八年级上册英语语法专项
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语法专项
一. 动词
动词是表示动作或处于某种状态的词,它分为行为动词,系动词、助动词和情态动词,动词种类多,变化又复杂,是学习英语的难点之一,下面根据动词的特点进行归类,并提供一些辨别方法,以便于理解和掌握。
1. 行为动词在动词中数量最多,它含有实在的意义(又叫实义动词),表示动作或状态,在句中可以单独作谓语,行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词后面必须加宾语,意义才完整,不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语,常需要在宾语前加介词才能带宾语。
eg:
We study English very hard.
She has a book in her hand.
The sun rises in the east.
2. 连系动词本身有一定词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语,常见的连系动词有:be, look, sound, get, become等。
eg:
My parents are both farmers.
The milk tastes terrible.
The song sounds good.
3. 助动词本身无词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和主要动词构成谓语,表示疑问,否定,时态或其它语法形式。常见的助动词有:be, have, do, will, shall等。
eg:
Do you have a brother?
Have you got an English-Chinese dictionary?
I didn’t go to the cinema yesterday.
4. 情态动词本身有词义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示说话者的语气和情态,情态动词没有人称和数的变化,情态动词本身可以构成疑问和否定,常见的情态动词有:can, may, must, will, shall, need等。
eg: Can you sing the English song?
Everyone must get to school on time.
二. 动词的时态:
(一)时态概述:作谓语的动词用来表示动作(情况)发生时间的各种形式称为时态,英语中的时态,就是通过特殊的动词词尾或加一些相关的助动词be, have(has)等,用来表示动作或事件发生的不同时间和方面。
eg: He reads newspapers every day.
He read the newspaper yesterday.
He is going to read the newspaper tomorrow.
(二)一般现在时:
1. 动词变化:一般现在时主要用动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s,另外be和have有特殊的人称形式。
在加词尾-s时要注意:
情况加法例词
一般情况加-s reads, writes, says
以ch, sh, s, x, 或o收尾的词加-es teaches, washes,
guesses, fixes, goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-es try-tries
carry-carries
2. 一般现在时主要表示:
(1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与这样的时间状语连用:always, often, usually, sometimes等
eg: We always help each other.
It often snows in winter.
I get up early every morning.
(2)表示主语现在的特征、性格、能力等。
eg: He loves sports.
Jane is an outgoing girl.
Tom and Tim both have medium height.
(3)表示客观、普遍真理
eg: Two and four makes six.
Water boils at 100℃
The moon moves round the earth.
3. 一般现在时的疑问句一般以在句首加助动词do,does的方式构成。第三人称单数加does,其他加do,这时动词一概用原形;动词be只需与主语位置对调就行了。
eg: Do you like English?
Do they have story books?
What does she do every evening?
Is she at home?
Are you good at English?
4. 一般现在时的否定式是do not(don’t)或does not (doesn’t)+动词原形来构成的,be动词做谓语动词只需在be后加not构成否定。
eg:
I don’t like oranges at all.
She doesn’t work in the TV station.
They aren’t students.
I’m not busy every weekend.
三. 现在进行时:
1. 动词变化:现在进行时由“am /is /are+动词现在分词”构成。加-ing的规则如下:
(1)一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。如:
stay-staying do-doing
listen-listening suffer-suffering
work-working spend-spending
look-looking
(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e,再加-ing。如:
make-making take-taking
give-giving ride-riding
please-pleasing refuse-refusing
close-closing operate-operating
(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ing。如:
put-putting sit-sitting
run-running win-winning
begin-beginning
2. 现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,这时可以不用时间状语,也可以和now, at present, at the moment等时间状语连用。有时用一个动词,如look(看),listen(听)。
eg: What are you reading now?
Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.
(2)表示当前一段时期的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
eg: They are working in a factory these days.
More and more people are giving up smoking.
(3)表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
现在进行时有时可表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,即可以用来代替将来时。
eg: When are you leaving?
Are you going to Tibet tomorrow?
3. 现在进行时的否定句和疑问句比较简单。否定句在be(am, is, are)后面加not;疑问句把be动词移到主语前。