国际经济学作业答案

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【精品】国际经济学作业答案第六章(可编辑)

国际经济学作业答案-第六章------------------------------------------作者------------------------------------------日期Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International TradeMultiple Choice Questions1. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unit(a) rises as the industry grows larger.(b) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger.(c) falls as the average firm grows larger.(d) remains constant.(e) None of the above.Answer: B2. Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unit(a) rises as the industry grows larger.(b) falls as the industry grows larger.(c) rises as the average firm grows larger.(d) falls as the average firm grows larger.(e) None of the above.Answer: D3. External economies of scale(a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(c) tends to result in one huge monopoly.(d) tends to result in large profits for each firm.(e) None of the above.Answer: A4. Internal economies of scale(a) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(b) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.(c) are associated only with sophisticated products such as aircraft.(d) cannot form the basis for international trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B5. A monopolistic firm(a) can sell as much as it wants for any price it determines in the market.(b) cannot determine the price, which is determined by consumer demand.(c) will never sell a product whose demand is inelastic at the quantity sold.(d) cannot sell additional quantity unless it raises the price on each unit.(e) None of the above.Answer: C6. Monopolistic competition is associated with(a) cut-throat price competition.(b) product differentiation.(c) explicit consideration at firm level of the feedback effec ts of other firms’ pricing decisions.(d) high profit margins.(e) None of the above.Answer: B7. The most common market structure is(a) perfect competition.(b) monopolistic competition.(c) small-group oligopoly.(d) perfectly vertical integration.(e) None of the above.Answer: C8. Modeling trade in monopolistic industries is problematic because(a) there is no one generally accepted model of oligopoly behavior.(b) there are no models of oligopoly behavior.(c) it is difficult to find an oligopoly in the real world.(d) collusion among oligopolists makes usable data rare.(e) None of the above.Answer: A9. Where there are economies of scale, the scale of production possible in a country is constrained by(a) the size of the country.(b) the size of t he trading partner’s country.(c) the size of the domestic market.(d) the size of the domestic plus the foreign market.(e) None of the above.Answer: D10. Where there are economies of scale, an increase in the size of the market will(a) increase the number of firms and raise the price per unit.(b) decrease the number of firms and raise the price per unit.(c) increase the number of firms and lower the price per unit.(d) decrease the number of firms and lower the price per unit.(e) None of the above.Answer: C11. The simultaneous export and import of widgets by the United States is an example of(a) increasing returns to scale.(b) imperfect competition.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) inter-industry trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C12. If output more than doubles when all inputs are doubled, production is said to occur underconditions of(a) increasing returns to scale.(b) imperfect competition.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) inter-industry trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: A13. Intra-industry trade can be explained in part by(a) transportation costs within and between countries.(b) problems of data aggregation and categorization.(c) increasing returns to scale.(d) All of the above.(e) None of the above.Answer: D14. If some industries exhibit internal (firm specific) increasing returns to scale in each country, weshould not expect to see(a) intra-industry trade between countries.(b) perfect competition in these industries.(c) inter-industry trade between countries.(d) high levels of specialization in both countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B15. Intra-industry trade is most common in the trade patterns of(a) developing countries of Asia and Africa.(b) industrial countries of Western Europe.(c) all countries.(d) North-South trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B16. International trade based on scale economies is likely to be associated with(a) Ricardian comparative advantage.(b) comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin factor-proportions.(c) comparative advantage based on quality and service.(d) comparative advantage based on diminishing returns.(e) None of the above.Answer: E17. International trade based on external scale economies in both countries is likely to be carried out by a(a) relatively large number of price competing firms.(b) relatively small number of price competing firms.(c) relatively small number of competing oligopolists.(d) monopoly firms in each country/industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: A18. International trade based solely on internal scale economies in both countries is likely to be carriedout by a(a) relatively large number of price competing firms.(b) relatively small number of price competing firms.(c) relatively small number of competing oligopolists.(d) monopoly firms in each country/industry.(e) None of the above.Answer: D19. A monopoly firm engaged in international trade will(a) equate average to local costs.(b) equate marginal costs with foreign marginal revenues.(c) equate marginal costs with the highest price the market will bear.(d) equate marginal costs with marginal revenues in both domestic and in foreign markets.(e) None of the above.Answer: D20. A monopoly firm will maximize profits by(a) charging the same price in domestic and in foreign markets.(b) producing where the marginal revenue is higher in foreign markets.(c) producing where the marginal revenue is higher in the domestic market.(d) equating the marginal revenues in domestic and foreign markets.(e) None of the above.Answer: D21. A firm in monopolistic competition(a) earns positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.(b) earns positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.(c) earns zero economic profits because it is in perfectly or pure competition.(d) earns zero economic profits because of free entry.(e) None of the above.Answer: D22. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,(a) the larger are that country’s exports.(b) the higher is the price charged.(c) the fewer varieties are sold.(d) the lower is the price charged.(e) None of the above.Answer: D23. The monopolistic competition model is one in which there is/are(a) a monopoly.(b) perfect competition.(c) economies of scale.(d) government intervention in the market.(e) None of the above.Answer: C24. In industries in which there are scale economies, the variety of goods that a country can produce isconstrained by(a) the size of the labor force.(b) anti-trust legislation.(c) the size of the market.(d) the fixed cost.(e) None of the above.Answer: C25. An industry is characterized by scale economies, and exists in two countries. Should these twocountries engage in trade such that the combined market is supplied by one country’s industry, then(a) consumers in both countries would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.(b) consumers in the importing country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.(c) consumers in the exporting country would suffer higher prices and fewer varieties.(d) consumers in both countries would enjoy fewer varieties available but lower prices.(e) None of the above.Answer: E26. An industry is characterized by scale economies and exists in two countries. In order for consumersof its products to enjoy both lower prices and more variety of choice,(a) each country’s marginal cost must equal that of the other country.(b) the marginal cost of this industry must equal marginal revenue in the other.(c) the monopoly must lower prices in order to sell more.(d) the two countries must engage in international trade one with the other.(e) None of the above.Answer: D27. A product is produced in a monopolistically competitive industry with scale economies. If thisindustry exists in two countries, and these two countries engage in trade one with the other, then we would expect(a) the country in which the price of the product is lower will export the product.(b) the country with a relative abundance of the factor of production in which production of theproduct is intensive will export this product.(c) each of the countries will export different varieties of the product to the other.(d) neither country will export this product since there is no comparative advantage.(e) None of the above.Answer: C28. The reason why one country may export a product which is produced with positive scale economies is(a) its labor productivity will tend to be higher.(b) it enjoys a relative abundance of the factor intensely used in the product’s production.(c) its demand is biased in favor of the product.(d) its demand is biased against the product.(e) None of the above.Answer: E29. Two countries engaged in trade in products with no scale economies, produced under conditions ofperfect competition, are likely to be engaged in(a) monopolistic competition.(b) inter-industry trade.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) Heckscher-Ohlin trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B30. Two countries engaged in trade in products with scale economies, produced under conditions ofmonopolistic competition, are likely to be engaged in(a) price competition.(b) inter-industry trade.(c) intra-industry trade.(d) Heckscher-Ohlinean trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C31. History and accident determine the details of trade involving(a) Ricardian and Classical comparative advantage.(b) Heckscher-Ohlin model consideration.(c) taste reversals.(d) scale economies.(e) None of the above.Answer: D32. We often observe intra-industry North-South trade in “computers and related devices.” This is due to(a) classification and aggregation ambiguities.(b) monopolistic competition.(c) specific factors issues.(d) scale economies.(e) None of the above.Answer: A33. We often observe “pseudo-intra-industry trade” between the Unite d States and Mexico. Actually,such trade is consistent with(a) oligopolistic markets.(b) comparative advantage associated with Heckscher-Ohlin model.(c) optimal tariff issues.(d) huge sucking sound.(e) None of the above.Answer: B34. Intra-industry trade will tend to dominate trade flows when which of the following exists?(a) Large differences between relative country factor availabilities(b) Small differences between relative country factor availabilities(c) Homogeneous products that cannot be differentiated(d) Constant cost industries(e) None of the above.Answer: B35. The most common form of price discrimination in international trade is(a) non-tariff barriers.(b) Voluntary Export Restraints.(c) dumping.(d) preferential trade arrangements.(e) None of the above.Answer: CEssay Questions1. Why is it that if an industry were operating under conditions of domestic internal scale economies(applies to firm in the country)—then the resultant equilibrium cannot be consistent with the pure competition model?Answer: Because once one firm became bigger than another, or if one firm began the industry, then no other firm would be able to match its per unit cost, so that they would be driven out ofthe industry.2. Is it possible that if positive scale economies characterize an industry, that its equilibrium may beconsistent with purely competitive conditions? Explain how this could happen.Answer: Yes. If the scale economies were external to the firm, then there is no reason why the firms may not be in perfect competition.3. If a scale economy is the dominant technological factor defining or establishing comparativeadvantage, then the underlying facts explaining why a particular country dominates world markets in some product may be pure chance, or historical accident. Explain, and compare this with the answer you would give for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage.Answer: This statement is true, since the reason the seller is a monopolist may be that it happened to have been the first to produce this product in this country. It may have no connection toany supply or demand related factors; nor to any natural or man-made availability. This isall exactly the opposite of the Heckscher-Ohlin Neo-Classical model’s explanation of thedeterminants of comparative advantage.4. It is possible that trade based on external scale economies may leave a country worse off than itwould have been without trade. Explain how this could happen.Answer: One answer is that the terms of trade effects may dominate any other factors.5. If scale economies were not only external to firms, but were also external to individual countries.That is, the larger the worldwide industry (regardless of where firms or plants are located), thecheaper would be the per-unit cost of production. Describe what world trade would look like in this case.Answer: Presumably each country would specialize in some component of the final product. This would result in much observed intra-industry trade.6. Why are increasing returns to scale and fixed costs important in models of international trade andmonopolistic competition?Answer: There are many answers. Three of these are(a) Increasing returns to scale, and high fixed costs may be inconsistent with perfectcompetition. In such a case, the initial autarkic state may be a suboptimal equilibrium.For example, relative prices may not equal marginal rates of transformation. It followsfrom this that a change in output compositions associated with trade may result in anational welfare for one or both trading countries that is inferior to that associatedwith the initial autarkic conditions. Hence no “gains from trade.”(b) In a case of increasing scale economies at the firm or plant level, the determination ofwhich product will be exported by which country is ex-ante indeterminate. Therefore,deriving clear implications concerning the effects of trade on income distributionssuch as may be derived from the Samuelson-Stolper Theorem is no longer generallypossible.(c) Market structures containing positive scale economies and imperfect competition mayallow for “two-way trade,” or intra-industry trade. As in b. above, the varioustheorems derivable from the Heckscher-Ohlin model concerning directions of tradeand income distributions are no longer generally applicable.7. Explain why it may be argued that the relative importance of the intra-industry component of worldtrade is likely to lessen economic strife or confrontation (a la Stolper-Samuelson) associated with commercial policy within countries in which overall trade is expanding?Answer: In the case of the Neo-Classical H-O model, the expansion of trade will tend to increase the incomes of those factors in which the exports are relatively intense. This may createsituations i n which unskilled labor’s already relatively low relative incomes would worsenin a country such as the U.S., hence heating up “class warfare.” In the case of intra-industry trade, the expanding exports will tend to be in relatively fragmented subsets ofp roducts (“brands”). Such export expansion will have no determinant or systematictendency to affect relative factor returns in any deterministic manner.8. Explain why positive economies of scale in one (of two) sectors may establish a comparativeadvantage for the large (as compared to the small) country in the production of the commoditywhich exhibits positive scale economies.Answer: In the case of the H-O model, the actual size of the country is irrelevant in thedetermination of the direction of trade (though it may affect the equilibrium terms oftrade). When positive scale economies apply to the production of one product, the countrythat can devote more resources (in absolute terms) will be able to sell that product cheaper,and therefore will be mo re likely to gain a “revealed” comparative advantage in thatproduct. This will be the country with more factors (both labor and capital)—the largercountry.Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. The figure above represents the demand and cost functions facing a Brazilian Steel producingmonopolist. If it were unable to export, and was constrained by its domestic market, what quantity would it sell at what price?Answer: It would sell 5 (million tons) at a price of $8/ton.2. Now the monopolist discovers that it can export as much as it likes of its steel at the world price of$5/ton. It will therefore expand for-export production up to the point where its marginal cost equals $5. How much steel will the monopolist sell, and at what price?Answer: It would sell 10 million tons at $5/ton.3. Given the opportunity to sell at world prices, the marginal (opportunity) cost of selling a tondomestically is what?Answer: $5/ton.4. While selling exports it would also maximize its domestic sales by equating its marginal(opportunity) cost to its marginal revenue of $5. How much steel would the firm sell domestically, and at what price?Answer: 4 million tons at $10/ton.5. The Brazilian firm is charging its foreign (U.S.) customers one half the price it is charging itsdomestic customers. Is this good or bad for the real income or economic welfare of theUnited States? Is the Brazilian firm engaged in dumping? Is this predatory behavior on the partof the Brazilian steel company?Answer: Good. Yes, if you define dumping as selling abroad at a price lower than domestically. No, if by dumping you mean selling below marginal cost. No—this is not being done in orderto capture market shares, but rather is “mere” static profit maximization behavior, as isexpected of any self-respecting monopolist.6. The following Table describes the labor-input coefficients needed to produce one Widget in Englandand Portugal. Both countries are identical in size, tastes, technology. This technology is described in the table below:To ProduceThis Many Widgets, Or This Many Apples Labor-Hour Requirements1 32 53 64 75 86 97 10Let us assume that each country has 10 labor-hours available. Further, consumers always consume an equal amount of apples and widgets.(a) How of each product will be produced in England under autarky? 2 widgets and 2 apples.(b) Judging from autarky conditions, which country has a comparative advantage in widgets?(c) If England (completely) specialized in widgets, how many widgets would be produced, and howmany apples?(d) If the world terms of trade were established at 3.5 widgets 3.5 Apples, which country wouldenjoy gains from trade (as compared to The autarky solution?)(e) If Portugal were to completely specialize in widgets, how would the answers to c and d change?(f) What would the production possibility curve look like in each country?Answers: (a) 2 widgets and 2 apples(b) None(c) 7 widgets in England and 7 apples in Portugal(d) both would gain from trade. Instead of consuming 2 widgets and 2 apples, they wouldeach consume 3.5 widgets and 3.5 apples.(e) Same numbers as c, except that the countries will each be assigned a different product.Exactly the same answer for d.(f) convex to the origin.。

