10.motivation
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The meanings of “meaning”
• Reference 指称义 • Concept 概念 • Sense 涵义
• What is the meaning of “cat”?
Sense and reference
涵义与指称义
Animal dog tiger leopard horse What’s the relationship?
• Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
• Meaning and concept are both related to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. • Concept—beyond language, result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. • Meaning– belongs to language, restricted to language use.
Etymological motivation 词源理据
• By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.
Motivation 词的理据
1. Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据 2. Semantic motivation 语义理据 （figurative sense） 3. Morphological motivation 形态理据 4. Etymological motivation 词源理据
cat
Sense and reference
涵义与指称义 Sense—denotes the relationship inside the language. “The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.” Reference—relationship between language and the world.
Morphological motivation 形态理据
• • • • Airmail Reading-lamp Miniskirt hopeless
Morphological motivation concerns the words whose structures, that is, composing elements, suggest their meaning.
• A lot of words whose structures are opaque, their meanings are not the combination of the separate parts. • Black market • greenhorn
Semantic motivation 语义理据
• • • • the mouth of a river the foot of the mountain He is fond of the bottle. The pen is mightier than the sword.
Metaphor 隐喻
Metonymy
换喻，转喻
Semantic motivation 语义理据
The meanings of “meaning”
• Sense 涵义 • Reference 指称义 • Concept 概念
cognition Relationship inside the language
Relationship between language and world
源自文库
Motivation 词的理据 • Motivation accounts for the connection between linguistic symbol and its meaning.
Synecdoche 提喻
• • • • Sail—ship Hand—man The smiling year—spring A Solomon—a wise man
Metonymy 转喻
• A watched kettle never boils. • He never let his heart rule his head.
• • • • • • Cats miaow. Cocks crow. Bees buzz. Mice squeak. Goats bleat. Lions roar. Dogs bark. Ducks quack. Frogs croak. Horses neigh. Snakes hiss. Elephants trumpet.
Motivation for words
Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据 Semantic motivation 语义理据 metaphor metonymy synecdoche analogy Morphological motivation 形态理据 Etymological motivation 词源理据
Number analogy数字类比
The Fourth World (最贫国集团) The First Family The three R’s (reading, writing arithmetic)
Space analogy 地点空间类比
• • • • Moonscape—landscape Marrain(火星上地形)—terrain Earthrise—sunrise Spacefaring(航天飞行)--seafaring
Metaphor
• They were allowed to leapfrog the long lines of traders and get immediate appointments with Chinese representatives • US influence and prestige nosedived in Africa. • The came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution.
• Referent 指称，所指—an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc that the word stands for. • Reference – the relationship between language and the world.
Concept 概念
Analogy 类比
• talkathon (马拉松式谈话或座谈节目) • telethon (马拉松式电视广播节目)
marathon
Color analogy 色彩类比
His short play is in the white list. (批准上演的 节目名单) grey list—非明文查禁但仍属不合法的人或物 grey-collar workers—服务性行业的职工 Blacklist White-collar, bule-collar
反义类比
• Daylighting –白天兼职,晚上主要工作 • Low-rise—低层建筑 • Cold line—冷线
Analogy 近似类比
• Missile gap (美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差 距) Generation gap, development gap Production gap, credibility gap • Watergate
Onomatopoeic motivation rumbling thunder Cars crashed into each other Glass, glitter, glide
Semantic motivation 语义理据
• The mouth of the river 河口 • The nose of the plane 机首，机头 • Head of department
• A tall clock tick-tacked on the stair.
Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据
• The sounds of some words suggest the meanings, for these words were created by imitating natural sounds.
Etymological motivation 词源理据
• Pen—writing tool
• A laconic answer: a brief answer, short answer • Lacons– a tribe of people famous for their brevity of speech.
• Reference 指称义 • Concept 概念 • Sense 涵义
• What is the meaning of “cat”?
Sense and reference
涵义与指称义
Animal dog tiger leopard horse What’s the relationship?
• Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
• Meaning and concept are both related to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. • Concept—beyond language, result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. • Meaning– belongs to language, restricted to language use.
Etymological motivation 词源理据
• By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.
Motivation 词的理据
1. Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据 2. Semantic motivation 语义理据 （figurative sense） 3. Morphological motivation 形态理据 4. Etymological motivation 词源理据
cat
Sense and reference
涵义与指称义 Sense—denotes the relationship inside the language. “The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.” Reference—relationship between language and the world.
Morphological motivation 形态理据
• • • • Airmail Reading-lamp Miniskirt hopeless
Morphological motivation concerns the words whose structures, that is, composing elements, suggest their meaning.
• A lot of words whose structures are opaque, their meanings are not the combination of the separate parts. • Black market • greenhorn
Semantic motivation 语义理据
• • • • the mouth of a river the foot of the mountain He is fond of the bottle. The pen is mightier than the sword.
Metaphor 隐喻
Metonymy
换喻，转喻
Semantic motivation 语义理据
The meanings of “meaning”
• Sense 涵义 • Reference 指称义 • Concept 概念
cognition Relationship inside the language
Relationship between language and world
源自文库
Motivation 词的理据 • Motivation accounts for the connection between linguistic symbol and its meaning.
Synecdoche 提喻
• • • • Sail—ship Hand—man The smiling year—spring A Solomon—a wise man
Metonymy 转喻
• A watched kettle never boils. • He never let his heart rule his head.
• • • • • • Cats miaow. Cocks crow. Bees buzz. Mice squeak. Goats bleat. Lions roar. Dogs bark. Ducks quack. Frogs croak. Horses neigh. Snakes hiss. Elephants trumpet.
Motivation for words
Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据 Semantic motivation 语义理据 metaphor metonymy synecdoche analogy Morphological motivation 形态理据 Etymological motivation 词源理据
Number analogy数字类比
The Fourth World (最贫国集团) The First Family The three R’s (reading, writing arithmetic)
Space analogy 地点空间类比
• • • • Moonscape—landscape Marrain(火星上地形)—terrain Earthrise—sunrise Spacefaring(航天飞行)--seafaring
Metaphor
• They were allowed to leapfrog the long lines of traders and get immediate appointments with Chinese representatives • US influence and prestige nosedived in Africa. • The came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution.
• Referent 指称，所指—an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc that the word stands for. • Reference – the relationship between language and the world.
Concept 概念
Analogy 类比
• talkathon (马拉松式谈话或座谈节目) • telethon (马拉松式电视广播节目)
marathon
Color analogy 色彩类比
His short play is in the white list. (批准上演的 节目名单) grey list—非明文查禁但仍属不合法的人或物 grey-collar workers—服务性行业的职工 Blacklist White-collar, bule-collar
反义类比
• Daylighting –白天兼职,晚上主要工作 • Low-rise—低层建筑 • Cold line—冷线
Analogy 近似类比
• Missile gap (美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差 距) Generation gap, development gap Production gap, credibility gap • Watergate
Onomatopoeic motivation rumbling thunder Cars crashed into each other Glass, glitter, glide
Semantic motivation 语义理据
• The mouth of the river 河口 • The nose of the plane 机首，机头 • Head of department
• A tall clock tick-tacked on the stair.
Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据
• The sounds of some words suggest the meanings, for these words were created by imitating natural sounds.
Etymological motivation 词源理据
• Pen—writing tool
• A laconic answer: a brief answer, short answer • Lacons– a tribe of people famous for their brevity of speech.