英语写作手册diction1
英语写作手册精品PPT课件
ask
time
land is less precise but more literary and emotive than country.
English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other language over the centuries.
denotative and connotative
Country means an area of land and its population and its government,
nation emphasizes the people of a country,
state refers to the government or political organization of a country, and
Neutral — ‘Eating is not allowed here.’ Informal — ‘Please don’t eat here.’
Colloquial — ‘You can’t feed your face here.’ Slang — ‘Lay off the nosh 小吃.’ Taboo — ‘Lay off the fucking nosh.’
1. Lev文章是否能收到预期 的效果致关重要。在锤炼和选择词语时，除了文章的 主题、思想内容、写作目的和读者对象等以外，还必 须考虑与之相适应的语言层次( levels of language )。
所谓语言层次，一般可归结为规范英语( standard English)和非规范英语( sub-standard English)。
专四写作措辞与语句Dictionandsentence
专四写作措辞与语句DictionandsentenceDictionChoice of wordsDictionI Choosing wordsII. Words to AvoidIII. Overcoming ChinglishProper words in proper places make a true definition of style. Jonathan Swift ?Use the right word, not the second cousin.The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightening and the lightning bug. Mark Twain :语不惊人死不休Du FuWords should be only the clothes, carefully custom-made to fit the thought. Jules Renard ?We should endeavor to use words that correspond as closely as possible with what we feel, see, think, imagine, experience and reason.GoetheI Choosing wordsChoosing the appropriate and exact wordsA. Levels of wordsB. Meanings of wordsC. General and specific wordsI Choosing wordsA. Levels of wordsa. from a stylistic point of view: formal/learned, common and colloquial (slang words, dialectal words and certain words that are often used by uneducated speakers)b. standard and nonstandard (or substandard words)B. Meanings of wordsa. denotation/literal meaning本义the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or a term (Webster’s New Word Dictionary)b. connotation/associative meaning转义Idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word, phrase, etc. in addition to its explicit meaning, or denotationI Choosing wordsCompare:Tom is ambitious/ tough-minded/ foresighted/ firm/ self-respecting/ persistent.Tom is pushy/ ruthless/ calculating/stubborn/egotistical/ nagging.country, nation, state, landask, question, interrogatetime, age, epochlarge, bigthrifty, frugal, stingymodest, humbleslender, slim, emaciatedThese words can be called synonyms but may be different in stylistic level, in the degree ofemphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone and in collocation.Mind:Very often an English word has no exact Chinese equivalent and it has to be translated in different ways in different contexts.Choices1. A few listeners were uninterested/ disinterested and dozed off.2. Though she has grown up, her behavior is oftenchildlike/childish.3. Her clothes, though made of cheap/inexpensive material, are quite elegant.4. Is that old/elderly woman/lady sitting by the window your mother?5. I am sorry to refuse/decline your kind invitation.6. This homely/ugly old man is a well-known composer.7. This servile man was especially humble /modest when he was talking with his superiors.8. My father became stout/fat as he grew older.9. I can never forget the little/small town where I spent my happy childhood.10. The modernization programme has won the support of the whole nation/country.C. General and specific wordsProfessionals-----scientists, doctors, teachers lawyers, journalistsscientists-----physicists, chemistschemists---biochemists ?Compare:Fido is the most lovable creature I know.Fido is the first animal I ever liked.Fido is one of our three dog s.Fido is the fastest hound I have ever seen.We have three hounds: a dachshund(德国种小猎狗) named Willy, a gray hound named Mick, and a basset(短腿猎犬) named Fido.由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）Specific words are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones; they seem to make the reader see, hear, smell, touch or feel what the writer wished to describe. They help tomake writing clear, exact, vivid and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. General words convey a kind of emotion (love), condition (misery), thought (democracy), theory (evolution), science (biology) or a group of things (creature, plant, organism).Too many specific words may result in difficulty in grasping the main idea while too many general words may cause the writing to be dull and difficult.由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）Abstract and general words are indispensable, and the accomplished writer can take advantage of both, can move back and forth between the language of ideas and the language of hard realities.由一般（general）趋于特定（specific）1. a. She loves flowers.b. She loves roses and chrysanthemums.2. a. A few houses were destroyed yesterday.b. Five houses were burnt down yesterday.3. a. If a person is reading his love letter, you must not lean over his shoulder to read it.b. If a person is reading his love letter, you must not lean over his shoulder to share it.4. a. It grew dark before seven o’clock. The wind was strong and the rain was heavy.b. It grew dark before seven o’clock. Wind and rain whipped the house.5. a. An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance took him to a hospital. ? b. An elderly man had collapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance rushed him to a hospital.6. a. Trees surround the water near our summer place.b. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.See if you can create clearer pictures from these sentencesA car was parked in the street.Some children stood anxiously at the counter.Our friends have a place at the shore.The table was cluttered with his things.A man was standing at the corner.She bore a great burden.A shiny red Mercury convertible was parked against the curb near a hydrant.Four little urchins in ragged blue jeans stood with their smudgy faces pressed against the candy counter.The Rothblums have a two-bedroom bungalow a block from the ocean in Brandt Beach, New Jersey. ?Jeff’s notebook, books, and baseball glove cluttered the diningroom table.A tall, lanky farmer in faded overalls and a battered straw hat was leaning against the mailbox on the corner of Main Street and First Avenue.After her mother died, Sylvia helped raise her younger brothere and cared for her ill father.Compare:1) We experienced difficulty in that situation.2) The cartilage in my ankle ripped painfully as I slammed onto the icy sidewalk. As I lay on my back, cursing myself for jogging in subzero weather, the chill of the morning wind made me shiver. I tried to raise my body but my ankle would not move, and all I could do was fall back on my concrete bed. I felt nothing, but pain, cold and dismay.Provide specific words for the following general words:brightly-colored red, scarletSlowly two miles an hourRun sprint, dash, gallop, race, dart, trot,scurry, scamper, lopeWalk amble saunter trudge drag strolltiptoe clump slouch prance tramptotter trot wade waddle shuffleswag swagger mince stride strutstagger hobble limp plod stumbletoddle loiter lurch sneak padProvide specific words for the following general words: A good man Good foodHouseLaughBeverageSeeSayWalkSkilfulHitWeaponBigSmallBraveProvide specific words for the following general words: AfraidComplainPleasedTrueStubbornFlexibleThinFatNoiseSilenceBeautifulUglyActiveInactive由模糊（vague）趋于明确（definite）1．a. It was a dreadful journey.b. It was a tiring, tedious and dangerous journey.2. a. Although the commander had an awful temper and a terrible voice, he showed wonderful care for his men.b. Although the commander had a fiery temper and a gravely voice, he showed fatherly care for his men.由模糊（vague）趋于明确（definite）Lazy adverbs (懒散副词)Absolutely, awfully, dreadfully, terribly, terrifically, frightfully, horribly, desperately, fiercely, badly, hugely, simply, wildly, jolly, right, pretty, precisely, mighty, marvelously, tremendously, wonderf ully…CompareThe beggar was awfully thin. /The beggar was pitifully thin.My new teacher is absolutely handsome. /My new teacher is strikingly handsome.My supervisor’s tone is very critical. /My supervisor’s tone is sharply critical.It is terribly hot today. / It is burning hot today.We had a wildly cold night. / We had a freezing night.由抽象（abstract）趋于具体（concrete）1. a. Mr Bunney looked at the vegetables before him．b. Mr Bunney gazed dismally at the vegetables before him．2. a. The man was standing under a tree.b. Jim Jones, our village postman, was walking under a large oak-tree.3. a. The cable consists of many wires.b. The cable consists of 100 strands of very fine copper wires.4. a. He had a misfortune while swimming.b. A shell fragment ripped open his right arm while he was swimming.5. a. Tom is a lazy boy.b. Tom usually sleeps late in the morning and does little work after he gets up.由抽象（abstract）趋于具体（concrete）LookShe spotted him immediately among the people in the railway station, because he was wearing his yellow hat.The men in the boated sighted land.They were observed entering the bank at 8:30.Several possible buyers are coming to view the house.He scanned the pages of the book to what it was about.He witnessed the accident himself; he saw it all.She glanced down the list of names.Stop eyeing me like that.She peered through the mist, trying to find the right path.He gaped at her in surprise.D. Using idiomsAn idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meaning s of the words that form it.Common types of idioms:Phrasal verbs put up with, look forward to, carry onN.