国际经济学作业及答案

第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。

第二章古典贸易理论1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。

表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y 621512表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A BX Y 10455答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。

国际经济学试题及答案（题库）

国际经济学试题及答案（题库）国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。

2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。

3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。

4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。

5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。

6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。

7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。

第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；李嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。

2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。

3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

4、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。

6、在李嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。

7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。

8、李嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。

9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。

选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、李嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。

国际经济学作业题（正确答案）

国际经济学作业题（正确答案）国际经济学作业题正确答案1、简述李嘉图比较成本原理的主要思想（2.1.3）P28李嘉图的比较成本说是建立在劳动价值论基础上的。

他认为, 商品的价值是由生产该商品所需的劳动量决定的, 生产某一商品所需劳动量增加时, 其价值就会提高; 反之,则降低。

生产商品所需劳动量的大小, 与劳动生产率的高低有关。

各个国家的劳动生产率是不同的, 一国即使不能生产出成本绝对低的产品, 也应生产出成本比较低的产品, 并同其他国家相交换, 这对贸易各方面都是有利的。

2、简述绝对购买力平价和相对购买力平价的含义。

（11.2）P263绝对购买力平价理论认为, 在某一时点上,两国货币之间的兑换比率取决于两国货币的购买力之比。

由于购买力事实上就是一般物价水平的倒数, 所以绝对购买力平价就可以表示为:e =Pa/Pb其中e 为汇率, Pa 为A 国的一般物价水平, Pb为B 国的一般物价水平。

