英语(心得)之如何高效进行“现在完成时态”的教学

英语(心得)之如何高效进行“现在完成时态”的教学
英语(心得)之如何高效进行“现在完成时态”的教学

英语论文之如何高效进行“现在完成时态”的教学

今年接初三年级,通过近一个月的教学发现学生们对英语中的时态理不清,尤其是现在完成时态更加困难。

初中英语教学大纲中规定现在完成时态是学生必须掌握运用的六种主要时态之一,而且历年来全国各省份的中考试卷均把现在完成时态作为必考内容。特别是延续性动词与非延续性动词的运用。但事实上不少学生对现在完成时的概念理解困难,运用不当,也是中考语法上失分较多的考点之一。那么现在完成时态究竟该怎样教学才高效呢?

一、现在完成时态知识点教学要集中化。现行人教版在初二下期基本把现在完成时态分好多个单元进行讲解,知识点的编排采取了循序渐进、由浅入深的原则,有其科学性的一面,按要求我们要花三周的时间来不间断地串插讲解现在完成时的内容,我认为可能过于分散、冗长。通过几十年的摸索和实验我认为现在完成时的教学中如采取整体集中的方法,也就是说把现在完成时从课本里单列出来做专门的讲解,约用三到四个课时,其教学效果比分散讲解要好得多。知识点教学的整体化给学生带来两大益处:1)、易于理解:现在完成时是初中时态中,学生较难理解的一项,集中讲解,学生对现在完成时定义、结构的理解就会更加便捷、深刻,运用规范;2)、易于排除其他时态的干扰,由于现在完成时的动作发生在过去,而又与现在有关,故此一般过去时和一般

现在时,特别是一般过去时对现在完成时所造成的辐射影响较大,学生判断困难,使用知识点整体化教学使学生从对比中领悟二者的区别。

二、知识点教学要条理化。教学现在完成时除了要遵循“集中化”,还要注意教学的步骤和环节,使知识点条理化。我是分为以下几个步骤进行阐述的:

1)、从中文角度引导学生正确理解现在完成时第一种用法的定义:现在完成时是表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。要向学生强调定义中的三个关键词,那就是:动作已经发生了,但没有明确的过去时间,而是强调现在,影响或结果。这时我直接在黑板上呈现一个现在完成时态的句子:I have seen the film, so ________________________.我告诉学生“看电影”的行为是过去发生的动作,要求学生写出可能的结果。学生写出了以下可能导致的结果或影响:

I have seen the film, so ________________________.

a) I know the film.

b) I don't want to see it any more.

c) I don't want to see it with you .

通过此环节让学生充分了解它不是一个简单动作的发生,而是有言外之意的。这时的课堂活动已经由教师满堂灌的单边活动转化成为了学生自主学习,积极探究的过程。在学习的过程中学生更能了解现在

完成时态定义的阐述。

2)、了解现在完成时态定义之后,呈现现在完成时态谓语的构成:“助动词have/has+done”,要学生了解不同的人称要用不同的助动词,并要求他们用现在完成时态进行语句的表达。For example:

1 I have finished my homework.

2 My father has gone to Shanghai.

在此之后,让学生再次谈论学习现在完成时态的感受。

3)、告诉学生动词过去分词的变化分规则和不规则二种,对于不规则变化要求学生必须熟记于心。对于现在完成时的肯定、否定、疑问等句式可以在教学中作一般讲解。而且还告诉学生现在完成时第一种用法中常与表示下列的时间状语连用: already(多用于肯定陈述句、never(多用于否定陈述句)、ever(多用于疑问句、问初次经历)、yet (用于否定陈述句)、just(位于谓语动词之前)、before(一般位于句末)、例如﹕

——Joe has already finished his homework .(当前“作业已完成”,没有作业的任务。他可以做他想做的事情了。)

——He has never seen the film.(对“电影内容不了解”。)

——Have you ever been to Beijing ? Never .(问第一次经历。)

——Mike hasn't finished his work yet .

——He's just given the book back to me .

——I haven't heard of that before .

注:already用在疑问句中,常表示怀疑、惊奇。

——Have you forgotten it already ?难道你已经忘记了?

