定语从句与同位语从句、强调句、状语从句的区别教学提纲

定语从句与同位语从句、强调句的区别

一、定语从句

1. 定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which；关系副词有：when, where, why。

2. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

（1）限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。

例：This is the boy who broke the window.

（2）非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。

例：I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.

3. 非限制性定语从句的“四个不能”：

（1）非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。

（2）非限制性定语从句不能用why引导，要用for which 代替。

例：I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.

（3）由“介词+关系代词”引导时，关系代词不能用as。

（4）指人的关系代词作宾语时用whom，不能省略。

4. 在定语从句中，下列情况的关系词用that而不用which:

（1）先行词被形容词最高级、序数词、数词等几种词修饰或被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of等修饰时。

例：This is the best film that I have ever read.

（2）先行词为all, much, little, none, few, one, something, everything, anything等不定代词时。

例：He told me everything that he knows.

（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。

例：He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.

（4）先行词在主句中作表语或关系词在定语从句中作表语时。

例：The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.

（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时；或者句中已经有who或which，为了避免重复时。

例：Which are the books that you bought for me ?

5. 其他注意事项

（1）当the way做先行词时，只用that, in which或不用关系词。

例：What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.

（2）在限制性定语从句中，名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as不能用which。

例：Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.

（3）在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，像”的含义，可以

放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。

例：They won the game, as we had expected.

They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.

6. 定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象

定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句。在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，阅读时要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。

（1）在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think, I suppose, I guess, I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入

语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。

例：He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of importance to science .

（2）在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。

例：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.

（3）在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。

例：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond

necklace?

你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？

（4）先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后。

例：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

7. 几个特殊的定语从句句型

（1）He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match. （句中one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match. （句中students为先行词）

（2）Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? （句中the one为先行词）Is this the place (that / which) we visited yesterday ? （句中the place为先行词）

（3）He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.

（4）It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.

8. 定语从句的做题方法：

（1）找出主句，确定先行词；

（2）找出从句，判断从句是否完整（是否符合简单句的基本构成）--- 否，用关系代词；是，用关系副词。

二、同位语从句

1. 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，而且不能省略。

例：The king’s d ecision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。

例：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1. 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语）；而同位语从句中的that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

2. 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。

例：The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.

第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语。

The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.

同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分，用于说明news的内容。

【注意】当主句的谓语部分过短时而从句过长时，同位语从句放在谓语动词的后面，避免头重脚轻。

例：Word came that our team had won the game.