相对购买力平价学说则将汇率在一段时间内的变化归因于两个国家在这段时期中的物价水平或货币购买力的变化。

这就是说, 在一定时期内, 汇率的变化要与同一时期内两国物价水平的相对变动成比例3、简述弹性分析法的主要内容（10.2.1）p240该理论把调整汇率作为调节国际收支的手段, 而考察汇率变动对国际收支的影响, 就是考察汇率变动对出口总值和进口总值的影响。

这里, 出口总值等于出口价格乘出口数量, 同样, 进口总值等于进口价格乘进口数量。

由于贬值和升值是相互对应的两个方面, 因此, 只要研究一个方面, 就可以理解另一个方面。

下面主要从贬值角度, 即汇率下降来说明汇率变动对国际收支的影响。

一国货币贬值, 首先会使该国进出口商品的相对价格发生变化。

具体来说, 该国以外币表示的出口商品价格将下跌, 而以本币表示的进口商品价格将上涨。

出现这种情况后, 一般总认为这会有利于一国商品的出口, 并限制一国商品的进口, 从而会使该国的国际收支得到改善。

国际经济学在线作业

国际经济学在线作业1．第1题比较优势理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是（）。

A.劳动生产率的差异B.技术水平的差异C.产品品质的差异D.价格的差异您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.02．第2题如果一个大国对进口商品征收关税（）。

A.对贸易条件不产生影响B.提高所有国家的贸易条件C.提高本国的贸易条件D.导致本国贸易条件恶化您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.03．第3题通常所说的“纸黄金”是（）。

A.黄金B.外汇C.普通提款权D.特别提款权您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.04．第4题甲乙两国货币的实际汇率由名义汇率以及（）共同决定。

A.甲国货币购买力B.乙国货币购买力C.两国利率水平D.两国相对物价水平您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.05．第5题根据蒙代尔的“政策配合说”，用来实现外部均衡的政策手段是（）。

A.财政政策B.货币政策C.汇率政策D.直接管制您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.06．第6题不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有( )。

A.重叠需求理论B.要素比例理论C.规模经济理论D.垄断竞争理论您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.07．第7题属于非关税壁垒的措施是( )。

A.反倾销税B.反补贴税C.进口附加税D.国内最低限价您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.08．第8题下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易( )。

A.双边套汇B.多边套汇C.套利D.套期保值您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.09．第17题IS-LM模型是宏观经济分析的一个重要工具，是描述____市场和____市场之间相互联系的理论结构。

（）A.货币资本B.资本劳动力C.资本商品D.货币产品您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.010．第18题国际经济一体化的形式不包括（）。

A.关税同盟B.自由贸易区C.共同市场D.自由市场您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.011．第19题一国拥有的劳动要素充裕，就应专门生产劳动密集型产品对外进行交换，这种说法来自（）。

14秋西交《国际经济学》在线作业答案

D.售后
?
正确答案：C
18.只有（）才能在总体上反映一国自主性交易的状况。
A.经常项目
B.资本项目
C.贸易收支
D.官方结算
?
正确答案：C
19.国际经济学主要研究（）产生的原因、利益分配机制以及国际贸易政策和措施的影响和作用机制，以促进国家和世界经济的增长。
A.国家
B.经济学
C.贸易
D.国际贸易
?
正确答案：B
A.短期资本流动
B.长期资本流动
C.国际资本流动
D.不定期资本流动
?
正确答案：A
13.要素密集只是一个相对的概念，当某一要素比重超过社会常规或平均水平时,我们即可以说是某要素密集型的生产类型。所以，要素密集度是指某一要素在成本中比例（）社会平均水平的程度。
A.等于
B.超过
C.低于
D.无法比较
?
正确答案：B
A.静态贸易利益
B.贸易直接利益
C.动态贸易利益
D.静止利益
?
正确答案：C
3.世界贸易组织：是GATT的产物和继承者，于（）正式成立。它是多边贸易体制的法律基础和组织基础，通过规定各成员国政府所应承担的主要契约义务来规范各国国内贸易立法与规章制度的制定和实施。
A. 1996年1月1日
B. 1997年1月1日
20.要素丰裕度衡量的是一个国家所拥有的经济资源的相对丰富性，或者说是一个国家的相对资源供给量。判断一国的要素丰裕度一般有两种方法：（1）实物单位定义法：如果B国的可用总资本和可用总劳动力的比率大于A国，则B国是资本丰裕的国家，A国是劳动力丰裕的国家。（2）（）：如果B国资本的价格与劳动力的价格的比率小于A国，则B国是资本丰裕的国家，A国是劳动力丰裕的国家。

(完整版)国际经济学课后答案

第一章绪论1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。

2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。

3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。

国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。

4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。

调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。

5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等(2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系(3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业(4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治(5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景第二章比较优势理论1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。

《国际经济学》练习题参考答案

《国际经济学》练习题参考答案一、名词解释一价定律：一价定律是绝对购买力平价理论成立的前提条件，指的是任何一种商品在不同国家以同种货币表示时价格都相等。

购买力平价：指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。

国际收支：在一定时期内，一国居民与非本国居民间全部经济交易的的系统记录。

产品生命周期：产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。

绝对优势原理：由英国古典经济学家亚当·斯密提出，是指在某种商品的生产上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一个经济。

若各个经济都从事自己占绝对优势的产品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。

里昂惕夫之谜：里昂惕夫之谜是由美国经济学家里昂惕夫在用其所提出的投入——产出分析方法检验美国进出口是否符合H—O理论所提出的，按照H—O理论，美国应该专业化生产并出口资本密集型的产品，进口劳动密集型的产品，但是，里昂惕夫经过检验计算得出，美国出口的是劳动密集型的产品，进口的是资本密集型的产品，刚好与H—O相反。

因此，人们把这个理论称之为里昂惕夫之谜。

围绕里昂惕夫之谜，经济学家对国际贸易理论进行了更深入的研究。

比较优势原理：即使一国在两种产品的生产上都较另一国没有效率，仍然可以进行双赢的贸易。

第一国应该专业化生产并出口其绝对劣势较小的产品，而进口其绝对劣势较大的产品。

另一个国家则进行相反的贸易。

有效关税率：也叫有效关税率，是指对某个工业每单位产品“增值”部分的从价税率，其税率代表着关税对本国同类产品的真正有效的保护程度。

贸易乘数：指对外贸易对经济增长的巨大作用，通过对外贸易的发展，从而带动国内要素的优化配置，可以对国民经济带来乘数倍的效应。

马歇尔－勒纳条件：是勒纳在马歇尔的国际收支调节乘数论的基础上进一步研究的结果，指的是在供给弹性无穷大的情况下，如果进出口需求弹性的绝对值大于1，货币贬值就能使一国国际收支得到改善，由逆差变为顺差。

国际经济学习题及参考答案

国际经济学习题及参考答案国际经济学作业⼀、名词解释幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某⼀产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争⼒薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在⽐较优势的新兴产业。

倾销：是指⼀国（地区）的⽣产商或出⼝商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另⼀国（地区）市场的⾏为。

提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明⼀个国家为了进⼝⼀定量的商品，必须向其他国家出⼝⼀定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某⼀进⼝量愿意提供的出⼝量的轨迹。

两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换⽐率）。

国际收⽀：国际收⽀分为狭义的国际收⽀和⼴义的国际收⽀。

狭义的国际收⽀指⼀个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、⾮贸易和资本往来⽽引起的国际间资⾦收⽀流动的⾏为。

包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收⽀和以货币表⽰的资产的转移。

反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。

⼴义的国际收⽀为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为⼀年)⼀个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地⽅居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收⽀的国际借贷关系，还包括⼀定时期全部经济交易与往来。

⼆、简答题试画出出⼝贫困化增长的图形并作出分析答：出⼝贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出⼝产品的出⼝规模极⼤地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，⽽且该国的国民福利⽔平也出现下降，这种现象⼀般出现在发展中国家。

贸易条件变化前，该国⽣产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出⼝产品X 的出⼝规模极⼤增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，⽣产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。

由图中的⽆差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利⽔平低于增长前。

这种情形就成为“出⼝贫困化增长”。

产⽣出⼝贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出⼝产品的出⼝量中占到相当⼤的⽐重，这样，当其出⼝⼤幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供⼤于求的情况，导致价格⼤幅下跌。