+ prep. + n. a straw in the wind, the apple of one’s eye, like a fish out of waterPrep. +n. on the air, at length, at large, in person, with flying colorsV. +n. slip one’s mind, go to the dogs, stew in one’s own juice, teach an ol d dog new tricks, teach one’s grandmother to suck eggsAs…as as big as life, as poor as church mouse, as mute as a fish, light as a feather ?Pairs of words in black and white, sink or swim, high and dry, touch and goSayings Don’t count y our chickens before they are hatched.A stitch in time saves nine. One man’s meat is another man’s poison. Tastes differ. Each dog will have his own day.Idioms in sentencesThe first American presidential dark horse was James Polk.You can’t tell how she feels, she doesn’t wear her heart on her sleeve.John could not go to a library, and writing the report was a job of making bricks without straw.?The quickly-called meeting of the President and his cabinet was a straw in the wind.Although it is a small nation, it is a formidable opponent, for it is armed to the teeth.John said he was more interested in the competition itself than in the prize. Obviously it was sour grapes to him.Don’t waste time here, talk turkey please or I’ll go.Profit is generally the apple of discord among capitalist nations.Mum said I’d better leave the kitchen because she did notneed my help and I was like a bull in a china shop there.Although Jack is thought to be the contestant most likely to win the gold medal, David and Harry are among the dark horses.Idioms in sentencesThough Henry Adams found Cambridge a ―social desert‖, it flowed with intellectual milk and honey.?He would not have met his Waterloo if his courage hadn’t failed him.It rained cats and dogs yesterday evening.He was threatened with a beating by a fellow who was an ass in a lion’s skin.He blows hot and cold about making friends, so he has few close friends.I believe t his will prove to be a Pandora’s box in the long run.Ever since he entered this school, he has always been the apple of the teacher’s eye.How many times do I have to tell you not to leave you homework till the eleventh hour??Judging from the way he spends money, he was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.Idioms in sentencesWhen the police began to investigate, five of the man left the country, leaving the sixth holding the bag.Jack seems to be wasting away. He is nothing but a bag of bones.If you break a window, do not pass the buck; admit that you did it.Your life in this town has been an open book,--perhaps too open.Bob’s unexpected visit played the devil with our own plans to travel.To give the devil his due, old Simpkins, miser though he is, has always been generous to Joy.He has then completely under his thumb. They don’t dare t o defy them.When she is around, he is nervous and seems to be all thumbs.Don’t talk about vanity in my brother’s hearing; it is his Achilles heel.Having already heard that Helen is an avid mountain climber, I broke ice by talking about our favorite sport.Mind:Most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation; but a few are slang and should be used with care. Many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting and should be used sparingly.II. Words to AvoidA. Jargon(1) When I asked my parents if I could use the car, the feedback was negative.(2)Upwardly mobile young lawyers often work 70 hours a week.If you do have to write professional articles for common readers, you cana) use a certain number of technical terms with interpretation or definitionb) refer to the following passage:If we become free of disease, we would make a much better run of it for the last decade or so, but might still terminate on about the same schedule as now. We may be like the genetically different lines of mice…programmed to die after predeterminednumber of days clocked by their genomes. If this is the way it is, some of us will continue to wear out and come unhinged in the sixth decade, and some much later, depending on genetic timetables.Words to AvoidB. Big words / Pretentious wordsGobbledygook –pompous, official-sounding language which use twenty words to express a three-word thought.GobbledygookUndesirable waste material is removed on a semiweekly basis by municipal employees specially assigned to such activity.Personnel are requested to extinguish illumination before departure from these premises.The causal factor of her poverty becomes obvious when one considers the number of offspring she possesses.It is my fervent wish that the creator of the universe will do his utmost to preserve and protect the royal lady who graciously occupies the position of the head of state.ImprovedCity collectors pick up garbage twice a week.Please turn out the lights before leaving.She is poor because she has too many children.God save the queen.Words to AvoidExercise(1) Were it not for the lucrative financial rewards, she should have tendered her resignation.(2) Large-size passenger vehicles utilize excessive quantities of fuel.(3) Years of research have impacted positively on ourunderstanding of cancer.(4) The very thought of flying made her paranoid.Notice how the simple vocabulary in the following examples express the ideas more clearly and precisely than do the ―big words‖Words to AvoidC. Clichéstrite expressionsexpressions that have been used so often that they are no longer effectiveClichésNotice how much more effective the following simple, straightforward expressions are than the clichés.A list of the most common clichésApple of one’s eyeBaker’s dozenFace the musicFew and far betweenGet up on the wrong side of bedHit the nail on the headIn the same boatNip in the budNo love lostOne foot in the graveA list of the most common clichésRadiantly happyRain or shineRaining cats and dogsSnake in the grassTempest in the teapotTwinkling of an eyeSupreme sacrificeThe man in the streetSell like hot cakesOut of the woodsIn the final analysisAll in allAs a matter of factNoticeIt is not necessary to memorize all clichés or eliminate them entirely from your prose. Both tasks would be impossible. The clichés to watch out are the ones that recur in your w ork as all-purpose filler.Words to AvoidD. SlangRefers to a kind of colloquialism, characterized byA> eccentric humorB> forced, fantastic or grotesque meaningsC> noveltyD>attempts to be colorful, fresh and vividSome examples of slang ISome examples of slang IINoticeSome slang words or expressions may, through wide circulation, become acceptable in standard English, such as mob, highbrow, cop. Much slang, however, goes out of fashion very quickly through overuse and may be entirely forgotten in a very short time.In short, it is inappropriate in serious and formal writing because it is too vague and makes the writer sound offensive andfunny.ExamplesOn hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our sympathy. ?The big banquet held in honor of the distinguished guests was really neat.III. Overcoming Chinglish中式英语Chinglish (that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as ― English with Chinese Characteristics‖.--------Joan PinkhamIII. Overcoming ChinglishSome examples of the wrong use of wordsThey stood on top of the hill, attracted by the beauty of the garden city.They had no basis of feeling.他占有欲与生俱来。
英文写作手册第1-3章(精简版)
Part One Manuscript FormYou should do everything - writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and dividing words - according to generally accepted rules. Ⅰ. ArrangementLeave a margin on each side of the paper - about two centimetres at the top and a centimetre and a half at the left, the right and the bottom. In an exercise book the top and bottom margins are already there, so you need only to draw a vertical line to mark the left margin.Y Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), short prepositions, and the to in infinitives: M y First Visit to the Palace MuseumThe People Without a CountryRules to Abide ByDickens and David Copper fieldWhat Can the Artist Do in the World of Today?What Reform Means to ChinaThe Myth of a "Negro Literature"The English-Speaking People in QuebecNo period is used at the end of a title. Use a question mark if the title is a direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect question. Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles; and underline names of books.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.For paging use Arabic numerals without parentheses or periods in the upper right-hand corner of all pages. The first page need not be marked.Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, a question mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, quotation marks, or parentheses. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning, of a line.Ⅱ. CapitalizationCapitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence, should begin with a capital letter.The first word of quoted speech (words put between quotation marks) is capitalized. If a quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put in two pairs of quotation marks, the second part does not begin with a capitalletter unless the first word is a proper noun or an adjective derived from a proper noun:He said, "My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.""My trip to Mount Tai," he said, "was interesting but tiring."I asked, "When do you usually go home?"She answered, "At weekends."Common nouns that are parts of proper names are capitalized: Common Nouns Proper Namesa famous university Peking Universitya broad street Changan Streeta large lake Lake Eriethe president of the university President Brownmiddle, age the Middle Ageslabour, day Labour Daypeople, republic the People's Republic of China Words derived from proper names are usually capitalized:Marxist Darwinism HegelianConfucian Latinize VietnamizeBut proper names or their derivatives may become common nouns, verbs or adjectives:mackintosh (after Charles Macintosh, a Scottish chemist)chauvinistic (derived from Nicolas Chauvin, a devoted adherent of Napoleon)quixotic (after Don Quixote, hero of the novel of the same name) anglicize (from the Latin word Anglicus, meaning English)Ⅳ. PunctuationHow to use different punctuation marks will be discussed in detail in Part Ten. The following are a few basic rules which all students learning to write should remember:Use a period (full stop) at the end of a complete sentence, however short it is.Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction, or a semicolon.Make your commas different from your periods. A comma has a little tail (,); a period is a dot (.), not a tiny circle (。
08级2Diction
DictionOutline1. Levels of diction2. Figurative language3. The meaning of words4. General & Specific (principles of word preference)5. ExerciseIntroduction⏹Words mean different things to different people and that words used under one circumstance will not work under another.⏹Once you have decided what you want to say, the next step is to figure out how to say it effectively.⏹Diction is the most important tool.1.1 Differences between Spoken English and Written English in communication1. Spoken language: The speaker can transmit his information to the listener with paralinguisticfeatures, such as facial expressions, body movement, gestures and so on.Written Language: The speaker has to focus on the modification making his expression accurate, explicit, vivid and impressive for better communicating with the listener.2. Spoken language: There are frequent pause and transition of topics and disfluency are considerednatural and normal. (not allowed in Written language)3. Spoken language: The speaker and the listener are in the same language environment and theirexpression can be inexplicit. (not possible in Written language)4. Spoken language: It can convey the feeling and motion by voice and intonation, such as stress,rhythm, pause, tone and so on.There are many oral words, vogue words and current slang in it.e.g. Jane is a sweet little thing. (colloquialism)I have walked so much today that my dog are really killing me. (slang the feet)Written language: Generally it mostly depends on words, punctuation, character, printing format and so on to transfer feeling and emotion.5. Spoken language: Simple sentence structures, active voice and clauses are often used.Written language: We can always find adverbial phrases in this style.e.g. 1. (a) Being a farmer, he was obliged to rise early.(b) As a farmer, he had to get up early.2. (a) Cleared, the site would be very valuable.(b) If it were cleared, the site would be very valuable.1.2 Differences between Formal style and Informal style in English1.2.1 Word choiceFormal style: There are a large number of formal words, non-clipped words and phrases.Informal style: There are quite a few informal words, clipped words and single verbs.e.g. 1. (a) The concert concluded with a performance of Beethoven’s 5th symphony.