耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡04OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：

我们一直在讨论这样一个问题We've been talking about the question,用什么论证可以证明灵魂的存在What arguments might be offered for the existence of a soul? 我们首先会想到的一类And the family of arguments则是那种that we're considering initially are arguments被称作推理的论证that get known as inference或叫做最佳解释推理or inferences to the best explanation.其思路是The thought is that存在一些有关我们自身的亟待解释的事物there's something about us that needs explaining.但单从物理的角度我们无法对其进行解释We can't explain it in terms of, in purely physical terms.所以我们需要借助他法And so we need to appeal to,我们需要假定灵魂存在we need to posit, the existence of, a soul.我们待会儿再回到这个论题上Now, I'll come back to that sort of argument in just a minute, 现在我们暂且先把它放在一边but let me bracket that for a moment开始学习柏拉图and say something about Plato.从下周开始Starting next week,我们要学习柏拉图的对话斐多篇we're going to be looking at Plato's dialogue, the Phaedo.尽管在讲到斐多篇时And so although I'll be saying a great deal我会向你们详尽介绍其中的内容about the Phaedo once we turn to it,但现在我还是想先花一两分钟的时间I want to just take a minute or two做一个简短的引言and say a couple of introductory remarks.我不知道你们当中有多少人I don't know how many of you之前未曾读过柏拉图的作品have not read any Plato before,但是还未拜读过柏拉图的同学们but for those of you who haven't,我敢肯定你们会喜欢上他的I actually think you're in for a treat.柏拉图是历史上最伟大的哲学家之一Plato is not only one of the greatest philosophers in history, 人人影视并且他使用对话体形式来阐述其观点he wrote his philosophy in the form of dialogues.即以戏剧为表现方式That is to say, plays,其间各种人物悠闲地或坐或站集聚一块儿in which various characters sit around or stand around探讨各种哲学观点and argue about philosophical positions.我们要学习的这篇对话斐多篇The particular dialogue that we're going to reading,the Phaedo, 就将场景设定在苏格拉底临死前的一幕is set at the death scene of Socrates.想必你们都知道As I'm sure you know,苏格拉底被人指控Socrates was put on trial,以教唆雅典青年的罪名被判处死刑condemned to death for corrupting the youth of Athens--也许罪名还包括and perhaps, among other things,和青年们讨论哲学for arguing philosophy with them.狱卒把毒芹汁端给他And he's given hemlock, poison,他一饮而尽然后生命就此终结and he drinks it and he dies.这是一个历史性的事件Now, this is a historical event.苏格拉底有一大群朋友和学生Socrates had a circle of friends and disciples和他讨论哲学that he would argue philosophy with.而柏拉图就是他的学生之一One of his disciples was Plato.柏拉图随后形成自己的思想Plato then grew up并写下了许多哲学著作and wrote philosophical works.柏拉图本人通常并不在自己的对话篇里出现Plato does not typically appear in his own dialogues.即使出现了也仅仅是个次要的角色Or, if he does, he's only there as a minor character.实际上如果我没记错的话In fact, if I recall correctly,柏拉图曾提到Plato's mentioned as not苏格拉底死时自己并不在场being there on the day that Socrates dies.那么我们如何辨别So, how do we know,在戏剧中if we've got this play,谁代表柏拉图本人的立场呢whose position is Plato's position?答案是苏格拉底And the answer--the short answer--is, Socrates,即剧中苏格拉底的角色诠释了the character Socrates in the play, represents Plato,戏剧作者自己的哲学观the author of the play's, philosophical views.如果这是在古代哲学的课堂上Now, in fact, if this were a class in ancient philosophy,我们可能要将讨论的内容延伸得更广一点we'd have to complicate that picture,因为柏拉图后期的哲学观点because it's fairly clear that by late in Plato's career Plato has philosophical views 同他老师苏格拉底的观点迥然不同that are very much unlike the views of his teacher, Socrates.而且柏拉图一直没有在对话篇中现身And yet Plato continues to not appear in the dialogue.而苏格拉底仍继续保持着主角的身份Socrates continues to be sort of the hero.