（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应⼤幅增长。

14秋东财《国际经济学》在线作业一答案

东财《国际经济学》在线作业一
一、单选题（共15 道试题，共60 分。

）
1. 古典利率平价理论的提出者是经济学家()
A. 卡塞尔
B. 凯恩斯
C. 艾因齐格
D. 弗里得曼
正确答案：B 满分：4 分得分：4
2. 从贸易条件指数的变化就完全可以判断对外贸易对本国是否有利,这种说法()
A. 不正确
B. 正确
C. 无法判断
正确答案：A 满分：4 分得分：4
3. 根据相互需求原理,决定两国产品交换实际比例的关键因素是()
A. 两国的要素禀赋
B. 两国的比较优势
C. 两国的相对需求强度
D. 两国的技术水平
正确答案：C 满分：4 分得分：4
4. 根据对外贸易乘数理论,在其他条件不变的条件下,边际进口倾向同对外贸易乘数值呈()
A. 反向关系
B. 无关联
C. 正向关系
D. 无法判断
正确答案：A 满分：4 分得分：4
5. 根据货币主义汇率理论,在其他条件不变的情况下,一国的国民收入增长快于其他国家会导致该国货币汇率()
A. 上升
B. 下跌
C. 不变
D. 难以判断
正确答案：A 满分：4 分得分：4
6. 大国实施出口补贴之所以受损失更大,是因为()
A. 大国的实力不强
B. 大国的财政补贴太多
C. 大国的进口量太大
D. 大国会影响国际市场价格
正确答案：D 满分：4 分得分：4
7. 从实际收入水平角度来反映一国实际购买能力的贸易条件指数是()
A. 商品贸易条件指数
B. 收入贸易条件指数
C. 要素贸易条件指数。

西交《国际经济学》在线作业15春满分答案

西交《国际经济学》在线作业
一,单选题
1. 就国家整体而言，分配进口配额最好的方法是（）
A. 竞争性拍卖
B. 固定的受惠
C. 资源使用申请程序
D. 政府适时分配
?
正确答案：A
2. 美国汽车产业在20世纪80年代以来受到了来自日本、德国等同类产业的极大挑战，产量下降，工人失业增加。

美国采取了一系列的保护汽车产业的进口限制措施，主要是出于（）方面的考虑。

A. 改善贸易条件
B. 扩大国内有效需求
C. 国内利益集团对于贸易政策的影响
D. 扶植幼稚产业
?
正确答案：C
3. 沿着外凸的生产可能性边界线向下移动时，随着一种物品产量的增加，生产该物品的机会成本将会（）。

A. 保持不变
B. 增加
C. 减少
D. 无法确定
?
正确答案：B
4. 以下那种情况表明甲国是劳动丰裕型的国家（）。

A. 甲国劳动总量是100个单位
B. 甲国劳动总量是100个单位，而乙国的劳动量只有80个单位
C. 甲国劳动总量是100个单位、资本总量是100个单位，而乙国劳动总量是80个单位、资本总量是60个单位
D. 甲国劳动总量是100个单位、资本总量是100个单位，而乙国劳动总量是60个单位、资本总量是75个单位
?
正确答案：C
5. 要素密集度可借助于（）来说明。

A. 社会无差异曲线
B. 需求曲线。

国际经济学作业答案

一、名词解释1.要素禀赋:资源禀赋又称为要素禀赋，指一国拥有各种生产要素，包括劳动力、资本、土地、技术、管理等的丰歉。

一国要素禀赋中某种要素供给所占比例大于别国同种要素的供给比例而价格相对低于别国同种要素的价格，则该国的这种要素相对丰裕；反之，如果在一国的生产要素禀赋中某种要素供给所占比例小于别国同种要素的供给比例而价格相对高于别国同种要素的价格，则该国的这种要素相对稀缺。

2比较优势3.生产者剩余4.购买力平价5规模经济6套值保值二、单项选择题1.根据相互需求原理，两国均衡的交换比例取决于（B）A 两国的绝对优势B 两国的比较优势C 两国的相对需求强度D 两国的要素禀赋2.在当今的国际贸易格局中，产业内贸易更容易发生于（ B ）A 发展中国家与发达国家B 发达国家与发达国家C 发展中国家与发展中国家D 发展中国家和最不发达国家3.课征关税会增加生产者剩余，减少消费者剩余，社会总福利的变化将（B ）A 上升B 降低C 不变D 不确定4.已知A国生产1单位的X和Y商品分别耗费3和5个单位的劳动，要使两国都具有绝对优势，则B国生产1单位的X和Y商品分别耗费多少单位的劳动：（ A ）A1，6 B2，4 C3，4 D4，75.从国际经济学的角度来考察，构成经济活动的基本单位或行为主体是（ D ）A 企业B 居民户C 家庭D 国家6.下列选项中不属于比较利益学说的假设的是（ B ）A 以劳动价值论为基础B 要素是完全流动的C 要素和产品市场都是完全竞争的D 收入分配不受贸易影响7.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（ A ）A.商品B.资本C.人员D.技术8.在绝对技术差异理论与相对技术差异理论中，机会成本是（ D ）A.递增B.递减C.先递增后递减D.不变9.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（ B ）A.重叠需求理论B.要素比例理论C.规模经济理论D.垄断竞争理论10.下列不属于保护贸易学说的理论有（ D ）A.幼稚工业理论B.夕阳工业理论C.国防论D.资源禀赋论11.世界贸易组织秘书处设在（ A ）A.日内瓦B.纽约C.布鲁塞尔D.乌拉圭11.下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易（ D ）A.双边套汇B.多边套汇C.套利D.套期保值12.设三年前美元对人民币的汇率是1美元等于8.2345元人民币，假设美国的物价比前一年上升8%，而中国的物价水平上升10%，则美元与人民币之间理论上的汇率为（ A ）A.8.3870B.8.085C.10.2931D.6.587613.在1997年东南亚金融危机中，最早出现金融动荡的国家是（ B ）A.印度尼西业B.泰国C.日本D.韩国14．倾销行为主要分为两种，包括（ C ）A．掠夺性倾销和间歇性倾销 B．攻击性倾销和间歇性倾销C．持续性倾销和掠夺性倾销 D．持续性倾销和间歇性倾销15．采取出口导向战略的国家倾向于（ B ）A．保护贸易政策 B．自由贸易政策C．非关税贸易壁垒 D．关税贸易壁垒三、判断正误：1.列昂惕夫反论提出的问题可能是由于美国的关税对劳动密集型产业给予了保护。

国际经济学答案完整版

国际经济学答案《国际贸易理论》作业题专业班级任课教师2012年下学期作业一一、单项选择题1.国际经济学在研究资源配置时，作为划分界限的基本经济单位是（）。

A.企业B.个人C.政府？D.国家2.国际经济学理论体系发展阶段不包括（）。

A.重商主义B.古典的自由贸易理论C.现代国际经济理论D.重农主义3.微观经济学研究的是单个社会的资源配置问题，而国际贸易理论研究的是（）。

A.—国的资源配置问题B.两国范围内的资源配置问题C.地区范围内的资源配置问题D.世界范围内的资源配置问题4.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是（）。

A.商品B.资本C.人员D.技术5.一个国家（）,能够在其生产可能性边界线之外的点上进行消费。

A.没有任何时候B.在充分就业的情况下C.同其他国家进行贸易时D.所有生产要素全部投入生产的时候6.在封闭条件下，如果一国生产技术的改进降低了小麦的机会成本，那么面粉的价格（），小麦的生产数量（）°A.下降，下降B.上升，减少C.下降，增加D.上升，增加7.本国生产&、b、c、d四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15,外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30,根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势（）。

A.d、aB. c、bC.&、dD. b、c8.如果机会成本递增，则国际贸易将导致（）。

A•每个国家不完全专业化，而且出口的生产成本不变B.每个国家完全专业化，而且生产成本下降C.每个国家不完全专业化，而且出口产品的机会成本下降D.每个国家不完全专业化，而且出口产品的机会成本上升9.对于两国贸易模型来说，国际均衡价格一定处于两国贸易前的（）。

