incockpit good-for-nothingKey to Chapter Five1. Define the following terms.1) Morpheme, allomorph and morphMorpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expressions and content, unit cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. It is not like the sound patterns or syllables, which can be further divided into segments. Words may consist of one morpheme or more than one morpheme.A!lomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme. Morphemes are more abstract than their allomorphs.Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2) free morpheme vs bound morphemeMorphemes can be classified into two types in terms of their capacity of occurring alone.Those which may occur alone, or which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes, such as bee, tree, sing, and dance. In contrast, those which may appear with at least one other morpheme and cannot stand by themselves are called bound morphemes, such as “-s” in dogs, “-al” in national, “dis-” in disclose, and so on.3) affixAffixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words. For example, the morpheme ful in careful and less in careless are two affixes. And the first part in each of the words irregular, disappear and enrich (i.e. ir, dis and en) is an affix. Afixes are a type of bound morphemes. They are limited in number in a language, and can be further classified in terms of either of the twocriteria: position and function. Along the dimension of their position with reference to the root or stem of the word, affixes are generally classified into three types: prefixes, suffixes and infixes. Those which are added to the beginning of roots (i.e. occur before roots) are called prefixes, e.g. dis- in dislike and re- in rebuild. The affixes which follow roots (i.e. appear after roots) are called suffixes, e.g. -ness in carelessness and -ful in careful. The affixes which interrupt roots (i.e. appear within roots) are called infixes.4) acronymyAcronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of several words together. Words created in this way are of two sorts: acronyms and initialisms. Acronyms are those which are pronounced as a single word rather than as a sequence of letters. Initials are those which are pronounced as a series of letters (i.e. pronounced letter by letter).5) abbreviation vs clippingAbbreviation, which sometimes is used in the sense of acronymy. For example, the words like USA, NA TO, AIDS, etc. are the results of the word formation of abbreviation. And sometimes, abbreviation equals to clipping. For instance, the words like Prof. (from Professor), telly (from television), etc. are considered as examples of abbreviation as well.Clipping refers to the process of word-formation in which a word (usually a noun) is shortened by deleting one or more syllables without any change in the meaning or in the part of speech. However, clipping usually results in a stylistic change: from formal to informal style.6) IC analysisImmediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis for short) is a method used to analyze the hierarchical order of morphemes. By IC Analysis, we mean that we divide the morphemes of a word (or the words of a sentence) into two groups, and then divide each of them into sub-groups, and so on, until we reach the irreducible constituents, i.e. the morphemes in the case of the analysis of a word, or the words in the case of the analysis of a sentence, which is to be discussed in the next chapter.7) stem,base and rootA root is the basic part of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. In other words, a “root” is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. “Internationalism” is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morphemes “nation” as its root when “inter-”,”-al” and “-ism” are taken away.Different from the term root, both of the terms base and stem are used to talk about such a form to which an affix will be attached. If we are going to attach an derivational affix, we will call the form a base. But if we are going to attach an inflectional affix, we call the form a stem.However, we have to see that the term base is a more general term. It can be a form that is a root and it can be a form that contains some affix already. Just take agree and disagree for example. Either of them can be a base if we are going to attach a derivational affix -ment to it. Similarly, the term stem is also more covering. It can be a form that is a root or it can be a form that contains some affix already. For example, either open or reopen can be a stem if we are going to attach an inflectional morpheme -ed to it. In fact, a stem can be any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can beadded. It may be the same as, and in other cases, different from, a root. For example, in the word friends, friend is both the root and the stem, but in the word friendships, friendship is its stem, while friend is its root. Some words like compounds have more than one root,e.g., mailman, girlfriend, etc.8) inflectionInflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and case, which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.9) compoundingCompounding refers to a process of word-formation, in which two or more free morphemes are combined to form a new word, such as forget-me-not, waterbed, sleepwalk, etc. Words formed in this way are called compound words or compounds. Like derivation, compounding is also a very productive way to produce new words. There are three types of compounds: 1) hyphenated compounds; 2) solid compounds; and 3) open compounds.10) conversionConversion is a term used in the study of word formation to refer to the derivational process whereby an item comes to belong to a new word class without the addition of an affix. The conversion process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring frequently. Conversion is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation.11）inflectional morphemeInflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affix. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, e.g. -(e)s (indicating plurality of nouns or third person singular, present tense), -lng ( indicating progressive aspect), -(e)d, (indicating past tense for all three, persons), -est (indicating superlative degree of adjectives and adverbS).12) morphologyMorphology is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of inflections (also called inflectional morphology), and of word-formation (often referred to as lexical or derivational morphology).13）backformationBackformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take televise for example, the word television predated the occurrence of the word- televise. The first part of the word television was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language. Instead of taking out part of a word as a root, backformation allows us to take a word of a given category and form a new homophonous word of a different category.14) blendingBlending is a relatively complex form:of word compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. For example: transfer + resister→transistor, smoke + fog smog, boat + hotel --- boatel.15) inflectional affix vs derivational affixIf we classify affixes with reference to their function, we have the following two types: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.In all languages, there are many derivational affixes, but only a small number of inflectional affixes. Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations, such as number, gender, tense, aspect, case and degree. For example, -s in books, -e in fiancée, -ed in (he) studied, -ing in (he is) working, -’s in Gloria’s, and -er in faster are all inflectional affixes.Inflectional affixes have different grammatical functions. However, when they are conjoined with other morphemes, they never produce new words. Nor do they cause any change in grammatical class. And, usually, no two inflectional affixes can coexist in the same word at the same time with the exception of the combination of plural number marker and possessive case marker (e.g. students’ reading room, teachers’ job). In contrast, derivational affixes can create new words. Derivational affixes often, but not always, change the grammatical classes of words.2. Multiple choice1) – 5): BADAA 6) – 10): CBCBB 11) – 15): CCADB16) – 20): CDBAC 21) – 25): BBACA 26) – 30): BBBDC31) – 34): DACA3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words1) blending 2) lexeme 3) affix, bound, root4) initialism, acronym 5) vocabulary 6) solid, hypenated, open7) morpheme 8) Backformation 9) Conversion10) morphemic 11) derivative, compound12) partial 13)moepheme 14) grammatical15) Free 16) Inflectional 17) prefixes18) derivation 19) compound 20) Derivational21) root 22) Suffixes4. Make a judgment on the following statements decide whether they are true or not.1) – 5): TTFTF 6) – 10): FFTFT 11) – 15): TFFFT16) – 20): FTFTT 21) – 25): FTFFF5. Tell the root, stem and base of the following words.1) Desirable: desire is the root or base; but there is no stem for it.2) Undesirable: desire is the root; desirable is the base; there is no stem for it.3) Undesirables: desire is the root; undes/rab/e is the stem or base.4) Desired: desire is the root, stem or base.6. Short Answer questions.1) The internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation.2) The smallest unit of meaning.de-scrip-tion under-develop-ed photo-synthe-ticana-tomy radia-tion geo-graph-yphil-harmon-ic de-frost-ed re-fresh-mentde-mobil-iz-ed con-duct-ing sup-press-ioncircum-spect dia-logue de-form-edcom-bina-tion3) Free morphemes: mate, sun, fame, likeBound morphemes: roots and affixesRoots: ter-, fin-, spect- , -cide, -wiseAffixes: inflectional and dcrivationalDerivational: prefix and suffixInflectional affixes: -ing, -ed, -(e)sPrefixes: un-, dis-, de-, en-Suffixes: -ly, -less, -tion, -ize4.4) (e)s: plural number(c)s: third-person singular present tense(e)d: past tense-ing: progressive aspect-er: comparative degree-est: superlative degree-s: possessive case5) hydro (water), e.g., hydraulic, dehydratechro (time), e.g., chronological, chronicledemo (people), e.g., democracy, demographydur (lasting), e.g., during, durableagr (farming), e.g., agriculture, agrariankilo (one thousand), e.g., kilometer, kilogramnym (name), e.g., pseudonym, antonymped (foot), e.g., centipede, impederupt (breaking), e.g., rupture, abruptgress (movement), e.g., progress, digresspoly (various), e.g., polygon, polyglotsyn (identical), e. g., synchronic, synonym6) -ant: suffix added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent, e.g., assistant-ment: suffix added to a verb to form its corresponding noun, e.g., developmentsub-: prefix added to an adjective to form another adjective to indicate a lesser degree,e.g., substandard-cn: suffix added to an adjective to form a verb to indicate the acquisition of the quality denoted by the adjective, e.g., darkenen-: prefix added to an adjective to form a verb to indicate the acquisition of the quality denoted by the adjective, e.g., enrich-ee: suffix added to a verb to form a noun indicating the recipient of the action denoted by the verb, e. g.,employee-ful: suffix added to a noun to form an adjective indicating the quality denoted by the noun, e.g., plentiful-some: suffix added to a noun to form an adjective indicating the quality denoted by the noun, e.g., quarrelsome-wise: suffix added to a noun to form an adverb meaning “with regard to the area indicating by the noun”, e.g., carecrwiseun-: prefix added to an adjective to indicate the absence of the quality indicated by the adjective, e.g., unemployed7) Orthographically a compound can be written as one word,two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element.Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components.Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.。