新人教版学高中语法专题被动语态教案必修英语 解析版
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被动语态的构成形式
⒈被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:
(1)am/is/are + done(过去分词)一般现在时
(2)has /have been done 现在完成时
(3)am/is /are being done现在进行时
(4)was/were done 一般过去时
(5)had been done 过去完成时
(6)was/were being done 过去进行时
(7)shall/will be done 一般将来时
(8)should/would be done 过去将来时
(9)shall/will have been done将来完成时(少用)
(10)should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用)
⒉被动语态的特殊结构形式
1带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。
如:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby—sitter.
2有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
如:His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother
for his birthday.
3当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4在使役动词have,make,get 以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
如:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例:The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
⒊非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。
例:I don't like being laughed at in the publiC.
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如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
⒈讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。
如:My bike was stolen last night.
⒉借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
如:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
⒊为了更好地安排句子。
例:The wellknown person got on the bus and was immediately recognzed by people.(一个主语就够了)
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It is said that从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”的有:
It is said that 据说
It is reported that 据报道
It is believed that 大家相信
It is hoped that 大家希望
It is well I known that 众所周知
It is thought that 大家认为
It is suggested that 据建议
如:It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
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谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
⒈英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不
及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
如:This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较:The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病)
The door won't be lockeD.(指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因)
⒉表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true,run out,give out,turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
如:How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
⒊系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
如:Your reason sounds reasonable.
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非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。
⒈在need,want,require,bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
如:The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。
⒉形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。