当然,在呈现现在完成时态的时候,仍然可让学生自由讨论可能造成的影响或结果

4)、告诉学生找出现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。这是初学者十分容易混淆的两种时态,教学过程中能否使学生理解、掌握,直接关系到他们的运用效度。经过学生们的讨论,并在教师的帮助下,同学们找出了以下区别:

a)现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响,它和现在有紧密的联系,因此听话者要听内涵。而一般过去时则是直接陈述过去发生的一件事情,而不牵涉到对现在的影响。例如:——He finished his homework yesterday .(听话者只是知道一件事实,那就是他昨晚完成了家庭作业。)

——He has already finished his homework.(听话者要听的内涵可能是说话者说作业已完成,他是否想要表示要做他想做的其它事情了。)

b)一般过去时要跟过去的时间状语,而现在完成时一般不跟过去的时间状语。

5)设计语言环境,呈现现在完成时的第二种用法,并将其与第一种用法进行比较。我使用的作法是:在黑板上写几个句子,然后要求学生翻译。例如:

a) My father has borrowed the book for a week.

b) His uncle has arrived for two days.

c) I have bought the bike for two years.

d) His grandfather has died for three years.

学生当然会翻译。随后让同学们自己来分析老师加以讲解说明,他们不知道该怎么办。我然后启发他们说,“一个星期、两天、两年是不是借书、到达和买车所持续的时间呢?如果是的,这些动词具有可持续性吗?爷爷能不能死三年,”学生回答说没有。我然后要求同学将for所带的时间状语全部去除,句子又是否正确的。学生回答说是正确的,而且就是现在完成时第一种用法。就在这时学生仿佛明白了原因。我适时的引出了现在完成时的第二种用法,它表示过去已开始,并持续到现在的动作或状态,常和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用,动词必须要具有延续性。如:for + 一段时间;since + 一般过去时的句子/过去的时间点,动词必须要具有延续性。例如:——I have taught at the school for 10 years .

——He has worked on the farm since he left school .

——The Greens have been in China since 1982 .

之后,我在黑板上写出若干动词,要求学生判断它们是否具有延续性。

6)告诉学生在使用现在完成时态第二种用法时,有些句子汉语表达是通顺的,但是翻译成英语的时候却错了,其主要原因就是动词不具有延续性。那么怎样才能用英语正确的表达其汉语意思呢?随后告诉学生几种常见的变化方式:

a)用具有延续性的动词代替不具有延续性的动词,常见的有have和keep代替buy和borrow。例如:

I have had the bike for two years. (我买自行车已经两年了。而不是使用buy)

She has kept the book for two weeks. (她借这本书有两个星期了。而不是使用borrow)

b)用名词代替不具有延续性的动词,表示其身份的持续。例如:

He has joined the army for three years. ( F )

He has been a soldier for three years. ( T )

c)用形容词代替不具有延续性的动词,表示其状态的持续。例如:

His grandfather has died for over twenty years. ( F )

His grandfather has been dead for over twenty years.

( T )

d)用介宾短语代替不具有延续性的动词,表示其所处位置的持续。例如:

Tom has come to China for six months. ( F )

Tom has been in China for six months. ( T )

They have arrived in the U.S.A. for ten days. ( F )

They have been in the U.S.A. for ten days. ( T )

e)用副词代替不具有延续性的动词,表示其状态的持续。经常用on, over, out, in, away, here, there等来替代start, finish, go out, arrive, leave等动词。例如:

The film has started for 5 minutes. ( F )

The film has been on for 5 minutes. (T )

The play has finished for half an hour. ( F )

The play has been over for half an hour. ( T )

They have left for 40 minutes. ( F )

They have been away for 40 minutes. ( T )

7)现在完成时态第二种用法中常用的时间状语,如so far,by now,up to(till)now,for,since,in the past few…,during the last few…等。

We have planted more than two thousand trees by now.

Jim has learnt at least six hundred Chinese words since 1992.

Great changes have taken place in China during the last few years.