A.最低相对价格水平之下B.最高相对价格水平之上C.相对价格水平之间D.根据具体情况而定10.重商主义认为衡量国家财富的标准应是（）。

A.商品B.生产力C.金银D.购买力二、多项选择题L在进行自由贸易后，一国的收入分配会发生如下变化（）。

国际经济学作业答案

国际经济学作业答案C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s ??Multiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework?(a) International trade in goods(b) International conflict resolution(c) International trade in services(d) International trade in factors of production(e) International borrowing and lendingAnswer: B2. The slope of the production function measures(a) the physical increase in output as country grows.(b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows.(c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds.(d) the marginal product of labor.(e) the marginal product of capital.Answer: D3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances(a) increase total world output.(b) improve the economic welfare of everyone.(c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere.(d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere.(e) None of the above.Answer: E4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin modelequilibrium with trade, then(a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country.(b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundantcountry.(c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capitalabundant country.(d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundantcountry.(e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C5. During the mass migration period of late 19th-early 20th centuries,(a) wages rose in the origin countries and fell in the destination countries.(b) wages fell in the origin countries and rose in the destination countries.(c) wages generally rose faster in the origin countries.(d) wages generally rose faster in the destination countries.(e) wages generally fell faster in the origin countries.Answer: C6. International borrowing and lending may be interpreted as one form of(a) intermediate trade.(b) inter-temporal trade.(c) trade in services.(d) unrequited international transfers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B7. The relative price of future consumption is(a) the interest rate.(b) unknown at any given time.(c) the real interest rate.(d) the relative interest rate.(e) None of the above.Answer: C8. A country that has a comparative advantage in future production of consumption goods(a) will tend to be an international borrower.(b) will tend to have low real interest rates.(c) will tend to be an international investor or lender.(d) will tend to have good work ethics.(e) None of the above.Answer: A9. A U.S. multinational corporation(a) has a controlling share in a foreign subsidiary and is not itself foreign controlled.(b) is foreign controlled and has no controlling share in a foreign company.(c) has a controlling share in a foreign subsidiary and may itself be foreign controlled by aforeign company.(d) is a U.S. company whose major markets are outside the United States.(e) None of the above.Answer: C10. Why a good is produced in two different countries isknown as the question of(a) internalization.(b) vertical integration.(c) exploitation.(d) location.(e) None of the above.Answer: D11. Internalization deals with the question(a) why workers prefer to work indoors(b) internationalization(c) why components are produced by one firm rather than by many.(d) Why a good is produced in two different countries(e) None of the aboveAnswer: C12. The home location of most of the world’s large multinational companies is(a) North America and Europe.(b) North America and Asia.(c) Europe and South America.(d) Europe and Asia.(e) None of the above.Answer: A13. Which of the following best refers to the outright construction or purchase abroad ofproductive facilities by domestic residents?(a) Foreign direct investment(b) Portfolio Investment(c) Short-term capital investment.(d) Long-term capital investment(e) None of the above.Answer: A14. Most direct investment in the United States has come from(a) Japan.(b) Canada.(c) Western Europe.(d) South America.(e) Asia.Answer: C15. Most U.S. direct foreign investment occurs in(a) communications.(b) agriculture.(c) petroleum.(d) manufacturing.(e) None of the above.Answer: D16. Most foreign direct investment in the United States occurs in(a) communications.(b) agriculture.(c) petroleum.(d) manufacturing.(e) None of the above.Answer: D17. Multinational corporations may provide benefits to their home countries for the followingreasons except which one?(a) Secure raw materials for the source country(b) Allow for exports of products, which involve company-specific trade secrets(c) Allow domestic firms to secure timely deliveries of commodities or products, which do notenjoy a stable or deep market internationally(d) Shift home country technology overseas via licensing(e) None of the above.Answer: D18. Trade analysis involving multinational corporations differs from our conventional tradeanalysis because multinational corporation analysis involves(a) absolute cost differentials rather than comparative cost differentials.(b) the international movement of factor inputs as well as that of finished goods.(c) purely competitive markets rather than imperfectly competitive markets.(d) portfolio investments rather than direct foreign investment.(e) None of the above.Answer: B19. Direct foreign investment may take any of the following forms except(a) investors buying bonds of an existing firm overseas.(b) the creation of a wholly owned business overseas.(c) the takeover of an existing company overseas.(d) the construction of a manufacturing plant overseas.(e) None of the above.Answer: A20. Which of the following could logically explain why foreign direct investment might be attractedto the United States?(a) U.S. wage rates exceeding the productivity of U.S. labor(b) U.S. price ceilings that hold down the price of energy(c) Especially high price/earning ratios associated with the stock of U.S. firms(d) Anticipations of future reductions in U.S. non-tariff barriers(e) None of the above.Answer: B21. Multinational corporations(a) increase the transfer of technology between nations.(b) make it harder for nations to foster activities of comparative advantage.(c) always enjoy political harmony in host countries in which their subsidiaries operate.(d) require governmental subsidies in order to conduct worldwide operations.(e) None of the above.Answer: A22. American labor unions have recently maintained that U.S. multinational corporations havebeen(a) exporting American jobs by investing overseas.(b) exporting American jobs by keeping investment in the United States.(c) importing cheap foreign labor by shifting U.S. investment overseas.(d) importing cheap foreign workers by keeping U.S. investment at home.(e) None of the above.Answer: A23. Multinational corporations(a) always produce primary goods.(b) always produce manufactured goods.(c) always produce services.(d) may produce primary or manufactured goods.(e) None of the above.Answer: D24. ___________ refers to highly educated and skilled people who migrate from poor developingcountries to wealthy industrial countries.(a) Direct investment(b) Portfolio investment(c) Transfer pricing(d) Brain drain(e) None of the above.Answer: D25. International labor mobility(a) leads to wage convergence by raising wages in destination country and lowering in sourcecountry.(b) is in accordance with the specific factors model(c) is in accordance with the Heckscher-Ohlin factor proportions model.(d) leads to wage convergence by raising wages in source and lowering them in destinationcountry.(e) is in accordance with scale economy model.Answer: D26. In theory, labor mobility is(a) a complete complement to trade flows.(b) a partial complement to trade flows.(c) a complete substitute for trade flows.(d) a partial substitute for trade flows.(e) None of the above.27. In practice, international labor mobility is(a) a complete complement to trade flows.(b) a partial complement to trade flows.(c) a complete substitute for trade flows.(d) a partial substitute for trade flows.(e) None of the above.Answer: D28. If one observes that Japan was traditionally a net foreign lender, one could conclude thatrelative to its international trade and financial partners(a) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward future consumption.(b) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are larger than that of the other countries.(c) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward present consumption.(d) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are not biased.(e) None of the above.29. Rapidly growing developing countries tend to be borrowers on the international capitalmarkets. From this information we may surmise that they have a comparative advantage in(a) capital goods.(b) future income.(c) disposable income.(d) consumer goods.(e) present income.Answer: B30. It may be argued that theoretically, international capital movements(a) tend to hurt the donor countries.(b) tend to hurt the recipient countries.(c) tend to hurt labor in donor countries.(d) tend to hurt labor in recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: C31. Transactions between branches of the same multinational corporations account for ________of U.S. imports.(a) one quarter(b) one third(c) one half(d) three quarters(e) allAnswer: C。

《国际经济学》作业参考答案

《国际经济学》作业参考答案一、判断题１．F２．F ３．T ４．F ５．T ６．T ７．T ８．T ９．F １０．F １１．F １２．T１３．T １４．T １５．F １６．F １７．T １８．F １９．T ２０．F ２１．F ２２．T２３．F ２４．F二、选择题１．c ２．d ３．b ４．b ５．c ６．d ７．d ８．c ９．a １０．c １１．b １２．d １３．A １４．A １５．B １６．D １７．D １８．B １９．C ２０．D ２１．D ２２．A ２３．C ２４．C ２５．c ２６．b ２７．d ２８．d ２９．c ３０．c ３１．d ３２．b ３３．d ３４．b ３５．D３６．c ３７．a ３８．d ３９．a ４０．d ４１．d ４２．d ４３．b ４４．d ４５．c ４６．b三、概念解释１．罗伯津斯基定理：在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。