所以学者们一直在争论And so scholars debate which of the views put forward在对话篇里的苏格拉底提出的观点中by Socrates in which ones of the dialogues represent views哪些属于历史上那个真实的苏格拉底的that belong to the actual historical figure Socrates,哪些是戏剧中的苏格拉底的and which of the views put forward by the character Socrates哪些虽在对话篇里说是苏格拉底的观点in which of the dialogues represent views但却并不符合真实的苏格拉底的原意that are actually not held by the historical Socrates,即实际上是柏拉图but were instead held by the historical Plato假借苏格拉底之口来表明自己的观点and were merely put in the mouth of the character Socrates.学者们是如此鉴别的柏拉图早期对话作品Scholars distinguish between the early Platonic dialogues,即在所谓的苏格拉底的对话中the so-called Socratic dialogues,主角苏格拉底的观点where the thought is, those are the views of Socrates,与历史上那个真实的苏格拉底的思想吻合the actual historical figure.而就柏拉图的晚期对话作品而言And then there's the late dialogues,尽管苏格拉底也频频出场where even though Socrates appears,大多数学者认为那些观点很可能most scholars believe those are probably not the views并不是真实的苏格拉底所持有的that the historical Socrates actually believed.对中期对话作品的鉴别就比较困难You have middle dialogues where you have to worry about因为你无法明确观点与人物的对应关系whose views are whose.但是我们不用担心But we're not going to worry.这不是在古代哲学课课堂上This is not a class in ancient philosophy.所以出于这门课程的目的So for our purposes,我们无需深究we don't have to ask ourselves苏格拉底在对话中的某个观点when Socrates in the dialogue says something,到底是属于那个真实的受死之人苏格拉底的is this a view that the dead man Socrates actually would have held 还是属于已故之人柏拉图or is this simply a view that the dead man Plato通过作品中苏格拉底这个角色所表述的put in the mouth of the character Socrates?就我们这门课程的目的而言这都无关紧要For our purposes, it won't really matter.我会把苏格拉底提出的I'll take every view that所有观点都当做是柏拉图的Socrates puts forward as a view of Plato's,尽管我会随意地though I'll typically sort of run back将两者交替着说and forth sort of in a careless fashion.我会说I'll say,"柏拉图认为"或者"苏格拉底认为""Plato holds" Or "Socrates argues,"因为就这门课的目的而言两种说法是等效的because for our purposes it's all the same.但是还有一个地方But there's one other我要提醒你们complication that you've got to be warned about,那就是由于这些是对话作品which is this. Because these are dialogues且它们全都采用了哲学论证的形式and they take the form of philosophical arguments, 即人们先提出观点然后people put forward views and then,在讨论的过程中over the course of the discussion,改变自己的关于事物想法change their minds about things.随即收回之前的话And they take them back.也许类似的情形And maybe something similar在苏格拉底身上也发生过is going on when Socrates says something.因为毕竟柏拉图也没有说Because, after all, this isn't Plato saying,这就是我明确相信的观点"Here's what I believe explicitly."他只是在写一个关于哲学的戏剧He's just writing a dramatic play about philosophy. 所以有时候我们会这样想And so sometimes we'll find ourselves thinking,看这里有一个论证"You know, there's an argument here是由苏格拉底提出的that Socrates is putting forward.它也许不是一个很好的论证But maybe it's not a very good argument."但至少And it will, at least,它值得我们偶尔停下来琢磨一下be worth pausing periodically to ask ourselves,也许柏拉图也意识到这不是一个好论证maybe Plato realized it wasn't a very good argument.通过了解那些由苏格拉底提出We can often better understand the dialogues by seeing Socrates但他自己也觉得不充分的观点as putting forward certain positions我们可以更好地理解这些对话作品that he does not think are altogether adequate.他会调整修改那些观点And he modifies them or revises them或者以引入新观点or introduces new positions来解决先前他遇到的难题to deal with some of the difficulties that he was setting himself to be open to earlier. 我之前说过不要过多拘泥于细枝末节As I say, don't worry about any of those details now,但在阅读对话时应该谨记细节很重要but it's a point to keep in mind as you read the dialogues.以上就是我对斐多篇做的简介So that's all I really wanted to say by way of introduction.考虑到下周的课程You should start reading the Phaedo你们应该提前开始阅读斐多篇了for next week.我们会在下周开始讨论斐多篇We'll be talking about the Phaedo starting some time next week外加下下周的一部分时间and we'll continue the或者全部时间继续discussion of the Phaedo for at least a bit of,讨论斐多篇maybe all of, the week after that.对于柏拉图这块我会做特别对待In the case of Plato, I'm going to make an exception.