(b) They ended the concert with Beethoven’s 5th symphony.2. (a) The police are investigating the case of murder.(b) The police are looking into the case of murder.1.2.2 Grammar useFormal: Bill speaks French more frequent than I.Informal: Bill speaks French more fluently than me.Formal: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises.Informal: A wolf, after all, is a wolf despite its artful disguises.Formal: He speaks with confidence.Informal: He speaks confidently.Formal: Whom are you talking about?Informal: Who are you talking about?1.3 General EnglishFollows a middle course between formal and informal levelsUsually the best choice for college or business writing1.4 Compare the paragraphs•Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure…....It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.Address at Gettysburg, 1863•My mother’s kitchen was full of junk food which I have ever seen. My house was full of apples and peaches and milk and coffee—which were nice, good for you, but not right before dinner or you’ll spoil your appetite. My sister’s house had nothing in it that was good for you.•What is wrong with the student-union bookshop? Everything. It¡¯s interested in selling sweatshirts and college mugs rather than good books. Its stuff often is incompetent and uncivil. The manager may not be intelligent enough even to order a sufficient number of copies of required textbooks for the beginning of a term.In your dictionary, you may find special usage labels for words or particular definitions of words that differ from the general English vocabulary.•Word usage label meaning1. Unalienable archaic, obsolete inalienable2. Nowheres nonstandard, colloquial nowhere3. Copper slang police officerWhat is the proper meaning of the sentence?The heat came and busted every head they could finger.1.5 ConsistencyAppropriate diction requires a consistent style.Writers should not mix formal and informal language.Improve the sentences:1. Please let me express my gratitude for having been a guest at your house last Saturday night. I had bags of fun that evening. (mixed)2. Ladies and gentlemen, it’s awfully nice to see you here. (mixed)3. Do you take this chap to be your lawfully wedded husband? (mixed)Change the colloquial expressions into more formal ones.1. The police are looking into the matter.2. Guys in the south of Chinese speak in a different way from people in the north.3. The buying power of the dollar has declined.4. She’s never on time for appointments.Part 2 Figurative Language•Writers use Figurative language to draw a comparison between two things that are essentially different but alike in some underlying and surprising way.•In this way, they add vigor to their prose.•The two chief figures of speech are simile and metaphor.2.1 Similes use “like” or “as”1.For a diligent student, failing to pass the final exam is like a sudden death.2. A person who gains knowledge but fails to put it into practice is like someone who ploughs afield but does not sow it.3.I was forced to go to my first dance with my first blind date, whose hair was even shorter thanmine and who danced like a trained bear.Explain the similes1. Each evening he would jog through the neighborhood like an exhausted ostrich.2. Words are like bees: they have both honey and a sting.3. Like a surgeon before an open heart, the boy probed the tangle of backlashed line on his fishing reel.2.2 Metaphors imply a comparison without using “like” or “as”1.Karen was a Fourth of July firecracker, exploding out of the house after doing her chores.2. A child’s mind is a bank—whatever you put in, you get back in ten years with interest.3.This book is a passport into exotic, untrodden lands.Explain the metaphors1. Family life in my parents’ home was based upon a cosmic order: Papa was the sun; Mamma, the moon; we kids, minor satellites.2. Dress is language.Part 3 The meaning of words3.1 Denotation & ConnotationDenotation: Dictionary meaning; Literal meaning that most readers would agree onConnotation: Overtones or implied meaningsEg. The word “home” has layers of meaning.What does the word “home” suggest to you?3.2 Words can be labeled commendatory, neutral or derogatory.Eg. 1I am slender.My sister is thin.My neighbor is skinny.Eg. 2I am plump.My sister is fat.My neighbor is obese.Eg. 3A boy would not walk up to his date and tell her that her perfume has an exotic odor.3.3 The words we choose show our attitude.Eg.The skinny woman slinked in.The slender girl glided in.Pay attention to both the literal and suggestive meaning; otherwise our words may clash. Words with more compatible denotations and connotations should be used.Eg. The speaker manipulated the members of the audience by presenting the evidence to refute their arguments.Part 4 General & Specific4.1 Make the abstract specific!Eg. What is Happiness?What is panic?4.2 Principles of word preference⏹Good writers help their readers follow the meaning by balancing general words—those that refer to groups or classes of things—with specific words—those that refer to individual things.⏹One kind of general words, abstraction, are words or phrases that refer to qualities or ideas, things we cannot perceive through our five sense.⏹Specific words are often concrete words; they name things we can see, hear, touch, taste, or smell.4.2.1 Use a vivid verb1. The patient’s wound was treated.2. The man did badly in front of a large audience.3. The boy walked into the classroom.4. I don’t care for noodles and choose not to eat them.4.2.2 To communicate, not to impress1. John displayed an element of delight over the acquisition of a stereo system of unquestionable quality.2. Those lately purchased chairs that rock to and fro were of a very steep price.4.2.3 To show, not to tellMatthew put up a good fight against the bully.4.2.4 One more exampleSpecific words tell the reader that you are a definite, purposeful individual. Vague generalities imply that you are unsure of yourself.If you write:It is considered that a fair percentage of the samples received from one of our suppliers during the preceding months contained a contaminant.You are giving the reader at least 4 opportunities to wonder whether you really know much about the topic.Then, how to improve it?4.2.5. Strong writing must usually provide readers with both a general idea and specific examples or details to develop the main point.General : M uch of a Cuban’s day is spent for waiting.Specific: Much of a Cuban’s day is spent for waiting. People wait for taxis, for buses, for newspaper, for ice creams, for cakes, for restaurants, for movies, for picture postcards.4.3 Some common wording problems4.3.1 Use the wrong word1. Of silver and gold, the later is more valuable.2. I have been very alone today.3. There is an alive snake on the road.4.3.2 Failure to choose the best word1. I did a mistake during the exam.2. The wind is too big to fly your kite.4.3.3 Use the wrong form1. I dreamed to be a great writer.2. He was sending to school when he was six.4.3.4 Use words that do not go together1. Mrs. Jones helps me how to revise a sentence.2. Since I got the job, so I would have money to spend.4.3.5 Redundancy1.In the event that the grading system is changed, expect complaints on the part of students.2.The reason why we honor Lincoln in these various ways is because he saved the Union.3.There are four strangers pounding on the door.Part 5 ExercisesWrite the letter of the word pair with the same relationship as the word pair in capital letters.1. Beetle: InsectA) snow: precipitation B) rodent: squirrel C) fish: bowl D) cup: saucer2. Prophet: futureA) genius: math B) strategy: coach C) architect: drawing D) historian: past3. Interview: hireA) talk: discussion B) run: marathon C) meeting: decide D) game: compete Underline the appropriate word.1.I like to walk back and (forth, fourth) along the lake.2.The study of botany is having (a, an) (affect, effect) on my knowledge.3.We are going to accept the advice of our parents and get an early start (everyday, every day)4.We’ll take a (brake, break) in the middle of each afternoon.Pick the word choice whose connotation is more appropriate1. The snow (buried, blanketed) the mountains, inviting more tourists.2. So neat were the dinner guests that only a few (foul, unclean) napkins were left.3. As soon as danger threatened, the sentry (abandoned, left) his post.4. Our freshmen English teacher would (flatter, praise) us only when we had clearly made progress. Use more specific and concrete words for the italicized1. I think Professor Smith is a bad teacher.2. Our college provided the students with some fine programs.3. It was a cold morning.4. I like my English teacher because she has a nice character.5. After a day’s hard work, I walked towards my apartment.6. He has a tool in his hand.Give out the specific words.1. see：2. get：3. trees：4. flowers：5. money：6. exercise:7. tell：8. have：9. go：10. show：Assignment after classRewrite the sentences by providing specific examples and details1.We have studied some of the world’s greatest authors.2.I felt rather hot.The following sentences employ words without regard for meaning. Rewrite them to make them correct.1.John wept because of the death of his female parent.2.Many important factors are determined by the way one dresses: the personality, lifestyle,profession, age, sex.3.Some wives have to hold jobs to help support the family’s low income.4.Elizabeth noticed the stench of roses as she entered the room.5.Paradise Lost contains many illusions to classical mythology.Revise the following sentences, using formal diction consistently1.All candidates strive for the same results; you try to make the other guy look gross and persuadethe majority of voters that you’re okay for the job.2. On the first day of class, my philosophy instructor show that he was really hot on the subject.。
Dictation1