２．幼稚产业理论：是从动态角度提出了保护那些具有潜在优势的新兴产业的观点，但这种保护是一种暂时性的。

判别幼稚产业的标准主要有三种：其中穆勒标准强调将来的竞争优势，而巴斯塔布尔标准认为幼稚产业不仅强调将来的竞争优势，而且将来的预期收益的现值应能抵消现有的保护成本，坎普标准则更为注重外部规模京的重要性。

３．战略性贸易政策：该政策是针对一种特殊的不完全竞争市场结构---寡头垄断市场结构提出的。

在寡头垄断市场结构下，政府对贸易活动进行干预目的是改变市场结构或环境，以提高本国企业的国际竞争力，使本国企业获得更多的垄断利润或租金。

战略性贸易政策最为强调的政策主张有两种：一是出口补贴，而是进口保护以促进出口。

４．一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。

这是一个相对概念，与一国所拥有的生产要素的绝对数量无关。

５．斯托帕－萨谬尔森定理:无论两种要素的所有者倾向于消费哪种商品，国际贸易将提高一国出口产品中密集是用要素（即本国较丰裕的要素）的收益，而降低其进口产品中密集使用要素（即本国较稀缺的要素）的收益。

国际经济学作业答案

1.下表列出了在4种假定情形下，美、英两国1小时劳动可生产小麦与布匹的数量。

指出每种情况下，美、英两国具有绝对优势和比较优势的商品。

（绝对优势不作答，明白即可，只写比较优势商品）表1在美国和英国的生产可能性组合2.假设在上表中的B情形下，美国用4单位小麦与英国的4单位布交换：（1）美国获利多少？（2）英国获利多少？（3）互惠贸易的范围有多大？3.美国和英国两个国家，电脑和饮料两种产品。

表中数字代表两个国家生产单位产品的劳动投入（小时），且劳动为唯一生产要素。

假设美国总的劳动时间为800小时，英国总的劳动时间为600小时。

电脑饮料美国104英国63（1）计算两个国家生产电脑的机会成本（2）哪一个国家在生产饮料方面有比较优势？（3）贸易开放后，若电脑与饮料的交换比率为1:2.2，则与国内生产相比，英国进口每单位相关产品能够节约多少劳动？4.两个国家，本国和外国，两种产品，苹果和手机。

本国共有600单位的劳动力数量，每小时生产单位苹果需要3单位的劳动力投入，每小时生产单位手机需要2单位的劳动力投入。

外国共有400单位的劳动力数量，每小时生产单位苹果需要5单位的劳动力投入，每小时生产单位手机需要1单位的劳动力投入。

（1）画出本国和外国的生产可能性边界。

（2）贸易前，两国苹果的相对价格分别是多少？为什么？（3）画出世界市场苹果的供给曲线（4）如果贸易后苹果的均衡相对价格为2，画图说明本国和外国的贸易所得。

1.（1）A情况下，美国具有绝对优势的商品是小麦，英国具有绝对优势的商品是布；B情况下，美国具有绝对优势的商品是布和小麦，英国不存在具有绝对优势的商品；C情况下，美国具有绝对优势的商品是小麦，英国不存在具有绝对优势的商品；D情况下，美国具有绝对优势的商品是布和小麦，英国不存在具有绝对优势的商品。

（2）A情况下，美国具有比较优势的商品是小麦，英国则相反；B情况下，美国具有比较优势的商品是小麦，英国则相反；C情况下，美国具有比较优势的商品是小麦，英国则相反；D情况下，由于两种商品的两国生产率之比相同，两国不存在具有比较优势的商品。