通常我会提到我们的阅读材料Normally, I will mention our readings,但是我不会花过多的时间but I won't spend a lot of time来讨论细节问题actually discussing them in detail.这也就是为什么你们不得不That's why you have to把课后阅读当做上课的补充think of the readings as complementing the lectures或者把听课当做课后阅读的补充or think of the lectures as complementing the readings.这次不是向你们发些名著导读那么简单了I'm not just giving the Cliff Notes, as it were, of the readings. 对于斐多篇Nonetheless, in the case of the Phaedo,我还会花更多的时间来说明诸如I am going to spend more time actually saying,我认为首要论证是这样的"Here's what I think the first main argument is.让我们从前提和结论着手Let's try to reconstruct it in terms of重新构建这个论证its premises and its conclusions.这是我的一些反驳观点Here are some objections I raise.接下来是柏拉图提出的另一个论证Here is then the next argument that Plato offers.我们试着研究一下前提条件Let's try to get that up in premises."即便如此我也不会花时间大声朗读Even there, I won't be spending time reading out loud斐多篇的各大长篇long passages from the Phaedo.但在某种意义上But, in some sense,相对于其他阅读材料我会对斐多篇作出I'll be giving a closer commentary of the Phaedo更为细致的解说than I'll do for the other readings.为了下周的课程你们应该开始阅读了So, still, what you should do is start reading it for next week. 斐多篇的主题The topic of the Phaedo,如前所说被设定在苏格拉底受死当天as I say, is set on Socrates' last day.在对话的结尾处At the end of the dialogue,他饮下毒芹汁走向死亡he drinks the hemlock and he dies.也许一点也不足为奇的是And perhaps unsurprisingly,直到生命的最后一刻他都在和朋友们what he does with his friends up until that moment is,探讨灵魂的不朽性he argues about the immortality of the soul.最令人惊叹的是苏格拉底并不苦恼Quite strikingly, Socrates is not upset.他根本不担心自己即将死去He's not worried about the fact that he's going to die.反而以某种方式迎接死神的降临He actually welcomes this in a certain way,因为他坚信灵魂是不朽的because he believes his soul is immortal.所以支持和反对And so, in addition to philosophical arguments for and against 灵魂的存在与不朽的论证the existence and immortality of the soul,以一个感人至深的死亡场景告终we end the dialogue with a quite moving death scene,这简直就是西方文明史上one of the great death scenes,最伟大的死亡场景之一if we could call it that,如果我们可以这样说的话of western civilization.总之如前所说下周的安排就是这样Anyway, as I say, that's all for next week.现在让我们再回到这个问题上So let's return now to the question,我们怎样论证灵魂存在"How might we argue for the existence of the soul?"起初上节课上Initially, last time,我们探讨了一类或者说是we considered a set of or一小类论证这些论证的基本观点是a subset of arguments that basically said,我们肯定不仅仅是些物质实体"Look, there's got to be more to us than just material objects. 人不是机器People can't just be machines,因为机器不能推理because machines can't reason.机器不能思考Machines can't think."而我也说过And I said,这看上去并不是一个令人信服的论证"That doesn't seem to be a compelling argument."毕竟会下国际象棋的电脑似乎是会推理的After all, chess-playing computers, it seems, can reason.它们对我的战术了然于胸They have beliefs about what I'm likely to do next.它们拥有极力实现自身目标的欲望They have desires about the goals that they're trying to achieve. 它们推算怎样才能最彻底地打败我They reason about how best to defeat me.需要指出的And it's worth pointing out that--上次课我并没有提到这一点a point that I didn't make last time--需要指出的是电脑it's worth pointing out that, what the computers,至少最棒的国际象棋电脑并没有做什么at least the best chess-playing computers don't do.实际上没有电脑真正会做这些事情Indeed, no computer actually does this.你可能认为一台电脑You might think that what a computer,或一台下棋电脑所做的工作就是这样what a chess-playing computer does is just this:计算出所有可能的下法it calculates every possible branch,以及与之对应的各种可能的棋局every possible game from here on out.然后它再斟酌一下And then it sort of works backwards.恩在这些情形下我能胜出"Oh, these are the ones where I'll win."所以只有当它能够预见到And so it only makes the move自己接下来20步得以制胜的棋路时where it can sort of look ahead 20 moves,它才会继续往下走right, and see which branches have the computer winning.