Dictation1HamletH amle t is the most popular of Shakespeare’s tragedies. In it Shakespeare praised Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinker and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived. Hamlet’s revenge is not only a personal matter. What troubled him most is the injustice, conspiracy and betrayal in the society. Hamlet is three dimensions, a most complex character. He is a thinker caught up in a dilemma, which can only be resolved by a man of action, and this shows the unfairness of life. This play condemnd the hypocrisy, treachery and corruption of the court.The Merchant of VeniceIt is the most outstanding of the four great comedies, although some critics set it apart from the other three sunny comedies, because the theme here is a more serious one and the general tone in the play is not as playful and light-hearted as in the others. The central theme of the play is the triumph of love and friendship over greed and brutality, of benevolence over hatred. The ingenious heroine Portis is the central object of eulogy and the two greta friends Antonio and Bassanio are the heros who eventually conquered the brutal Shylock, and a completely happy ending arrives amid the laughter of the three pairs of lovers. Mnay people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the christian’s hypocrisy and love, and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.ShakespeareHe lived in a transitional period between the old feudal system and new capitalist society. Although he took plots fromold legends, he really meant to present the truthful picture of life in contemporary England. Therefore his drama becomes a monument to the English Renaissance, and he is regarded as one of the founders of realism. Being both a playwright and poet, he is very prolific. His plays lay right before our eyes a world of full-blooded characters, which shows Shakespeare’s deep insight into human nature and human relations. He is a great master of English language and created a lot of new words and expressions. He is the greatest of all English authors.BaconBacon is an important English prose writer in the early 17th cent. And the founder of English materialism. According to Marx “ the real ancenstor of English materialism is Bacon”. Bacon’s essays, different from the elaborate language of euphuism, are known for their conciseness, brevity and forcefulness. Epigrams are frequently employed. The finish and balance of Bacon’s style helped to start a tradition in English prose.Metaphysical poetry:The Metaphysical Poets appeared in England at about the beginning of the 17th century, due to the absence of any fixed standard of literary criticism. It is a term applied to a group of seventeenth century poets, such as John Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell. They shared some features in writing, for example, they favored using conceits, hyperboles and overstatements, they liked to develop some peculiar themes but didn’t like to be restra ined by strict rhythm. Metaphysical poetry has a philosophical depth that Elizabethan love poems lacked.The major colors of Metaphysical writing:a)The original images and conceits.b)Skillful use of colloquial speech or language;c)Flexible meter and rhythm;d)Extravagant hyperboles;e)Complex and even peculiar themes.John DonneJ ohn Donne, as a leading figure of Metaphysical poetry, influenced English literature in the way of boldness and originality. The most striking feature of Dinne’s poetry is its element of reality. It seems to reflect life in the real rather than a poetic world. The Songs and Sonnets is probably his best-known work. Love is the basic theme in it. Donne believed that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. Donne’s diction is simple, but always shocking and imaginative.。
写一份字典的使用手册英语作文150词
写一份字典的使用手册英语作文150词Here is an English essay on the topic of "A Guide to Using Dictionaries" with more than 1000 words, as requested:Dictionaries are a vital tool for language learners and users alike. They provide a wealth of information about words, their meanings, pronunciations, origins, and usage. Whether you are a native speaker looking to expand your vocabulary or a language learner seeking to improve your proficiency, understanding how to effectively use a dictionary is an essential skill. In this guide, we will explore the key features and functionalities of dictionaries and offer strategies for maximizing their utility.Firstly, it is important to recognize the different types of dictionaries available. General dictionaries provide definitions and information about common words, while specialized dictionaries focus on specific fields, such as medical, legal, or scientific terminology. Bilingual dictionaries, on the other hand, translate words between two or more languages, making them invaluable for language learning. Depending on your needs, you may find it helpful to have access to a variety of dictionary resources, both in print and digital formats.When using a dictionary, the first step is to locate the word you are searching for. In print dictionaries, this typically involves scanning the alphabetical listings and identifying the entry that corresponds to the word you are looking for. In digital dictionaries, you can often use search functions or even voice recognition to quickly find the desired word. Once you have located the entry, take the time to carefully read through the information provided.Dictionaries typically include a wealth of details about each word, including its part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, etc.), pronunciation, definition, and usage examples. Pay close attention to the specific meaning of the word in the context you are using it, as many words have multiple definitions or can be used in different ways. Additionally, be mindful of any usage notes or idioms that may be included, as these can provide valuable insights into the appropriate application of the word.One of the most powerful features of dictionaries is their ability to provide information about word origins and etymology. Understanding the history and derivation of a word can not only enhance your understanding of its meaning but also help you remember it more effectively. Many dictionaries include detailed etymological information, tracing the word back to its roots in other languages or historical contexts.Another important aspect of dictionary usage is understanding the organization and structure of the entries. Most dictionaries follow a consistent format, with the headword (the word being defined) listed first, followed by the part of speech, definition, and any additional information. Familiarizing yourself with this structure can help you quickly locate the information you need and navigate the dictionary more efficiently.In addition to definitions and etymological information, many dictionaries also include supplementary features that can be incredibly useful. These may include thesaurus-like synonyms and antonyms, as well as usage notes, idioms, and even illustrations or diagrams to help clarify the meaning of a word. Exploring these additional resources can deepen your understanding of the language and help you become a more sophisticated communicator.When using a dictionary, it is also important to consider the context in which you are using the word. Different dictionaries may provide slightly different definitions or nuances, depending on the target audience or field of study. For example, a medical dictionary may offer a more technical or specialized definition of a word compared to a general-purpose dictionary. Being mindful of the appropriate context can help you choose the most relevant and accurate definition for your needs.Moreover, dictionaries can be valuable resources for language learners beyond just definitions and translations. Many dictionaries include information on pronunciation, including phonetic transcriptions and audio recordings, which can be particularly helpful for improving your spoken language skills. Additionally, some dictionaries provide usage notes or guidance on common grammatical errors or idiomatic expressions, which can be invaluable for developing language proficiency.As you continue to use dictionaries, it is important to develop effective strategies for maximizing their utility. This may involve creating personal word lists or flashcards to help you remember new vocabulary, or incorporating dictionary look-ups into your regular language study routine. Additionally, consider exploring the various digital and online dictionary resources available, which can often provide more interactive and dynamic features than traditional print dictionaries.In conclusion, dictionaries are an indispensable tool for language learners and users of all levels. By understanding the features and functionalities of dictionaries, as well as developing effective strategies for their use, you can unlock a wealth of linguistic knowledge and enhance your communication skills. Whether you are looking to expand your vocabulary, improve your writing, or deepenyour understanding of a language, a well-utilized dictionary can be an invaluable asset in your linguistic journey.。
英语写作 diction
规范英语又可分为口语( spoken language )和书面语 ( written language), 非正式语( informal language)和 正式语( formal language)。例如：
I. Levels of words 5
Formal(big)—of Greek or Latin origin Scholarly or theoretical works Political and legal documents Formal lectures and addresses
大家好
to”. But most of the words he uses are common words.
14
Slang words—highly informal vivid and interesting offensive or funny(when used inappropriately) the first sentence—not sympathetic 大家好 the second one—not serious
Most of the words—common words
When I was a kid, and reading every science fiction 10 book in the local library, I used to wonder exactly how the future would happen. By that I don't mean what the future would be like—science fiction already told me that—but rather how we'd actually get there. Science fiction books seemed to agree, for example, that in the future there would be no money—all transactions would be made via identity cards 大a家n好 d centralized computers. But that seemed dubious to me: how, I wondered, are you going to get everybody to give up money in the first place?
英语写作手册第二章
extremely hard to understand for a little kid. • Their talk is nonsense.
formal
P7
stylistic
common
P8
Informal
P8
(slang)
Compare the following sentences
After a double attempt to insert himself through the window, Michael conceded failure.
Clip 1:
Clip 2:
To learn
甲方乙方（1）
Common Or Formal ?
《五彩缤纷》的刘导：Director Liu from Multicolor 嘉宾：distinguished guest 中央电视台的春节晚会：CCTV Spring Festival Gala 普通人： a(n) ordinary/common person 签名：signature 影迷：fans 演艺圈：entertainment circle 是是非非：gossip 冷冷清清的过日子：live in peace 委托我们全权代理：authorize us to be your representative
•
Compare: Big / Large
P18 Classroom Activities
• 1. If there is an accident or incident that may be covered by this policy, notify us in writing as soon as possible. You can give this notice to any of our authorized agents.
英语专四写作Diction 1 Appropriate level ofdiction and Chinglish
C. Informal Diction 1. Colloquialisms Colloquial English occurs in casual speech and it is perfectly acceptable whet the most formal occasions. Contractions --- isn’t, won’t, I’m, he’d, gonna Shortened forms --- phone, exam, photo Phrases --- you know, I mean
•
My parents endeavoured to prevent my sister’s marriage; however, they married notwithstanding. I dropped in to their wedding, which took place last Sunday. My sister was in her regalia, who looked damned beautiful. • My parents tried to prevent my sister’s marriage; but their marriage took place all the same. I attended their wedding last Sunday. My sister was dressed in her best, who looked extremely beautiful.
Homework
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New campus, new environment. Because of the soothing atmosphere and less noise, we can devote ourselves to study. Due to the less pollution, we can strengthen our body. But on the other hand, no one is perfect, so is the campus! Being far away from downtown, the campus seems remote and the greenbelts have not been completely finished. But on the whole, the new campus is much better than the previous one. Only in such soothing atmosphere can we learn better and live better!