国际经济学作业答案-第四章

国际经济学作业答案-第四章Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin ModelMultiple Choice Questions1. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border would(a) move the point of production along the production possibility curve.(b) shift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.(c) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensiveproduct.(d) shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the capitalintensiveproduct.(e) None of the above.Answer: D2. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ in(a) tastes.(b) military capabilities.(c) size.(d) relative availabilities of factors of production.(e) labor productivities.Answer: D3. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade will benefitthe owners of(a) capital.(b) the relatively abundant factor of production.(c) the relatively scarce factor of production.(d) the relatively inelastic factor of production.(e) the factor of production with the largest elasticity of substitution. Answer: B4. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, a change from autarky (no trade) to trade(a) will tend to make the wages in both countries more similar.(b) will equalize the wages in both countries.(c) will tend to make the wages in both countries less similar.(d) will tend to make wages equal to returns to capital.(e) will tend to make rents equal to interest rates. Answer: A国际经济学作业答案-第四章5. The Leontieff Paradox(a) supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.(b) supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.(c) failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.(d) failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.(e) proved that the U.S. economy is different from all others. Answer: D6. The Leontieff Paradox(a) refers to the finding that U.S. exports were more labor intensive than its imports.(b) refers to the finding that U.S. Exports were more capital intensive than its exports.(c) refers to the finding that the U.S. produces outside its Edgeworth Box.(d) still accurately applies to today ' s pattern of U.S. international trade.(e) refers to the fact that Leontieff —an American economist —had a Russian name. Answer: A7. The 1987 study by Bowen, Leamer and Sveikauskas(a) supported the validity of the Leontieff Paradox.(b) supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.(c) used a two-country and two-product framework.(d) demonstrated that in fact countries tend to use different technologies.(e) proved that the U.S. ' s comparative advantage relied on skilled labor.Answer: A8. Empirical observations on actual North-South trade patterns tend to(a) support the validity of the Leontieff Paradox.(b) support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.(c) support the validity of the Rybczynski Theorem.(d) support the validity of the wage equalization theorem.(e) support the validity of the neo-imperialism exploitation theory. Answer: B9. The Case of the Missing Trade refers to(a) the 9th volume of the Hardy Boys ' Mystery series.(b) the fact that world exports does not equal world imports.(c) the fact that factor trade is less than predicted by the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.(d) the fact that the Heckscher Ohlin theory predicts much less volume of trade than actually exists.(e) None of the above.Answer: C国际经济学作业答案-第四章10. If the Unted States had relatively more capital per worker than Mexico, and if the Leontieff Paradox applied to this trade,then a successful expansion of trade under NAFTA between Mexico and the United States would tend to benefit which group in the United States?(a) Environmentalists(b) Capitalists(c) Workers(d) Land owners(e) Skilled labor with relatively high levels of human capital Answer: C11. According to the Heckscher- Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a country 's(a) technology.(b) advertising.(c) human capital.(d) factor endowments.(e) Both (a) and (b).Answer: D12. The Hechscher-Ohlin model states that a country will have a comparative advantage in the good or service whoseproduction is relatively intensive in the _________________ with which the country is relativelyabundant.(a) tastes(b) technology(c) factor of production(d) opportunity cost(e) scale economy Answer: C13. One way in which the Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardo model of comparative advantage is by assumingthat _______________________________ is (are) identical in all countries.(a) factor of production endowments(b) scale economies(c) factor of production intensities(d) technology(e) opportunity costs Answer: D14. According to the Hecksher-Ohlin model,(a) everyone automatically gains from trade(b) the scarce factor necessarily gains from trade(c) the gainers could compensate the losers and still retain gains.(d) a country gains if its exports have a high value added.(e) None of the above.Answer: C国际经济学作业答案-第四章15. The Heckscher-Ohlin model assumes that ____ are identical in all trading countries(a) tastes(b) technologies(c) factor endowments(d) Both (a) and (b).(e) None of the above.Answer: B16. As opposed to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, the assumption of diminishing returns in theHeckscher-Ohlin model means that the probability is greater that with trade(a) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.(b) countries will benefit from free international trade.(c) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.(d) comparative advantage is primarily supply related.(e) None of the above.Answer: A17. Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Country H is relatively laborabundant, then once trade begins(a) wages and rents should rise in H(b) wages and rents should fall in H(c) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.(d) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.(e) None of the above.Answer: C18. Which of the following is false (for the Heckscher-Ohlin model)?(a) If tastes are not identical in both countries, wages may still equalize.(b) Differences in technologies could be the source of gains from trade.(c) Some groups may gain and some may lose due to trade.(d) Gains for the trade-related winners will tend to be larger than losses of losers.(e) None of the above.Answer: B19. If tastes differed between countries, this could affect(a) wage equalization due to trade with no specialization.(b) the direction of trade (who exports what to whom).(c) the fact that some groups in a country might lose welfare due to trade.(d) the fact that the country as a whole will gain from trade.(e) None of the above. Answer: B国际经济学作业答案-第四章20. Suppose that there are two factors, capital and land, and that the United States is relatively land en dowed while theEuropea n Union is relatively capital-e ndowed. Accordi ng to the Heckscher- Ohlin model,(a) European Iandowners should support U.S.-European free trade.(b) European capitalists should support U.S.-European free trade.(c) all capitalists in both countries should support free trade.(d) all landowners should support free trade.(e) None of the above.An swer: B21. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, if the United States is richly endowed in human-capital relative to Mexico, the nas NAFTA in creas in gly leads to more bilateral free trade betwee n the two coun tries,(a) the Un ited States will find its in dustrial base sucked into Mexico.(b) Mexico will find its relatively highly skilled workers draw n to theUni ted States.(c) The wages of highly skilled U.S. workers will be drawn down toMexican levels.(d) The wages of highly skilledMexica n workers will rise to those in the Uni ted States.(e) The wages of highly skilledMexica n workers will fall to those inthe Uni ted States.An swer: E22. Assume that only two coun tries, A and B, exist.Consider the following data:If good S is capital intensive, then following the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory,(a) country A will export good S.(b) country B will export good S.(c) both countries will export good S.(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.(e) Insufficient information is given.An swer: B23. Continuing from Question #22, if you are told that Country B is very much richer than Country A, the n the correct answer is:(a) country A will export good S.(b) country B will export good S.(c) both countries will export good S.(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.(e) insufficient information is given.An swer: B国际经济学作业答案-第四章24. Continuing from Question #22, you are told that Country B is very much larger than country A. The correct answeris:(a) country A will export good S.(b) country B will export good S.(c) both countries will export good S.(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.(e) insufficient information is given.Answer: B25. Continuing from Question #22, you are told that Country B has no minimum wage or child labor laws. Now thecorrect answer is:(a) country A will export good S.(b) country B will export good S.(c) both countries will export good S.(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.(e) Insufficient information is given.Answer: B26. Continuing from Question #22, you now are told that the labor unions representing the workers in each of the tworespective countries are considering lobbying against the opening of international trade between these twocountries. Note that workers ' income is derived solely from wages.(a) This would be a misguided decision from the viewpoint of the workers in both countries, since trade is alwaysbetter than autarky.(b) This would be a good decision from the viewpoint of workers in Country A since international trade helps thecapitalists and hurts the workers.(c) This would be a good decision from the viewpoint of workers in Country B since international trade helps theowners of capital and hurts the workers.(d) This would be a good decision for both unions since trade hurts workers wherever they live.(e) None of the above.Answer: C27. We are now told that the information given us in Question #22 was not exactly accurate, and that in fact S isrelatively capital intensive only when relative wages are high, but becomes relatively labor intensive when relative wages are low. Given this information:(a) country A will export good S.(b) country B will export good S.(c) both countries will export good S.(d) trade will not occur between these two countries.(e) Insufficient information is given.Answer: E国际经济学作业答案-第四章28. The following are all assumptions that must be accepted in order to apply the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory, except forone:(a) countries differ in their endowments of factors of production.(b) countries differ in their technologies.(c) there are two factors of production.(d) production is subject to constant returns to scale.(e) one product always requires more machines per worker in its production than does the other product.Answer: B29. In international-trade equilibrium in the Heckscher-Ohlin model,(a) the capital rich country will charge less for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poorcountry for the capital-intensive good.(b) the capital rich country will charge the same price for the capital intensive good as that paid for it by the capitalpoor country.(c) the capital rich country will charge more for the capital intensive good than the price paid by the capital poorcountry for the capital-intensive good.(d) the workers in the capital rich country will earn more than those in the poor country.(e) the workers in the capital rich country will earn less than those in the poor country. Answer: B30. If two countries were very different in their relative factor availabilities, then we would not expect which of thefollowing to be empirically supported?(a) The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem(b) The Factor Price Equalization Theorem.(c) The Law of One Price(d) The Law of Demand(e) None of the above. Answer: B31. When Country A produces both goods more efficiently than Country B, then(a) country A should produce both goods and not trade.(b) country A should specialize in its good of least absolute disadvantage.(c) both countries would benefit from autarky.(d) both countries may not benefit from trade.(e) None of the above. Answer: E32. The minimum information required to determine Country A 's comparative advantage is(a) the number of hours of labor in the economy of A.(b) ratio of labor inputs for products S and T in A.(c) total available labor, labor required per unit of S, and labor required per unit of T in A.(d) total available labor and the ratio of labor inputs for S and T in A.(e) None of the above. Answer: E国际经济学作业答案-第四章33. The slope of a country ' s PPF reflects(a) the opportunity cost of product S in terms of product T.(b) the opportunity cost of T in terms of money prices.(c) the opportunity cost of S or T in terms of S.(d) Both (a) and (b).(e) Both (a) and (c).Answer: A34. The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following except:(a) which country will export which product.(b) which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.(c) the volume of trade.(d) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: C35. The Heckscher-Ohlin model differs from the Ricardian model of Comparative Advantage in that the former(a) has only two countries.(b) has only two products.(c) has two factors of production.(d) has two production possibility frontiers (one for each country).(e) None of the above.Answer: C36. International trade has strong effects on income distributions. Therefore, international trade(a) is beneficial to everyone in both trading countries.