但国际象棋的程序并不是这样工作的That is not the way chess-playing programs work.原因很简单For the simple reason that棋局的潜在变数相当之大the number of possible chess games is so huge,以至于计算机根本无法将其完全计算出来that computers can't calculate it.因为这需要它们数以千年的工作量They'd be busy for thousands of years.我们可能会这么做We can do that sort of:当你和你七岁大的侄子或侄女When you play tic-tac-toe下三子棋的时候with your seven-year old nephew or niece,你就会先预测然后想you just look ahead and work backwards.要是我这样下"Well, if I do that,他就会那样下he'll do that如果他走了那一步那他就赢了and he'll do that and then he wins,所以我不会走这一步对吗so I won't do that," right?但是在下国际象棋时候我们不会那么做But we can't do that with chess.因为实在有太多盘棋了There's just too many games.那么下棋程序So how do chess-playing programs,特别是最好的下棋程序and particularly the best chess-playing programs,是如何工作的呢how do they work? Well,它们的下棋方式同你们如出一辙they play chess the same way you do.它们会想哪些棋子的威力更大They have various ideas about which pieces are more powerful需要重点庇护and so they're more important to protect.它们会想到They've got various ideas采用哪种策略获胜几率更高about which strategies tend to be successful.以及这些策略会带来哪些风险What sorts of dangers come along with them?如果你是一名严谨的棋手If you're a serious chess player,你可能还会研究国际象棋史上最伟大的棋局you might study some of the great games of chess history. 的确当人们编写游戏程序时And indeed, when they program these things,会在这些程序中the programmers will一局接一局地feed in game after game after game输入历史上那些最伟大的棋局of the great chess games in history.然后用这些知识武装好自己之后And then armed with all of that,你就能做到最好you sort of do your best.当你下输了一盘时And when you lose a game,你也许会在心里记下you kind of make a mental note to yourself,这次实在太糟糕了"That really screwed me up.下次再换个别的什么试试Let me try something different next time."你会尽量避免使用那些着数And you avoid those sorts of moves.下棋程序也是这样工作的That's how chess-playing programs work as well.跳转一下话题我先来对此做一番评论Jumping ahead, let me make a remark about this,因为这和我们几分钟后because this is going to be relevant for something将要讨论的东西有关I'll get to in a couple of minutes.这意味着什么呢What this means--what this,其含义就是the implication--is that如果你正在玩一个不错的国际象棋程序if you're playing a great chess-playing program,要想推测出程序下一步的着数it's not as though the way to tell而对游戏程序进行全方位的研究what it's going to do is似乎并不是个有效的方法to study its program and think it through.这些程序的设计者The people who design these programs,很可能本身就棋艺高超presumably fairly decent chess players themselves,他们the people who design these programs,在玩这个程序游戏时when they're playing the programs并不会在心里想着they're not thinking to themselves,既然这个程序是我编制的"Let's see. I programmed this computer so所以如果我把皇后移到这里that when I move a queen forward to this space,它就会出相it should come out with a bishop."这种想法根本无用That's hopeless.因为程序会不断依据过去Because the program is constantly revising its strategies,有效无效经验修改其策略in light of what's worked and what hasn't worked in the past.当程序员或其他任何人玩这个程序时When the programmers play these programs or indeed when anybody, 比如一个优秀的棋手在玩这些程序时a good chess player, plays these programs,战胜它们的最好办法就是问问自己the best way to try to beat them is simply ask yourself,现在怎么走才最为明智"What's the best move to make right now?"推算计算机接下来最可能的动向才是制胜关键The odds are the computer's going to make the best possible move. 将计算机视为一名象棋健将Treat the computer as though it were just a great chess player.事实上最棒的象棋程序已经是老辣的棋手And indeed, the best programs are great chess players.尽管曾一度出现过There was a period of time in which,强劲的象棋程序although there were decent, chess-playing programs无法战胜顶级人类棋手的情形couldn't beat the best chess-playing humans.但是那种局面在几年前That ended some years ago when以象棋程序击败象棋大师而告终the best programs began to beat grand masters.而现在And now it's in fact the case最优秀的象棋程序可以称得上是所向披靡that the best programs can beat pretty much anybody.