28241英语写作
江苏教育学院编28241 英语写作一、要求《英语写作》是英语教育专业的一门基础课程。
该课程主要研究如何用英语清楚而完整地表达思想，旨在提高学生的英语书面表达能力。
要求学生不仅掌握遣词造句等语言项目，而且注意组织材料，结构逻辑和布局安排等写作实践，提高表达思想的准确性和鲜明性，自如运用各类文体。
二、考试内容本课程使用《英语写作手册》（丁往道、吴冰等编著）作为基本教材，根据中学英语教学实际进行适当添补与删减。
具体内容如下：Part One Manuscript FormPart Two DictionⅠ.Levels of wordsⅡ.The meaning of wordsⅢ.General and specific wordsⅣ.idiomsⅤ.Figures of speechExercises Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,ⅥPart Three The sentencⅠ.&Ⅱ(omitted)Ⅲ.Effective SentencesEx ercises Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,ⅥPart Four The paragraphⅠ.Effective paragraphsⅡ.ways of Developing paragraphsExercises Ⅰ,Ⅱ(2),Ⅲ,Ⅴ(2),Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅸ,ⅩPart Five The whole CompositionⅠ.Steps in writing a compositionⅡ.OrganizationⅢ.Types of writingPart Six The summary and Bood ReportⅠ.The SummaryⅡ.The Book ReportPart Seven Formal and In formal StylesⅠ.The Meaning of StyleⅡ.Formal and Informal StylesPart Eight The Research PaperⅠ.ProcessⅡ.FormatPart nine Practical WritingⅠ.NoticesⅡ.Greetings,Good Wishes,Eongratulations and CondolencesⅢ.NotesⅣ.LettersⅤ.Curriculum VitaePart Ten Punctuation三、选用教材意见《英语写作手册》丁往道，吴冰等编著，外语教学与研究出版社出版（１９９４年）。
北外丁往道《英语写作手册》教案
延安大学西安创新学院外语系课程教案课程名称：英语写作主导教材：《英语写作教程》所属教研室：大学英语第二教研室课程讲授人：李蓉适用年级：英语专业14级授课时间：第2周—第18周2015—2016学年第一学期课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案延安大学西安创新学院外语系课程教案课程教案课程教案课程教案1.1 Common features of good writing1. To express a clear point means to convey the writer's main idea or--in the case of descriptivewriting--the significance of the object, place or person described; in other words, an attentive reader should be able to grasp the writer's purpose.2. To be tightly structured, writing should contain logical or associative connections and transitions which clearly express the relationship of the ideas described.3. To be grammatically and syntactically correct, writing should adhere to the rules of Standard American English, including proper punctuation and spelling. If writers choose to use unconventional syntax, they should be able to justify their choices.1.2Cultural differences in writing1. Different ways of thinking2. Different ways of analysis3. Concrete thinking and abstract thinking4. Different valuesValues on space-timeValues on human behaviorsValues on social relationships1.3English writing VS. Chinese writing1.Chinese writers tend to be ―indirect‖, while Anglo-Americans are found to be more ―direct‖.2.English and Chinese writing differ in sentences and word variety.3.English is found to use more connectives than Chinese, both between clauses or sentences andbetween paragraphs.1.4Strategies in learning English writing1. From the beginning, you have to learn how to write an English essay.2. English writing tends to be more ―rigid‖ than Chinese writing.3. Remember that reading helps to learn how to write.4. Writing is also learned through writing.1.5 Homework1. Go over the following paragraphs, one in English and the other in Chinese, and decide which sentence in each paragraph express the author’s main idea. Write your answers on the space provided.2. What do you think translation form a preconceived Chinese version needs to be avoided when we are writing in English? Discuss with your partners and then list at least three reasons on the space provided.课程教案Part T wo Diction2.1Levels of words ----Three levels⑪Formal words: Also learned words, literary words or ―big‖ words, containing three or more than three syllables, seldom used in daily conversation, e.g. enough-sufficient; deal with-handle.⑫common words: Most of the words people use every day and appear in any types of writing, e.g. question, brother.⑬informal words: Mainly used in informal or colloquial words, short and seldom appear in formal writing, such as guy-man, puppy, daddy, slang.2.2 General and specific wordsComparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning than other words. P rofessionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc, all of which are more specific. But scientists may be called a general word then compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists.Specific words help to make the writing clear, vivid, exact, colorful and attractive; they can make the readers see, hear or feel what the writer wants to describe; they can provide more details and information, the writing will be effective and impressive. More examples:A good man----kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, brave, selfless, etc.Good food----delicious, tasty, nourishing, wholesome, fresh, rich, etc.House----mansion, villa, cottage, cabin, hut, shed(棚屋，小屋)，etc.Laugh----smile, grin, giggle, chuckle(嗤的一声笑，低声笑)，etc.2.3 Rules to choose words in writing an essay (or a formal writing)⑪Sentences tend to be longer and more complex. E.g. see text book P30⑫Limit your use of subjective pronouns, often using ―it‖ or passive voice. E.g. see P31⑬A void using informal or colloquial words. E.g. take in—deceive; go back—return; a lot—several/many/much/a large amount/number of; let—allow/permit; fellow—person; kind of—somewhat; like—as if/appear.⑭A void using general words, using more specific words. E.g. good, bad great, interesting, very, really, too, etc, are general. (informal) Mary is an interesting person.----Mary is humorous and intelligent.(formal)⑮A void contractions(缩写)and abbreviations(缩略词): don’t—do not; we’ll—we will; can’t—can not; TV—television；i.e.—that is; ad—advertisement.⑯Do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunctions, but a subordinating conjunction can serve the purpose.E.g. He is usually easy-going. But—however before his first cup of tea, he is a bear.2.4 Figures of speech1. Simile: a comparison between two distinctly different things and the compassion is indicated by the word ―as‖ or ―like‖.E.g. My love is lie a red rose.The old man’s hair is as white as snow.2. Metaphor: also a comparison of similarities between two different things, but the comparison is implied, not expressed by ―as‖ or ―like‖.E.g. My love is a red rose. He is the soul of the team.The life of poor people was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.3.Personification: to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.E.g. this time fate was smiling to him. Dust came silently.4. Metonymy(借喻): using the name of one thing to refer to another thing which is closely related.E.g. When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.His purse would not allow him to buy that car.5.Irony(反语): the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, to achieve a special effect.E.g. Y ou come so early, I have waited for more than an hour!6. Overstatement and understatement(含蓄表达、保守说法、低调)：to exaggerate and play down respectivelyE.g. She is dying to know what job has been given her.It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.7. Alliteration(头韵): the appearance of the same initial sound in two or more words.E.g. He is as proud as a peacock.We are fighting for our health and home.2.5 Homework1.In each sentence, choose the more precise of the two in italics;2.Identify the sentences as formal, less formal and informal; the figure of speech used in each of the following sentences.4. Preview Chapter Three.课程教案Part Three Sentences3.1Error-free sentences1.subject-verb agreementRule: the subject and verb of each clause must agree in number. If you have a singular subject, you need a singular verb; if you have plural subject, you need a plural verb.E.g. The family are watching TV together.An average family today is a great deal smaller than it used to be.Either you nor I am responsible for the mistake.There is a sofa and two chairs in the room.One-third of the people/water were over 50/was polluted.2.Word orderRule: the subject precedes the verb which is followed by other elements, such as object, complements, and adverbials: basic pattern of an English sentence: subject+verb+objectE.g. I like reading novels.When two or more than two complements or adverbials, the following guidance should be followed:⑪ Two when-adverbials—P60 1⑫ Two time-adverbials of different types –P60 2⑬ Place-adverbials of several types—P60 3⑭A process-adverbial, a time-adverbial and a place-adverbial used together—P60 43.Shift in tenseRule: the tense of your verb tells when events are taking place—whether in the past, the present or future. When staring writing an essay, establish a ―base tense‖, and shift away form it only of good reasons.E.g. Exercises see P 654. Shift in personRule: establish a steady, reliable point of view and keep the point of view consistent in all the sentences, which can make the writing clear and help the readers know whom you are talking to.E.g. See P66 example⑪ First person singular⑫ First person plural⑬ Second person singular or plural⑭ Third person singular and pluralExercise: Write a paragraph to describe precisely how the following things are done.①How to make jiao-zi.②How o bowwow a book form the library.5. Balance and parallelismRule: using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. This can happen at the word, phrase or clause level, adding power to your writing.E.g. Two examples see P683.2 T ypes of sentences (or variety in sentences)1. According to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.E.g. Making sentences by the students2. According to their structure, sentences are simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.⑴S imple sentence: containing only one subject part(主语部分) and one predicate part.E.g. See P 83⑵Compound sentence: being made up of two or more simple sentences. These simple sentences are related in meaning, and are usually linked by one of the connectives (for, and, but, or, so, nor, and yet) or by a semicolon (;).E.g. Examples see P 84⑶complex sentences: definition see P84E.g. Examples see P84⑷compound- complex(并列复杂句): being made up of two or more simple sentences and one or more subordinate clauses.E.g. Examples: see P843. According to their length, sentences are short sentences and long sentences⑴short sentence: with fewer than 15 words;⑵long sentence: with longer than 20 words.Rule: short sentences are powerful, working well at the beginning of a paragraph to get attention or at the end to summarize; long sentences are used in the body of a paragraph to express detailed information or complex ideas. Remember too many are bad for your writing, no matter short or long sentences.E.g. See example on P109⑶Ways to expand simple sentences①Tightening: cutting extra words, not contributing to your message.E.g. See P111②coordination: combining two or more independent main clauses into a compound sentence by using the connectives BOYFANS(but, or, yet , for ,and, nor ,so)E.g. See P113③subordination: combining two or more independent main clauses into a complex sentence or a compound-complex sentence by using the connectives BE WISE AT W AR(because, even though, when/where/why/who, if, since, even if; although, though, while, as, whereas)E.g. Tom was absent half of the classes last semester. His mother was seriously ill. He passed the final examination with high scores.4. From the rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose sentences（松散句）, periodic sentences(重尾句/调尾句) and balanced sentences.⑴Loose sentences: sentences that have the main point at the beginning are called as loose sentences, and the elements following the main point/clause are closers(can be words, phrases or clauses). This kind of sentences is clear and easy.E.g.Y ou will do better in the exam if you work hard nest term.I have to go to the library to read a new magazine today.⑵Periodic sentences: having the main point at the end of the sentences, and the elements before the main point/clause are openers(can be words, phrases or clauses).E.g. If you go to visit your grandma, do not forget to bring her this basket of apples.Following his advice, I passed the test.More examples see P141⑬Balanced sentences: in balanced sentences, words, phrases or clauses balance each other because of their likeness in structure, meaning or length. This kind of sentences emphasizes the correspondences or contrasts between the elements.E.g. See P 142Notes:1. Choose the content and examples with √ to teach in class;2. Choose some of the exercises to finish as there are many of them in books.课程教案Part Four Paragraphs4.1Effective paragraph1.UnityIf all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. Thecentral theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence.2.CoherenceThe sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural, so readers can easily follow the writer’s thought and understand what he is talking about.3. TransitionsProper transitions can make the paragraph smooth and clear. (give students extra handouts) e.g. (three topic sentences to illustrate the above three points, ask students to write a paragraph based on one of them and choose one paragraph of students to explain in class)1. Once people were very afraid of ghosts.2. It is generally believed that being honest is not only beneficial to ourselves but also to others and the whole society.3. The students’ use of computers has grown rapidly in recent years.4.2 Ways of developing paragraphs4.2.1 Planning a paragraph1. Think of the topic or main idea or theme: a topic sentence is a sentence that indicates in a general way that idea the paragraph is going to deal with.（《写作教程》P136）;2. Express it in a complete sentence (topic sentences);3. Think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea;4. Arrange them in logical orderE.g. example see <英语写作教程>P158 √4.2.2 Development by exampleSome topics need to be supported by examples which can make our writing clear and persuasive. Examples can be a fact, a historical example, a statistic, an event, or a behavior. It may come from our general knowledge, from reading or from person experience.Transitions: such as, take…for example, a leading example is, more transitions see handout.E.g. example see P 160 √Exercise: theme/central idea1. this term several useful and interesting courses have been offered.2. a classmate who is hard working3. TV has negative effects on children4.2.3 Development by comparison and contrastComparison and contrast are formal ways to organize our thoughts. Comparison explains seminaries and contrast explains differences, both of which can help us evaluate subjects to understand their advantages and disadvantages, or strengths and weaknesses.There two basic types of organizing a comparison and contrast paragragh: the point-by point method and the block method. 解释见P165及P166 表格Transitions: likewise, in opposition to, differ from, more see handoutsE.g. example see P166 high school life and college lifeExercise:1. I prefer South Korean love stories on TV to the Chinese ones (or vice versa)2. Riding a bicycle is preferable to driving a car.3. Raising plants involves nearly as much care and knowledge as raising children.4.2.4 Development by cause-and-effectCause-and-effect paragraphs investigate why things are as they are, or why things happened, or the effects of an event or a situation. Generally, in a paragraph, it is better to deal with either causes or effects. Rather, it is a problem of the focus of your paragraph(虽然cause和effect同时出现，但必须有所侧重, 如earthquake 侧重描述后果,而环境污染侧重原因披露). Transitions:seeing that, thanks to, for that reason, more see handoutsE.g. see two examples on P167-168Exercise:1. the improvement of transportation in…2. college students doing part-time jobs3. The rate of teenage nearsightness is much higher in china than inmost other countries.4.2.5 Development by classificationA classification paragraph explains a subject by dividing into separated types or groups, i.e. categories. Y ou may break down your topic into different categories, but you should identify the basis for the classification, that is, to remember to group items into categories according to some consistent principle.Transitions: divide into, primary, secondary, more see handout.E.g. see example on P 164Exercise:1.the movies you have seen2.your clothes3.High school teachers tend to sort their students in to the following categories: pleasant highachievers, unpleasant high achievers, the average, pleasant underachievers, and unpleasant underachievers.4.3Homework1.In the following paragraphs, identify the topic sentence, emit the irrelevant sentences andpoint the transitions. (handbook P113)2. Write different types paragraphs on the basis of the materials provided in class.课程教案Chapter Five Passage writing----CET 4 5.1出题方式1. 提纲式文字命题2. 提纲式图表命题3. 情景式命题5.2高分作文1. 主题突出，内容切题、统一、充实2.表达清楚，文字连贯3. 句式多变，逻辑严密4.语言规范、准确，格式、标点规范5.字数130-1506.检查拼写、语法是否正确，句子是否完整5.3 写作类型一. 现象解释型：要求考生从试题的提示性文字或图表入手，描述其所反映出的现象，对该现象进行解释说明，分析其原因并加以评论。
