英国历史 美国历史

英国历史(按主题分)

I.The Founding of the Nation

1. Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxons

1.1 The Celtic Invasion

1.2 Roman Conquest: 43 AD—5th Century ---- by the Roman Empire

1.3 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion: 5th—8th Century----- by the Anglo-Saxons

1.4 Danish Invasion: 8th Century—1066 ------ by the Vikings/Danes

1.5 The Norman Conquest 1066 ------by the Normans

2. Feudal Soiety

1215: King John---the Great Charter (Magna Carta)

part of the British Constitution today

1236: Birth of Parliament (derived from the Great Council)

Decline of Feudalism:

1 The Hundred Years‘ War 1337-1453

2 The Black Death 1348-1349

3 The Peasant Uprising (leader: Wat Tyler) 1381 /the Peasant‘s Revolt

4 Religious Reform (14th century- ): John Wycliff, John Ball

5 The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485

Lancaster, the House of the Red Rose

York, the House of theWhite Rose

II. Transition to the Modern Age

2.1The Renaissance (15-16th century, )

2.2 The Enclosure Movement (late 15th century开始，16th century 高涨)

2.3 Religious Reformation (16th century)=Protestant Reformation:

In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise.

leaders:

Germany: Martin Luther

France: John Calvin

England: King Henry VIII

2.3.1 King Henry VIII ---- established the Church of England

1534 the Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII—―only supreme head of the Church of England‖

2.3.2 Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

Consolidated the Church of England

Defended the fruit of the Reformation in essence

1588 defeated the Spanish Armada

2.3.3 Golden Age of English History

England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts.

The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods.

The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth I.

2.4 The English Bourgeois Revolution (17th century)

2.4.1 The Civil War

1642-1649: The Civil War broke out

1649—1660: The Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell, head of the Commonwealth

In 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of England. This put an end to the Commonwealth.

2.4.2 The Restoration

1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order

1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism

2.4.3 the Glorious Revolution

1688: joint sovereign of William III and Mary II

1689: Bill of Rights ---- established Constitutional Monarchy

2.4 The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

A series of important inventions in the textile industry marked the beginning of Industrial Revolution: Spinning Jenny

Water frame

Spinning mule

Power loom

Steam engine

III. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire

3.1 The Formation of the British Empire

3.1.1. First British Empire: 19th Century

It included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies

3.1.2. Second British Empire during the Victorian Age: Mid- and late-19th Century

Queen Victoria’s foreign policy—New Imperialism

It included the colonies in Australia, New Zealand and Canada—dominions

1876 Victoria—―Empress of India‖

In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small states. Opium War against China

In Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer Egypt

Union of South Africa—the 4th dominion

On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the largest colonial empire the world had ever seen.

a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers (1/4 of the world‘s total land).

a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large as that in Britain)

3.2 Britain in the World Wars

3.2.1 World War I (1914-1918)

By the beginning of th e 20th century, Britain’s dominance was challenged by other European nations and the US. Two camps in Europe:

Triple Alliance----the UK, France, Russia英，法，俄

Triple Entente: 德，奥（匈帝国），意

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria

Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and US

The immediate cause—assassination in Sarajevo

The cost of the war for Britain was great:

drained of its manpower

lost the sea supremacy

a huge national debt

The League of Nations was founded after WWI.

3.2.2 World War II(1939-1945)

Germany—plan to conquer Europe

Britain—appeasement

declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939

alliance with the Soviet Union and the United States

Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7, 1945

great cost—lose its naval supremacy and in debt to the United States.