(b) will tend to hurt one trading country.(c) will tend to hurt some groups in each trading country.(d) will tend to hurt everyone in both countries.(e) will be beneficial to all those engaged in international trade. Answer: C37. Factors tend to be specific to certain uses and products(a) in countries lacking comparative advantage.(b) in the short run.(c) in capital-intensive industries.(d) in labor-intensive industries.(e) in countries lacking fair labor laws.Answer: B国际经济学作业答案-第四章38. If the price of the capital intensive product rises more than does the price of the land intensive product, then(a) demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its production will decrease.(b) demand will shift away from the capital-intensive product, and its production will decrease relative to that of theland intensive product.(c) the production of the capital-intensive product will indeed decrease, but not for the reasons mentioned in (a) or(b).(d) the countries exporting the capital-intensive good will lose its comparative advantage.(e) None of the above. Answer: E39. If Australia has relatively more land per worker, and Belgium has relatively more capital per worker, then if tradewere to open up between these two countries,(a) the relative price of the capital-intensive product would rise in Australia.(b) the world price of the land-intensive product would be higher than it had been in Belgium.(c) the world price of the land intensive product would be higher than it had been in Australia.(d) the relative price of the land intensive product would rise in Belgium.(e) None of the above. Answer: C40. If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open upbetween these two countries,(a) the real income of capital owners in Australia would rise.(b) the real income of labor in Australia would clearly rise.(c) the real income of labor in Belgium would clearly rise.(d) the real income of landowners in Belgium would fall.(e) the real incomes of capital owners in both countries would rise. Answer: D41. If trade opens up between the two formerly autarkic countries, Australia and Belgium, then(a) the real income of Australia and of Belgium will increase.(b) the real income of Australia but not of Belgium will increase.(c) the real income of neither country will increase.(d) the real income of both countries may increase.(e) the real income of both countries will increase. Answer: D42. If the price of food (a land intensive product) rises, then the income of capital owners will fall because(a) capital owners consume only food.(b) the real wage in terms of manufactures rises.(c) they must pay higher wages to maintain subsistence levels.(d) food is an element of organic capital for capitalists.(e) None of the above. Answer: B国际经济学作业答案-第四章43. If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively landintense then trade between these two, formerly autarkic countries will(a) lead to perfect specialization with Japan alone producing manufactures.(b) create a world relative price of food that is lower than that of the U.S.(c) lower the price of food in both countries.(d) raise the price of food in both countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: E44. The reason trade clearly benefits a country is that(a) it raises the real income of the more productive elements in society.(b) it lowers the real income of the less productive elements in society.(c) it increases the levels of consumption of everyone.(d) it increases society ' s consumption choices.(e) None of the above.Answer: D45. As compared to potential gainers, those who stand to lose from trade(a) are likely to migrate to another country.(b) tend to be more effectively organized politically.(c) tend to reject compensation as smacking of socialism.(d) are universally opposed by economists who consider them parasites.(e) None of the above.Answer: B46. Those who stand to gain from trade(a) do not really care about the issue of income redistribution.(b) could not compensate losers since there are so many poor people.(c) could compensate losers but would rather not in modern industrial economies.(d) compensate losers at least partially through such legislation as unemployment compensation, orretraining grants.(e) None of the above.Answer: D47. Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby the government to(a) shift the direction of comparative advantage.(b) abolish the Specific Factor model from practical application.(c) provide public support for the relatively efficient sectors.(d) provide protection for the relatively inefficient sectors.(e) None of the above.Answer: D国际经济学作业答案-第四章48. It was found that when the United States imposed steel quotas, this caused harm not only to steel consumers, butalso to many producers for whom steel is an important input. This insight(a) suggests that general equilibrium models of tariffs will demonstrate that the partial equilibrium deadweight losstriangles tend to overstate the tariff harm.(b) suggests that the deadweight loss triangles from partial equilibrium models tend to understate the harm tosociety of protectionism.(c) suggests that it is quite sensible that producers tend to support quotas.(d) suggests that steel production is an infant industry in the U.S.(e) None of the above.Answer: B49. It was found that when the United States placed quotas on imported Japanese semiconductors, this harmed theinternational competitiveness of U.S. computer manufacturers. This is a good illustration of the principle that(a) trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector.(b) protectionism helps manufacturers but harms consumers.(c) protectionism harms the factor that is specific to the export sector.(d) effective protection is not the same as a nominal tariff or tariff equivalent.(e) None of the above.Answer: D50. Ricardo 's model of comparative advantage demonstrated no harm to anroyugp in the economy as a result of freetrade. This was probably because(a) Ricardo did not understand the concept of diminishing returns.(b) the specific factor model had not yet been invented.(c) Heckscher and Ohlin had not yet been born.(d) a model, which demonstrated such harm, would have been counter-productive to Ricardo ' spolitical or polemical aims.(e) None of the above.Answer: D51. When the Napoleonic Wars were over, the Corn Laws were enacted in England. This may be understood in termsof the following:(a) The Hecksher-Ohlin model.(b) The intra-trade model.(c) The monopolistic competition model(d) The scale economies model(e) None of the above.Answer: A国际经济学作业答案-第四章52. If Gambinia has many workers but very little land and even less productive capital, then, followingthe specific factor model, we know that Gambinia has a comparative advantage in(a) manufactures.(b) food.(c) both manufactures and food.(d) neither manufactures nor food.(e) Not enough information given.Answer: E53. If, relative to its trade partners, Gambinia has many workers but very little land and even less productive capital,then, following the specific factor model, in order to help the country welfare, the Gambinian government should(a) protect the manufacturing sector.(b) protect the agricultural sector.(c) protect both sectors.(d) not resort to protectionism(e) None of the above.Answer: DEssay Questions1. “ A good cannot be both lan-dand labor-intensive. ” Discuss.Answer: In a two good, two factor model, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin framework, the factor intensities are relative intensities. Hence, the relevant statistic is either workers per acre (or acres per worker); or wageper rental unit (or rental per wage). In order to illustrate the logic of the statement above, let us assumethat the production of a broom requires 4 workers and 1 acre. Also, let us assume that the production ofone bushel of wheat requires 40 workers and 80 acres. In this case the acres per person required toproduce a broom is one quarter, whereas to produce a bushel of wheat requires 2 acres per person. Thewheat is therefore (relatively) land intensive, and the broom is (relatively) labor intensive.2. “ No country is abundant in everything. ” Discuss.Answer: the concept of relative (country) factor abundance is (like factor intensities) a relative concept. When we identify a country as being capital intensive, we mean that it has more capital per worker than does theother country. If one country has more capital worker than another, it is an arithmetic impossibility that italso has more workers per unit capital.3. There is frequently a conflict between short-term and long-term interests in trade. Discuss.Answer: In trade models, the short term is typically defined as that (conceptual) period of time in which both the technology and the amount of factors of production are given and cannot be changed. When we state thatfree trade can be shown to be an optimal policy under certain circumstances, we mean that in the shortrun, this policy can bring a country to an optimum level of consumption. However, there is noinconsistency in the proposition that the optimum short run solution may not be the solution, whichmaximizes the likelihood of economic expansion or growth (the long run). For example, a policy whichmaximizes consumption may not take into account inter- temporal preferences, and hence may -“ shortchange ” future generations (or those who care for future generations).国际经济学作业答案-第四章4. International trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices. Discuss.Answer: This statement is typically “ true . . . but. ” Under a strict and limited set of assumptions, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin model which excludes country specific technologies; non- homothetictastes; factor intensity reversals; large country differences in (relative) factor abundances, more factors thangoods, and an equilibrium solution within the of specialization then”it ;may be demonstrated that internalconsistency demands that the above stated sentence is “ true. ” However, the minute one relaxes any of theabove listedassumptions one may easily identify solutions, which contradict the factor price equalization theorem.5. Countries that are willing to tolerate an unusually high quantity of pollution relative to their suppliesof other factors would tend to export -inte“nsipvoellutio”n goods. Discuss using the Hechs-cherOhlin (H.O.) model.Answer: This statement is badly crafted. It seems to imply that pollution per say is a proper factor of production. That is, just as if you add a worker, you get additional product, so the marginal product of pollution is positive. Theproblem here is that pollution is not really a factor of production, but rather an externality, which may be moretypical of imported goods than exported ones. In such a case, the statement above is false.6. Countries do not in fact export the goods the H.O. theory predicts. Discuss.Answer: This statement is not true. Although one may find many cases where it seems to be true (e.g. the Leontieff Paradox ), all one needs to do in order to render the above statement not (generally) true is to find onecounter example. In fact, one can find large subsets of agricultural and commodity products in which the H.Opredictions are generally fulfilled. Labor-intensive countries such as Bangladesh do in fact export relativelylabor-intensive goods. Capital-intensive countries such as Germany do in fact export capital-intensiveproducts (at least to South countries). Countries such as Costa Rica ( “ sunshine abundant ” ) tend to exportbananas (sunshine-intensive products). The U.S. (a wheat-land-abundant country) does indeed export wheat(a wheat-land intensive product). In fact, since the early 1980s, the Leontieff Paradox was not found todescribe the U.S. trade data (hence ratifying the H.O. theory).7. Why is the H.O. model called the factor-proportions theory?Answer: The H.O. model explores the nature and the limitations of assuming that the sole determinant of comparative advantage is inter-country differences in (relative) factor proportions.8. Why do we observe the Leontief paradox?Answer: There are many possible answers. They may be classified into three groups. One would argue that the model, or theory is wrong. The other would argue that the theory is correct (internally consistent and descriptive ofreal world data), but the real world data is incorrectly perceived, defined or measured. The third would arguethat the statement itself is wrong, and that in fact the Leontieff paradox itself is not actually observed, butrather is due to faulty logical rendering of the original model.国际经济学作业答案-第四章9. Why are prices of factors of production not equalized?Answer: Again this statement may or may not be argued to be true. On the one hand, the large volume and growth in world trade between the United States and other OECD countries during the 50 years sinceWorld War II has clearly been related to a near universal (average) convergence in real wage levelsin these countries, whereas the most obvious cases in which such a convergence did not take place(North-South countries) also happened to be cases in which trade was relatively small and“ missing.There are many theoretical reasons why factor price equalization may not occur. If the relativecountry relative abundances are very different, then the theory itself does not predict that the wageequalization will occur. The same is true of factor intensity reversals exist within relevant relativewage ranges. Dynamic migration models such as Harris- Todaro are another class of theory that may。