当前的国际象棋世界冠军In the current world champion of chess,弗拉基米尔?克拉姆尼克I think Vladimir Kramnik,就在今年12月被一个国际象棋程序击败was defeated in December by a chess-playing program.克拉姆尼克当时只是把它当作一个强劲的对手So Kramnik's simply treating this as an awesome opponent. 其所作所为堪称最佳行棋之道And that's the best way to deal with these things.好了我们还是把这些思考暂且先搁在一边All right. So, bracket some of those thoughts for a moment. 稍后再对其继续讨论We'll come back to them a little bit later当我们开始探讨这样一个问题when we start talking about the question,机器有创造能力吗"Could machines be creative?"我先亮出我自己的观点Tipping my hand,显而易见it seems pretty clear that这个问题正好能够that seems like the right对国际象棋程序做出解释thing to say about these chess-playing programs.于是我们便产生了这样一个疑问So we had the question,机器能推理吗"Could machines, could machines reason?"虽然还未曾出现And although we don't have machines具有推理能力的机器that can reason about a lot of subjects yet,这一点相当明确it seems pretty clear.但仿佛机器It seems like the natural thing to suggest, machines在某些领域具有推理能力是再自然不过了can reason in at least some areas.所以人不是物理对象And so it doesn't seem plausible这一观点似乎并不能站稳脚跟to suggest that we people must not be physical,因为毕竟merely physical, because after all,我们人能推理而机器不能we can reason and no machine can reason.不机器可以推理No, machines could reason.但这引发了灵魂辩护者的But this prompts a different一个迥然的进程move on the part of the defender of souls.也许论证不应该是Perhaps the argument shouldn't be,我们必须相信灵魂"We have to believe in souls因为所有的物理对象都不能推理because no mere physical object could reason."而应该是Perhaps the argument should be,我们不得不相信灵魂"We have to believe in souls因为所有物理对象所有的机器都没有感觉because no mere physical object, no machine could feel." 我们人拥有情感You know, we have emotions.会彼此相爱会心生恐惧We love. We're afraid.会拥有烦恼也会欢欣愉悦We're worried. We'll get elated.还会沮丧消沉We get depressed.所以或许这个论证应该这样表达So perhaps the argument should go对思考"Yeah, yeah, thinking,机器可以思考that's the sort of thing a machine can do.我们称之为思维机器You know, we call them thinking machines.但是感觉能力却是任何机器都不具备的But feeling, that's the sort of thing no machine could do. 没有任何纯粹的物理对象No purely physical object可以感觉到什么可以有情感could feel anything, could have emotions.因为我们拥有感觉事物的能力And so, since we clearly do feel things,所以我们一定比物理对象高级there must be more to us than a physical object."现在我想我们有理由认为Now, I think it is plausible to suggest与象棋计算机的例子不同that unlike the case of chess-playing computers,我们现在还没有能感觉事物的机器we don't yet have machines that feel things.但问题不是我们有没有这样的机器But the question isn't, "Do we?"而是The question is,能否存在这样的机器它可以感觉到某物"Could there be a machine that could feel something,可以有某种情感could have an emotion of some sort?"我们来谈一点科幻作品想一想So let's go a little science fictiony and think about在科幻电影中some of the robots that出现过的一些机器人have been shown in science fiction movies,在科幻电影some of the computer programs以及科幻小说等其他科幻作品中that have been shown in science fiction movies,出现过的一些计算机程序science fiction novels, or what have you.我小时候When I was a kid有一部叫"迷失太空"的电视剧there was a television show called Lost in Space.我已经记不起I'm afraid I've forgotten剧中机器人的名字了the name of the robot that was on that show.但在这档电视节目中But as it was a TV show and so sure enough,每一集都会戏剧性地发生一个新的危机every single episode, some new dramatic danger would take place. 于是机器人就会开始全速前进大声疾呼And the robot would start whizzing and binging and shout out, "危险罗宾逊指挥官""Danger, Commander Robinson!""危险威尔?罗宾逊""Danger, Will Robinson!"就是这样 "危险威尔?罗宾逊"That was it. "Danger, Will Robinson!"机器人好像一直都很担忧It seemed as though the robot was worried.再举个更近一点的例子More recent example.你们可能有人读过道格拉斯?亚当斯的书A number of you have probably read some of Douglas Adams' books. 