8)区别“have/has gone to”与“have/has been to ”。前者表示“人去了某地,当前不在说话的现场”,后者表示“人去过某地,并已回来”。试比较:

——He has gone to Beijing .(他去北京了,他不在说话的现场。)

——He has been to Beijing .(他曾去过北京,已回来了。)

自主参与,主动学习,积极探究是学生学好英语的前提和保证。在初中英语课堂教学中,教师要以任务型教学理念为指导,多设计一些贴近学生生活,学生能够积极参与的活动来激发他们的学习的兴趣。一旦兴趣养成,就是枯燥的语法讲解,也会取得事半功倍的效果。我相信只要学生主动参与积极理解,而不是传统教学中老师要求学生“给我背到,记到”就一定能提高效率,取得好成绩。

【初中英语】现在完成时-知识点归纳与练习(1)

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高考英语现在完成时真题汇编(含答案)及解析

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英语现在完成时态讲解学习资料

现在完成时 一、定义:表示一个动作在过去发生并对现在产生影响 表示一个动作由过去发生持续到现在有可能停下,也有可能延续下去 表示一个动作从过去开始发生到目前为止已经发生多次。 二、构成:现在完成时是由“助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词”构成的, 其规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同,不规则动词的过去分词则需加强记忆。 如:I have just cleaned my clothes.我刚洗过衣服。 My brother has done his homework already. 我的弟弟已经做完他的作业了。 友情提示:在现在完成时的各种结构中,have, has均为助动词,无实际意义,只起构成时态的作用,不可省略。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。 过去分词 1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。 四点变化规则: (1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词,将"y" 变为"i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed (4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词: AAA型 原型过去式过去分词 burst burst burst cast cast cast cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set shut shut shut

初中英语现在完成时态练习题

初中英语现在完成时态练习题 现在完成时态练习 一(写出下列动词的的过去式和过去分词 repair be hold begin hurt pay learn run leave send lose cut win catch understand move throw feel swim get sleep eat study sing take 二(用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. I_______ already _______ (see) the film. I _____ (see) it last week. 2. ----- _______ he ________(finish) his work ? ------Not yet. 3. The students (leave) school when the accident happened yesterday. 4. -----_______ you ever ________(eat ) chocolates? ----No, never. 5. --- I ___________ (see) the fil m “Chicken Run” last week.

--- Where ________ you _______ (see) it? 6. We (hold) a sports meeting next week. 7. Shanghai _______ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago. Now it __ _ (become) a large city. 8. I __________ (work) here since I __________ (move) here in 1999. 9. So far I ______________(make) quite a few friends here. 10. How long ___ __ the Smiths ____(stay)here? ---- For two weeks. 11. What he (do) at 8:00 last night? 12. Mum (cook) when I got home yesterday. 13. I ____________ (not want) to see the film. I ___________ (see) it with my parents. We _________ (see) it last Sunday. 14. The teacher told us that the earth (travel) around the sun. 15. __ ____ you ____ ___ (read) today’s newspaper yet? 16. They _ _ ___already___ __(do) their homework. 17.--- Where is Jim?--- He ___ __ (water) the flowers in the garden. 18. She ____________ (be) ill for three days. I’m sorry to heat that. 19. A squirrel (hide) itself if it (feel) dangerous. 20.---What Tom (do) now? ---He (work) on a maths problem. --- He (work) it out? ---No, not yet. I (think) he (work) it out soon. 21. --- I (hear) a lot about Hong Kong Disneyland recently. --- Next time you go to Hong Kong, I will take you there.

2020年高考英语现在完成时时态小结

2017年高考英语现在完成时时态总结 一、基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词 ①肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语。 ②否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词)+宾语。 ③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语。 ④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词(V-ed)+其他) 过去分词变化规则如下: 1 、规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则: (1)一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited (2)以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived (3)以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied , cry---cried---cried (4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词变化需参看不规则动词表逐一熟记。例如: cut- cut- cut, hit--hit-- hit 二、用法

1 、现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。 例如:Ihave already posted the photo. 我已经把照片寄走了。强调post对现在的影响“照片不在这里”。 2、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示),常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。 例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) 注意:for和since的用法。 ①for+时段为…时间 ②since+过去一个时间点(译为:自从……以来) ③since+时段+ago ④since+从句(过去时) ⑤It is+时段+since+从句(过去时) 注:瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose……)不能直接与for 或since 引导的时间段连用。要改变成延续性动词。变化如下:e/arrive/reach/get to-----be in go out----be out finish----be over open----be open

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recently; recent years; these days/ years; lately; since; for+时间段;in the past few years; ever since; in the last five months; up to now; since then; so far; ever; never, yet; once; twice; already; before; just already (已经): 用于肯定句 I have already posted the letter . yet(已经): 用于否定句,疑问句 He hasn’t done his homework yet. just(刚刚)

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