研究生实用英语写作2-diction
他是柔和的/虚弱的/缺乏力量和勇气的。
Other examples:
❖ Country主要指国土及国民； ❖ Nation强调民族，种族； ❖ state多指国家的政府及政府机构； ❖ 而land指国家虽不够精确，但更富有文学的色彩，比country一
❖Emotion awareness
It seems that many English words have similar Chinese meaning, however, quite different implications. Some may be neutral, some may be positive, or negative.
2. They can not find an outlet for fleeing the burning room.
3. Tom shed regretful tears.
4. He derives delight (sensuous delight) from folk music.
Another example:
❖ Everybody thinks that the dragon is Chinese tradition culture part, we all are descendants of the dragon. The Chinese character龙 should not be translated into dragon. The dragon does not ought to be the Chinese image, cause a dragon is a vicious animal in Occidental eye. There are scholars having suggested that the Chinese character龙 translates into loong, but is not a dragon. Because loong has two oes to resemble dragon's eye, and loong is similar to the Chinese pronunciation of 龙.
英语写作手册课件ppt
04
Common problems and solutions in
English writing
Improve use of vocabulary
Summary: Improper use of vocabulary
Puncturation usage
• Punctuation application
• Punctuation is an indispensable part of English writing, as it accurately expresses the tone, logic, and emphasis of an article. Using punctuation marks such as commas, periods, and exclamation marks correctly can make the article clearer and easier to read. It is recommended to pay attention to the use of punctuation in writing and be familiar with the usage and rules of various punctuation.
Detailed description: Students often encounter problems with improper vocabulary usage in English writing, such as using rare words, spelling errors, or confusing meanings.
丁往道英语写作手册（中文版）
丁往道英语写作手册（中文版）英语写作手册（中文版）课后习题答案第一章谦堂练习1L Where I Lived, and Whal I Lived For2.Are Transgenic Cwps Safe?3.Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming Dynasty4. A Day to Remember5.Approaches to T eaching English as n Foreign Language6.Criticisms on the Ending of Mark 1 Vain*& At^vemur^s of Huckleberry Finn课犠练习2a-livehandy eor-rect-ftcss grabi't^0ebonus per-mjs-sion so-ria-blethought dic-Ca-tor-ship far-reaching操港竦习3Wc entered (he room. Jane looked around and asked,"Where is ihe cat?*'**Shc must have run away+H 1 aMwercd. u Shc doesn.*! stay al hamc."'*We must go and find her/1 J WK said-"LefsAt this moment the cat walked out frotn uoder the ch&u.第二章课钦练习IL这一段很明显用出自一奉关干语言科学的书.谏节的主要目的是进读者了解谦言墨人类特有的行为.2+这本书主要是面向普通大众*因为文中几平没有专业术语.3文中粒有使用俚语.不过有一些疋式Mifrt Sc GottnniAJiLcafe ^0 rudimcoiary t4谏圧的用词与内容相符，是普通说明性文字风恪。
英语写作手册-英文版-知识点(word文档物超所值)
Part OneManuscript FormYou should do everything - writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing.Ⅰ. Arrangement排版Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words(including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions(and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.Ⅱ. Word Division移行The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables. Pay attention to the following:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided. Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a. lone, trick. y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat. ed, cab. in. Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi. na, Aus. ten.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed. Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea. cock, re. ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re. state. ment, un. relent. ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug. gle, shat. ter.Dividing words is not always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionaryⅢ. Capitalization大写Capitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Ⅳ. Punctuation标点V. Handwriting书法Write carefully so that your handwriting can be read easily.Part TwoDiction措词Ⅰ. Levels of Words词的类型The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and informal.Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or "big" words. They mainly appear in formal writing, most of them are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes.those that people use every day, and appear in all kinds of writing., they are called common words.There are words which are mainly used in informal or familiar conversation. They seldom appear in formal writing, and in literary works their main use is to record people's thoughts and dialogues. They are usually short words of one or two syllables and most of them are of Saxon origin We may call them informal wordsSlang words are highly informal; they may be vivid and interesting, but they may, when used inappropriately, make the writer or speaker sound offensive or funnyⅡ. The Meaning of Words词义The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative. A word's denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.Ⅲ. General and Specific Words泛指词和特指词Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words.Ⅳ. Idioms习语An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it.Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to make one's language sound natural and idiomatic.Ⅴ. Figures of Speech修辞Words used in their original meanings are used literally, while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader's or listener's mind are used figuratively.1. Simile明喻It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.2. Metaphor暗喻It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.3. Personification拟人It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. In poetry personification is very common:In prose personification is also used, though not so often as in poetry.4. Metonymy转喻It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.5. Synecdoche提喻When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied6. Euphemism委婉语It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.7. Irony反语It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.8. Overstatement and understatement夸大和缩小In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called hyperbole.Both aim at the same effect: to make the statement or description impressive or interesting.9. Transferred Epithet移位修饰An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun.10. Oxymoron矛盾修辞法In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.11. Alliteration押头韵It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.Alliteration is sometimes used in prose for the same effect - to join two or more related words.Part ThreeThe SentenceⅠ. Complete Sentences and Sentence FragmentsA grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate (or finite) verb; if the verb is transitive, there must be an object; if the verb is a link-verb, there must be a predicative or complement:A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.Ⅱ. Types of Sentences1. Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, and Exclamatory SentencesAccording to their use, sentences are declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory. A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement.An interrogative sentence asks a question. An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion2. Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex SentencesAccording to their structure sentences are simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. A sentence with two or more subjects or predicate-verbsA compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses(or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinatingconjunction (and, but, or, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance, or take shape one by one in orderly sequence.A complex sentence contains one main (or principal) clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate)clauses, with a connective word denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the part of a subject, an object, a predicative, an attribute, or an adverbial in the main clause. As a rule, the major idea is expressed in the main clause and the idea or ideas of lesser importance in the subordinate clauses.A compound-complex sentence contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause - a combination of a compound and a complex sentence.Short simple sentences are often used to make emphatic or important statements, such as the first sentence of the first passage and the last two sentences of the second passage.Long complex sentences express complex ideas clearly and accurately.3. Loose, Periodic, and Balanced SentencesFrom a rhetorical point of view, sentences are loose, periodic, or balanced. A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.When a sentence contains two or more parts of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions.Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful. When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm. They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.4. Short and Long SentencesShort sentences are usually emphatic, whereas long sentences are capable of expressing complex ideas with precision, because it may contain many modifiers. Short sentences are suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas, and long sentences for the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details.Various sentence structures have been discussed. The basic principle is that the structure should fit the idea being expressed. In other words, the idea determines the choice of the structure, not the other way round.Ⅲ. Effective Sentences1. UnityUnity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought.2. CoherenceCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.3. ConcisenessA sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better.Repetition is sometimes necessary for emphasis, but unnecessary repetition, either of the same words or of different words with the same meaning, should be avoided. Conciseness can sometimes be achieved by changing the sentence structure.4. Emphasis(1) Emphatic SentencesSentences may be emphasized in the following ways:Short sentences.Sentence fragments. They are also called one-member sentences.Inverted sentences. They are emphatic because their unusual word order draws the reader's attention.Parallel constructions and balanced sentences.Periodic sentences. Their climactic word order makes them emphatic.Imperative and exclamatory sentences. They are naturally emphatic:Rhetorical questions.They are questions in form but emphatic statements in meaning.Negative-positive statements.They first point out what is not the truth, and then what is. The contrast makes them emphaticSentences with repeated words or phrases. The repetition gives emphasis to such sentences.(2) Emphasis within the SentenceVarious ways can be used to achieve emphasis within the sentence.Placing. The beginning and the end, especially the end, of a sentence are the two places that attract the reader's attention.Repetition. Unnecessary repetition adds nothing new to the meaning of a sentence; therefore it should be avoided. in a proper context repeating a word or an idea in different words may be a means of emphasis.The verb and the active voice.When describing actions, one had better use verbs instead of nouns denoting actions, for verbs are generally more vivid and emphatic than nouns.Subordination.This means putting a minor idea in a dependent element of the sentence so as to give the main idea a prominent position.Emphatic words and phrases.There are words and phrases that may be used to emphasize other words.Alliteration. It means the appearance of the same consonant sound at the beginning of two or more words, like "busy as a bee".5. VarietyBut variety is not to be sought for its own sake. The structure and length of sentences are primarily determined by the ideas to be expressed.Part FourThe ParagraphA paragraph is a unit of thought. A long paragraph expresses a complex idea, and a short one makes a major transition, an emphatic statement, or a summary.Ⅰ. Effective ParagraphsA paragraph is like a mini-essay; it should be unified, coherent and well development.1. UnityUnity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may also be found in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes, the topic sentence is not stated explicitly but is implied.2. CoherenceCoherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form,or its organization.The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order,and the transitions should be smooth and natural.3. TransitionThe following ways may help the writer to produce a fluent paragraph:A. Using parallel structures;B. Repeating words or word groups;C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences;D. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs.Ⅱ. Ways of Developing Paragraphs1. Planning a ParagraphParagraphs need to be planned. First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence (topic sentence). Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Work out an outline to arrange them in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.2. Development by TimeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.3. Development by ProcessWhen you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description.4. Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly.5. Development by Example or GeneralizationSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand.There are two pattern of arrangement of details (or examples) in a paragraph: the general-to-specific or the specific-to-the generalDetails or examples are usually arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance.6. Development by Comparison and ContrastStrictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two things of the same thing, while a contrast, the differences between them. There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast. One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. In this way, the aspects examined in the two things should be identical and in the same order. This method is called block comparison or block contrast. The other way is to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point. This method is called alternating comparison or alternating contrast.Alternating contrast is used when you want to point out several differences between two things or people without discussing them in great detail. You merely point out a special feature of one item and then state how the other item differs from it in that aspect.Block comparison is suitable when the writer wants to treat points of similarity in depth. In this way each point is drawn out and its relationship to another point is made clear. This type of comparison is often used when the points of similarity discussed are not many but complex, and require much explanation.There is a special form of comparison -analogy.Analogy is tracing a striking likeness between unlike things.Analogies are especially helpful in explaining abstract ideas, for they relate ideas that cannot be experienced through the senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, or taste, to a sense experience, thus making the ideas easy to understand.7. Development by Cause and EffectSound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. There are two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect. The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.8. Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. Essential to a good classification is parallelism.9. Development by DefinitionThere are three basic ways to define a word or term: to give a synonym, to use a sentence (often with an attributive clause), and to write a paragraph or even an essay.When we give a definition, we should observe certain principles.First, we should avoid circular definitions.Second, we should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be defined is an abstract one.Third, we should avoid loaded definitions. Loaded definitions do not explain terms but make an immediate appeal for emotional approval.10. Development by a Combination of MethodsWriters may find it necessary to use a combination of methods in order to present their ideas in an impressive and convincing manner.Part FiveThe Whole CompositionLike a paragraph, a composition must have unity. All the facts and all the ideas in an essay should contribute to the presentation of its thesis or central thought. Proportion is as important to an essay. The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. To give this part about seven-or eight-tenths of the total space will be just right. The beginning and the end, though important, have to be short.A good composition should have something interesting and/or important, and if possible ,something new to say, and that this “something” is expressed clearly, accurately and appropriately.Ⅰ. Steps in Writing a Composition1. Planning a CompositionWhen a topic is assigned, first try to think of as many relevant facts .write them down on a piece of paper. At the same time, try to find a proper thesis or theme. The thesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea. It is the conclusion that should be drawn from the facts to be presented in the composition. After that, look at the list of facts again, eliminate those unnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.2. Types of OutlinesThere are two commonly used types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives an instant overview of the entire paper. A sentence outline, on the other hand, provides a more detailed plan of the paper. Compare the following two outlines for a paper on foreign trade.Rules for writing outlines:(1)Avoid single subdivisions.(2) Avoid mixing types.(3) Use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank. Make sure subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.(4) Make sure the thesis is a complete declarative sentence in the affirmative; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.3. Writing the First Draft4. Revising the First DraftⅠ. Content: Look at the essay / composition as a whole.Ⅱ. Organization: Look at the arrangement of the material.Ⅲ. Sentences:Ⅳ. Diction:Mistakes in grammar spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics, because students are generally mindful of such mistakes.5. Making the Final CopyⅡ. OrganizationMost, if not all, essays are made up of a beginning, a middle, and an end.1.The BeginningThe beginning (the introduction) rouses the reader's interest in and secures his attention to the subject matter of the essay or provides necessary background information.(1) A quotation(2) Figures or statistics(3) A question or several questions(4) The time and place of the event to be described(5) Relevant background material(6) An analogy(7) A definition2. The middleThe middle (the body) gives a clear and logical presentation of the facts and ideas the writer intends to put forth.3. The EndThe end (the conclusion) winds up the essay often with an emphatic and forceful statement to influence the reader's final impression of the essay and shows the implication or consequences of the argument.Concluding paragraphs should be short, forceful, substantial,and thought-provoking, made up mainly of restatements or summaries of the points that have been discussed.Ⅲ. Types of Writing1. DescriptionDescription is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.A description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one's senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave outthose irrelevant ones, which, if included, would only distract the reader's attention from the main impression the writer wishes to give.(1) Description of a personthe writer should not merely give details of his appearance. try to reveal the person's character, thoughts, and feelings, And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people. Those features that he shares with others can be omitted. Peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of a person, if any, should be included in the description, for they usually impress the reader deeply and give life to the person described.(2) Description of a placePlaces may be described for their own sake, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. As in describing a person, in describing a place one should mainly write about the things that make it different from other places.(3) Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. It is also necessary to tell how it is used if it is useful, and what part it plays in a person's life if it is in some way related to him. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object, probably its most important characteristic.(4) Description of a sceneA scene is sometimes the main part of an essay, and sometimes only an episode in a long narrative. It usually consists of three basic factors: the setting, the people, and the actions.Again, the writer should try to create a dominant impression when describing a scene.2. NarrationTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.Narration often goes hand in hand with description. When one tells a story, one describes its setting and characters. On the other hand, accounts of actions may be necessary to the description of a person or a scene.When planning a narrative, the writer should consider these five aspects: context, selection of details, organization, point of view, and purpose.(1) ContextWhen, where, and to whom the action in a narrative happened is often made clear at the beginning of the narrative. This will provide the reader with a context, or circumstances, to help him understand the whole narrative.(2) Selection of detailsA narrative is made up of details. Only relevant details, or things that contribute to bringing out the main ideas of the narrative, are useful and effective. When selecting details, therefore, the writer should bear in mind his purpose in writing the narrative. (3) OrganizationEvents in a narrative are usually related in chronological order. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the reader's interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks. A narrative generally has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The setting may be given in the beginning. The middle (the body) tells the story itself.When the story is clearly told, the narrative comes to a natural end. But sometimes it add one or two paragraphs about the significance of the story or about things that happen afterwards.(4) Point of viewA first-person narrative may be more graphic and lifelike, because it gives the reader the impression that it is what the writer himself has seen or experienced. But the scope of the narrative may be limited, for it is difficult to recount events that happen in different places at the same time. A third-person narrative is free from this limitation, and it may seem more objective,but it is not easy to put in good order things that happen to different people in different places.(5) PurposeThere must be a purpose in telling a story. The writer may want to prove a theory, to illustrate a concept, to praise a virtue, to condemn a vice, etc, he has to choose details and design the plot of his story carefully.3. Expositionmost frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional. Exposition means expounding or explaining.We have seen that description mainly deals with appearances and feelings, and narration with events and experiences. While exposition mainly deals with processes and relationships.Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast,causes and effects, or definition. That is to say, methods which are good for paragraph development are also good for expository essays. The difference lies in scope and proportion.The most important quality of exposition is clarity. To achieve this the writer should: 1) Limit his subject or the scope of discussion, for it is impossible to explain many things clearly in a short essay2) Prepare enough material (details or examples) to help his explanation3) Present his facts and views in proper order, in the order of time or of logical sequence depending on the nature of the subject;4) Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoid ornamental as well as ambiguous expressions;5) Make exposition interesting or moving(1) IllustrationIllustration is the use of example to illustrate a point. It is the most common, and often the most efficient pattern of exposition. Good examples help to clarify a writer's thought by making the general specific, and the abstract concrete. They also add interest and help to persuade or convince the reader.A successful illustration paper depends on1) A wise selection of sufficient examples which are specific and typical, interesting and relevant2) An expert arrangement of these examples - similar or related examples should be grouped together and arranged climactically.(2) Division and ClassificationDivision and classification are two different ways of sorting things out. Division is used to deal with one thing. Its purpose is to separate that thing into parts. Classification, is used to organize things which share certain qualities. Its purpose is to group these things systematically.Division stresses the distinction between things, whereas classification emphasizes the similarities. Division deals with the whole and classification, the parts.The whole is composed of parts, and parts make up the whole; the whole and the parts are closely related.Guidelines of using division or classification:1) Choose an appropriate principle of division / classification suited to your purpose. Things are divided or classified according to the writer's purpose or interests.Be sure that your principle of division / classification is interesting and significant. A division of people according to their weight may be absurd unless you intend to discuss how different categories respond to certain medicine the dosage of which depends on a person's weight.2) Apply your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping. Your categories should be divided according to one principle throughout. Remember one item can belong to only one category.(3) Comparison and ContrastA comparison explains how things are similar(similarities/comparisons), and a contrast, how they are different(differences/ contrasts).When you write a comparison / contrast paper, you explain or clarify for one of the three following purposes:1) To present information about something unfamiliar by comparing it with something familiar;2) To show the superiority of one thing by comparing it with another; and3) To show the reader of the similarities and differences of two things to help the reader understand or evaluate them.When you write a comparison / contrast paper, keep in mind the following principles of selection and development:1) Only items (usually two) of the same general class can be compared / contrasted.2) A comparison / contrast essay usually follows one of these two patterns: the subject-by-subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern.In the subject-by-subject pattern, the writer discusses the various aspects of one item before going on to the other.In the point-by-point pattern, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared / contrasted.。
英语写作手册第二章diction
A student learning to write should learn to use the words that are most useful and most often used to express him.