如银河系漫游指南以及其续集The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and the sequels to that.书中有一个叫马文的机器人There's a robot in those books, Marvin,我想可以用"消极"一词来概括他的特点who's --depressed, I think is the simple word about it.他很聪明He sort of--He is very smart.对于宇宙万物都有着自己的思考He's thought about the universe,他认为人生毫无意义所以行事消极thinks life is pointless and he acts depressed.他把自己的想法告诉另一个机器人He talks to another robot,后者的情绪也变得低迷depresses the other robot.最后自杀了The other robot commits suicide.故事就讲到这里All right."消极"用在机器人身上似乎再自然不过Seems natural to ascribe depression to Marvin, the robot.因为他的言行举止就是如此That's how he behaves.再来举个我最喜欢的例子Or, my favorite example,2001太空漫游(电影名)the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.我先申明Now, I've got to tell you,没有看过这部电影的同学们for those of you who have not seen this movie,我要剧透了好吧I'm about to spoil it. All right?所以请你们捂住耳朵So you cover your ears.太空漫游In 2001:A Space Odyssey,一些迹象表明we get some kind of indication另一个星球上有生命存在that there's life on another planet.一切都很神秘所以我们It's all very mysterious and we派遣一艘飞船去调查星球上的印记send off a spaceship to investigate the markings,以及那些从其他星球传来的无线电信号the radio signals from the other place.这是一项非常重要的任务This is a very important mission因此一个被命名为哈尔的计算机程序and so there is a computer program named Hal被安排协助飞船的运行that helps run the ship减轻飞船上and takes a lot of the人类宇航员的负担burdens off of the part of the human astronauts who are on the ship. 哈尔有一个目标Hal's got the goal--从理性和欲望等角度来说in terms of reasoning and desires and so forth and so on--哈尔的目标就是确保该任务能成功完成Hal's got the goal of making sure the mission is successful. 但哈尔看似有凭有据地认为But Hal thinks to himself fairly plausibly,人类只会威胁到任务的执行humans really screw things up.这是一项至关重要的任务This is a very important mission.除掉人类以确保任务的顺利执行Let's kill the humans to make sure they don't screw things up. 其中的一个宇航员One of the astronauts,发现了它的阴谋discovering the plot,试图阻止哈尔attempts to stop Hal.而他唯一And proceeds to do the only能使让哈尔不伤害到自己的举措thing he can do to defend himself against Hal,就是关闭该程序基本上也就是杀死which is shut down the program, basically killing--如果我们可以那样表达的话杀死哈尔if we can talk that way--killing Hal.与此同时一切都在进行中Meanwhile, as all this is going on,哈尔和那个叫戴夫的人类宇航员交谈Hal and Dave, the human astronaut, are talking to each other. 哈尔最终意识到将要发生什么事情了Hal realizes what's going on.它试图阻止戴夫这一点完全可以理解Hal tries to stop Dave, understandably enough.当戴夫开始关闭它的电路时哈尔说And Hal says, as Dave begins to shut down Hal's circuits,我害怕我害怕戴夫"I'm afraid. I'm afraid, Dave."他害怕什么What's he afraid of?他害怕死亡He's afraid of dying.赋予哈尔恐惧感这似乎也是自然而然It seems perfectly natural to ascribe fear to Hal.哈尔准确地表现出你所期望他Hal is behaving in exactly the way you would expect him to behave, 或称为它理应表现的行为方式or it to behave,如果它确实感到恐惧的话if it felt fear.它有理由恐惧It's got reason to be afraid.它表现得恰如其分It's behaving appropriately.它告诉我们它很害怕It's telling us that it's afraid.于是自然而然我们就会说哈尔感到害怕It seems natural to say Hal's afraid.现在你可以继续补充这方面的例子Now, you could continue to sort of fill in examples like this.正如我所说的确As I say, of course,这些都只是科幻作品而已they're all science fiction,但我们仍然可以从中有所领悟but the fact that we can grasp--我们并不会直接走掉说and it's not as though we go running away saying,哦不这实在是太不可思议了对吗"Oh no! This was outrageous," Right?计算机会说我害怕"It makes no sense to这简直说不通think a computer could have said, I'm afraid.它会有试图杀死要将程序关闭的人等其他举动"It makes no sense to think that it could try to kill the people 这些完全说不通who are trying to shut it down and so forth."以上的想法在我看来是一种偏见That seems to me to be prejudice,正如我上次所说as I said last time.这边人们可以自然而然地说The natural inclination here is to say,这些计算机程序这些机器人能感受情感"These computer programs, these robots are feeling emotion."人人影视。