Contents
1. Levels of words 2. The meaning of words 3. General and Specific Words 4. Idioms 5. Figures of speech 英文写作中怎样避免用词的重复 中英语言中用来喻人的植物的差异
good food: tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant
house: mansion, villa, chateau, cottage, bungalow带 走廊的平房, cabin, hut, shack小室, shanty棚屋, shed 货棚, barn
laugh: smile, grin, beam微笑示意, giggle咯咯地笑, titter嗤笑, snigger窃笑, chuckle吃吃地笑, guffaw狂笑, chortle得意的高笑
写作 Unit 2 Diction(1)
Types of words Words in dictionaries:
1. Infml. (informal): casual, familiar, and/or colloquial, not appropriate in written English or formal occasions. e.g. unintelligent (formal) dim-witted, thick, soft in the head, etc. (informal)
Words in dictionaries: 2. sl. (slang)
--- words or expressions that are even less
socially acceptable than informal expressions. e.g. unintelligent (formal) not all there (slang) Avoid slang in formal English writing.
Unit 2
Choosing Proper Words
Contents
1 2
Types of words Choice of words Synonyms General and specific words
3
4
Warm up: compare the following sentences. 1. I met a writer who is related to a politician. 2. I met a newspaper writer who is related to a senator. 3. I met a columnist who is related to a senator from New York. 4. I met the columnist William F. Buckley, Jr., who is related to Senator James L. Buckley of New York. 5. I met the columnist William F. Buckley, Jr., who is the brother of Senator James L. Buckley of New York.
写一个手册英文作文
写一个手册英文作文User Manual for the Advanced Learning PlatformIntroductionWelcome to the User Manual for our Advanced Learning Platform. This comprehensive guide aims to assist you in navigating and maximizing the features of our innovative learning tool. The platform is designed to enhance your learning experience, providing access to a wealth of educational resources and interactive learning activities.Getting StartedTo begin using the Advanced Learning Platform, you will need to create an account. Click on the "Sign Up" button located on the homepage. Fill in the required information, including your name, email address, and a secure password. Once your account is created, you can log in using your credentials.Navigating the PlatformThe platform's intuitive interface allows you to easily explore its various features. The homepage displays a summary of your learning progress, recent activities, and recommended resources. The navigation bar at the top of the screen provides quick access to key sections such as "Courses," "Resources," and "Community."CoursesThe "Courses" section is where you'll find a diverse range of learning materials organized into different subjects and levels. You can browse through the available courses or search for specific topics using the search bar. Each course includes detailed descriptions, learning objectives, and interactive elements like videos, quizzes, and discussions.ResourcesThe "Resources" section offers a wealth of additional learning materials to complement your course studies. These include articles, videos, podcasts, and interactive simulations. You can explore these resources by topic or keyword to find information that interests you. CommunityThe "Community" section is a vibrant hub where learners can connect, share ideas, and collaborate. You can join discussion forums, participate in group projects, or invite others to collaborate on specific learning tasks. This feature fosters a collaborative learning environment and encourages peer-to-peer support.Personalization and TrackingThe Advanced Learning Platform allows you to personalize your learning experience. You can set learning goals, track your progress, and receive personalized recommendations based on your interests and performance. The platform also provides detailed analytics to help you identify areas where you excel and areas for improvement.Technical SupportIf you encounter any technical issues or have questions about the platform, our dedicated support team is available to assist you. You can contact them through the "Help" section located on the navigation bar. They will promptly respond to your inquiries and provide solutions to any challenges you may face.ConclusionThe Advanced Learning Platform is your comprehensive companion for lifelong learning. By leveraging its powerful features and engaging resources, you can enhance your knowledge, skills, and confidence. We hope this User Manual has provided you with a clear understanding of how to use the platform and maximize its benefits. Enjoy your learning journey!。
英文写作手册中文翻译
英文写作手册中文翻译英语写作讲义Part One Manuscript Form第一部分文稿格式As we are learning to write, we should have a clear idea of what is good manuscript form. We should do everything—writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and dividing words—according to generally accepted rules. Whenever we write something, we should work carefully, write neatly and clearly, and try to make as few mistakes as possible. Before handing in our essay or exercise, we should proofread it once or twice, because we may need to make some final corrections and changes. If we always work in this way, we are sure to make to progress.当我们学习写作的时候，应该清楚地知道什么是好的文稿格式。
我们应该做的每件事是——写标题，留页边距，缩进，首字母大写，并拆分单词——根据普遍接受的规则。
每当我们写东西时，应该仔细，字迹工整清楚，尽可能少犯错误。
在上交我们的文章或练习前，应该校对一或两次，因为我们可能需要一些最后的修正和变更。
如果我们总是用这种方式工作，肯定能取得进步。
Ⅰ. Arrangement一、排版Writing in correct manuscript form is very important, because it makes it easy to read what is written and prevents misunderstanding. We should follow the general practices in writing the title, leaving the margins, paragraphing, capitalizing, and dividing words.用正确的文稿格式书写是非常重要的，因为它使文章被写的易于阅读并防止误解。
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Although both general and specific words are useful, a student learning to write should make an effort to master and use specific words wherever possible. Specific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. Compare:
3. General and Specific Words
Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning rather than others.
“Professionals”, for instance, is more general in meaning than “scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists”, etc., all of which are more specific.
2. The meaning of words
The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative 外延和内涵.
A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it.
For instance country, nation, state and land have more or less the same denotation and may all be translated into “国家” in Chinese, but their connotation are quite different.
different in stylistic level
Hale Waihona Puke Generally speaking, words of Anglo-Saxon origin are more informal than those of Latin or French origin. Look at these words: ask time rise question age mount interrogate epoch ascend
In each group, the first word is from Anglo-Saxon and the second and third from French or Latin. The first one is clearly more informal or colloquial than the other two.
Use specific words should go along with providing details, and then there will be effective and impressive writing. Study the following examples:
It is easy to see that the specific words on the right are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones on the left; they seem to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer wishes to describe.
English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other language over the centuries. But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use. They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone语气, and in collocation.
1. Levels of words
词汇选择得是否准确、贴切，对文章是否能收到预期 的效果致关重要。在锤炼和选择词语时，除了文章的 主题、思想内容、写作目的和读者对象等以外，还必 须考虑与之相适应的语言层次( levels of language )。 所谓语言层次，一般可归结为规范英语( standard English)和非规范英语( sub-standard English)。 规范英语又可分为口语( spoken language )和书面语 ( written language), 非正式语( informal language)和 正式语( formal language)。例如：
different in tone
“Modest” and “humble” both indicate a lack of pride, but “modesty” is a virtue and “humbleness” is not. “Humble” often connotes undue selfdepreciation自我贬低. So they are different in tone: one is laudatory and the other is derogatory.
denotative and connotative
Country means an area of land and its population and its government, nation emphasizes the people of a country, state refers to the government or political organization of a country, and land is less precise but more literary and emotive than country.
English Writing
Diction
Diction is the choice and use of words. The English language has a big vocabulary: as many as 400,000 words are collected in the Oxford English Dictionary. Of course no one knows or uses so many words. Only a small amount of them are used by ordinary people for ordinary purposes.
A student learning to write should learn to use the words that are most useful and most often used to express him.
Contents
1. Levels of words 2. The meaning of words 3. General and Specific Words 4. Idioms 5. Figures of speech 英文写作中怎样避免用词的重复 中英语言中用来喻人的植物的差异
General It is often windy and dusty here in spring. Specific In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair. It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.
a good man: kind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorable
good food: tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant