雅思阅读 unit 3
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The FilmA The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895.Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.C One of the Lumiere Brothers' earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a 'work of genius'. 'As the train approached,' wrote Tarkovsky,'panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.'D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted -but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events.A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people traveled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived.Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded -at least in film fiction -have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery-the cars, the cities, the cowboys - became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopaedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.G The 'star' was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to knowwho they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television -as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories - early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again - that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.Question 1-5Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.1. the location of the first cinema2. how cinema came to focus on stories3. the speed with which cinema has changed4. how cinema teaches us about other cultures5. the attraction of actors in filmsQuestion 6-9Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage6. It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.7. The Lumiere Brothers, film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.8. Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.9. Storylines were important in very early cinema.Question 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10. The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrateA. the simplicity of early films.B. the impact of early films.C. how short early films were.D. how imaginative early films were.11. In Tarkovsky's opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that itA. aims to impress its audience.B. tells stories better than books.C. illustrates the passing of time.D. describes familiar events.12. When cinema first began, people thought thatA. it would always tell stories.B. it should be used in fairgrounds.C. its audiences were unappreciative.D. its future was uncertain.13. What is the best title for this passage?A. The rise of the cinema starB. Cinema and novels comparedC. The domination of HollywoodD. The power of the big screenReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Motivating Employees under Adverse ConditionsTHE CHALLENGEIt is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one, when organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees, when an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose- those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.KEY POINT ONEThere is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is amanagerial post in a larger bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and Feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.KEY POINT TWOThe literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisatiors' culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.KEY POINT THREERegardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management's perceptions of the employee's ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.KEY POINT FOURSince employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which the have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.KEY POINT FIVEManagers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee's specific goals. Consistent with maximizing the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.KEY POINT SIXThe way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs andoutcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcome , clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers' list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person's equity is another's inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.Question 14-18Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points.Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14 -18 on your answer sheet.15 Key Point Three16 Key Point Four17 Key Point Five18 Key Point SixQuestion 19-24Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage19. A shrinking organisation tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.20. It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.21. High achievers are well suited to team work.22. Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.23. The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.24. Employees' earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organisation.Question 25-27Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below. Match each group with the correct description, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.25 high achievers26 clerical workers27 production workersReading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging -the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie* yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. V arious interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans -rhesus and squirrel monkeys -have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate A TP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces A TP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries' as growth and reproduction.* calorie: a measure of the energy value of foodQuestion 28-32Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage28. Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.29. There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.30. Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.31. Diet-related diseases are common in older people.32. In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter lives than rats on a low-calorie diet. Question 33-37Classify the following descriptions as relating toA. caloric-restricted monkeysB. control monkeysC. neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeysWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.33Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.34Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.35Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.36Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.37Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.Question 38-40Complete the flow-chart below.Choose N O MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.参考答案1 A2 I3 J4 E5 G6 YES7 NOT GIVEN8 NOT GIVEN9 NO10 B11 C12 D13 D14 vii15 iii16 ii17 iv18 i19 NO20 NOT GIVEN21 NO22 YES23 NOT GIVEN24 YES25B26C27A28 NO29 YES30 YES31 NOT GIVEN32 YES33A34 B35 C36 A37 B38 glucose39 free radicals40 preservation。
殿廷版雅思阅读真命题-第三册答案解析
殿廷版雅思阅读真题库REAL IELTS READING EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS_DT ENGLISH ACADEMY殿廷教育简介殿廷教育（DIAN TING ENGLISH ACADEMY）由前雅思考官Roxanne 创办，是一家致力于雅思在线培训的教学机构。
该机构全部由资深外教授课，老师均拥有丰富的教学经验（学生多为日、韩、中国考生，多少学生在考试中取得了7分及以上的好成绩）我们常年跟踪研究雅思出题动态，总结了一套行之有效的教学方法。
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雅思阅读真题库使用说明雅思阅读真题库是殿廷雅思专业外教花费大量心血整理综合网上的资料并根据雅思阅读原文高度还原的真题库，还原后的考题与雅思官方考题出题点一致，只在表述上稍有不同。
需要指出的是，在每次考试中雅思官方都会对考题做一些调整，即文章相同，考题稍有不同。
因此阅读真题库的正确使用方法是，考生尽可能在有限的时间内去熟悉出题点，做到对文章的宏观把握，而不是机械地记忆答案。
掌握了出题点之后可以帮助考生在考场上大大节约时间去做其他的文章。
1342s3The Persuaders28YES29NOT GIVEN30YES31NO32B33C34D35C36trolleys37aisles38loyalty card39cosmetics40group1329s2Food for Thought14viii15ii16iv17x18i19v20vii21H22F23I24A25C26B27E1428s3Music：Language We All Speak27iii28vii29iv30i31viii32F33B34E35D36G37A38C39C40C1427s1Chinese Ancient Chariots14TRUE15FALSE16NOT GIVEN17elm1818to3219struts20bronze21dish22lubricating oil23neck24sand25complex14278s3The Rainmaker Design27.YES28.NO29.YES30.NOT GIVEN31.NO32.hot dry air33.moist34.heat35.condenser36.(pure)distilled water37.fans38.solar panels39.construction cost40.environmentally-friendly1411s1Animal's Self-Medicating1True2Not Given3False4True5pith6terpenes7alkaloids8detoxify9hooks10G11D12E13C1436s1PRT and RUF system1True2False3Not Given4Not Given5True6False7A8C9C10A11B12B13C,E,F1336s1Children and Food Advertising1viii2ii3vi4v5i6x7iii8NO9NO10YES11NOT GIVEN12YES13NOT GIVEN1449s2Pollution in the Bay1E2C3H4B5C6B7B8A9FALSE10NOT GIVEN11FALSE12TRUE13TRUE13167s1Seed Hunting14drugs and crops15extinction16pioneers17Sir Joseph Banks18underground vaults 19TRUE20NOT GIVEN21TRUE22TRUE23FALSE24TRUE25-26In any orderA foodB fuel1312s1Detection of a Meteorite Lake14TRUE15NOT GIVEN16FALSE17TRUE18FALSE19(high-pressure)air gun20sound energy/sound wave21(long)cable22hydrophones/underwater microphones 23ship container/shipping container24seismic reflection profiling25laboratory26three-dimensional/3D image27fishing nets1313s1Biomimetic Design1NOT GIVEN2FALSE3True4False5NOT GIVEN6False7True8the same way9carbon-fiber10limbs/legs and feets11self-cleaning12surveillance13lifesaving1311s2TV Addiction14TRUE15FALSE16TRUE17NOT GIVEN18-20ACD21D22B23A24E25popular pastime26TV addicts27orienting response14150s3Compliance or Noncompliance for Children27B28C29C30A31D32F33D34E35A36NO37YES38YES39YES40NOTGIVEN1311s1Bamboo1E2D3B4A5D6C7B8A9B10B11D12soil erosion 13paper15109s3Children's Literature14stories15America16folklore17fairy-stories18adventures19C20A21E22False23True24NotGiven25True26True1333s1Longaeva:Ancient Bristlecone Pine14H15B16C17A18D19A20C21energy,22stratification,23（bands of）bark,24（dry mountain）air,25ground cover,26distance15133s3Communication in Science27B28A29C30D31C32TRUE33NOT GIVEN34FALSE35FALSE36word choices37colloquial terminology38observer39description40general relativity1303s2Biodiversity14TRUE15FALSE16TRUE17TRUE18FALSE19NOT GIVEN20NOT GIVEN21keystone(species) 22fig family/figs23(sea)urchins24cactus moth25Australia26public education1348s2Australian water filter14.clay15.water16.straw17.cow manure18.950degrees19.60minutes20.FALSE21.TRUE22.NOT GIVEN23.NOT GIVEN24.C25.D26.A1435s1The Pearl1B2D3E4E5TRUE6FALSE7NOT GIVEN8B9J10K11F12C13D1411s2Amateur Naturalists27B28C29H30G31E32D33A34beekeeping(notes)35life cycle(s)36drought(s)37C38B39A40A1309s1T-rex Hunter 1TRUE2FALSE3NOT GIVEN4TRUE5NOT GIVEN6TRUE7FALSE8shin bone9slow walker10cheetah11run fast12blunt13crush10006s3Flight from Reality28navigation and communications 29radiation30antennae31smoke32C33D34B35E36A37TRUE38TRUE39NOT GIVEN40TRUE1430s1What Are You Laughing at？1D2B3A4C5B6A7H8F9I10D11FALSE12NOT GIVEN13TRUE1416s1Animal Minds:Parrot Alex14NOT GIVEN15NOT GIVEN16FALSE17TRUE18TRUE19FALSE20particularly chosen21chimpanzees22100English words23avian cognition24color25wrong pronunciation26teenager1307s1Learning by Examples14E15A16D17C18False19True20False21True22less23social24watched25observer26Nutcracker1422s1The Innovation of Grocery Stores14.D15A16.F17.C18.E19.clerk20.lobby21.galleries22.stockroom23.customers/shoppers24.C25B26.C1438s2Bird Migration28iv29i30ii31vii32x33v34viii35-36in any order35A36B37parental guidance38compass39(daytime)predators 40visible14273s1The Effects of Living ina Noisy World185dBA2secondhandnoise3high-frequency4stomach contractions5noise maps6D7A8C9E10B11Nonauditory effects12acoustical tile13street designs1333s2storytelling,From Prehistoric Caves to Modern Cinemas14D15G16A17B18H19B20B21C22A23Poetics24tragedy25landmarks26flaw/weakness1444s2left-handedor right-handed2814C29A30B31F32D33D34B35C36A37Yes38No39Not Given40Not Given1307s2Exploring theBritish Village14-19：14v15iii16iv17vi18x19i20-24：20cottages21Domesday Book22self-sufficient23remnants24triangular25-2625I26F1432s3The legend ofEaster Island27v28ii29iii30viii31NOT GIVEN32TRUE33FALSE34FALSE35NOT GIVEN36TRUE37growing population38racist assumption39archeologicaland historical40inhumane behavior14133s1Ecotourism1A2D3C4B5A6C7D8A9B10sustainable11adventure12tropical forest13illegal killing1304s2We have Star performers14C15F16B17G18NOT GIVEN19YES20NO21YES22analysts/star-stock analysts23performance star/star/star performer 24working environment/settings25salary26rivals10007Sand Dunes27i28v29x30vii31ix32ii33vi34iv35B36C37barchans38compound39tones40deserts1345s1The Color of Butterfly28E29B30G31F32D33False34True35NOT GIVEN36False37NOT GIVEN38True39D40B1201s1Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation1B2D3C4C5A62-3seconds710seconds8100-12092001095-16411B12C13E14F1332s2Art in Iron and Steel14C15E16H17B18A19G20Abraham Darby III21timber22Severn River23Coalbrookdale museum24B25D26G1327s1Radio Automation1chip2grit3molten zinc4milling machine5Robot hands6valves7loudspeakers8cheaper9components10lighter11cost12A13C1415s2Activities for Children ABCDTTNGFCBCAB1308s3Memory Decoding27E28D29B30F3130seconds32specific person33loci method34synesthesia35practice36YES37YES38NO39NOT GIVEN40NO1426s1Child Development in Western Societies28.TRUE29.FALSE30.FALSE31.NOT GIVEN32.TRUE33.FALSE34.TRUE35.Industrialization36.Social reformers37.play and educationeful child39.half-time schools40.going to school1337s1Amazing Animal:Otter1C2A3G4E5B6D7F8C9Salt water10Sight11Swimming speed12Coastal otters13Moles1449s1Brunel:'The Practical Prophet' ACBGGEFBCAustralia，4000，telegraphic cable，Suez Canal1338s2The Evolutional Mystery:Crocodile Survives14ii15vi16v17iv18ix19viii20x21dry season或者hot season；或者dry period均可22water23four months24body mass25dehydration:26growth。
雅思阅读第三篇技巧
雅思阅读第三篇技巧
雅思阅读第三篇是难度较大的一篇，因此需要掌握一些技巧来提高阅读效率和准确率。
以下是一些可能有用的技巧：
1. 确定主题和结构：在开始阅读之前，先确定文章的主题和结构，有助于更好地理解文章内容。
主题可以通过文章标题或第一段来确定，结构可以通过段落标题或小标题来确定。
2. 快速浏览全文：在开始阅读细节之前，快速浏览全文可以了解文章的大意和主要内容，有助于更好地把握文章的重点。
3. 寻找关键词和主题句：在阅读过程中，要注意寻找关键词和主题句，这些词句可以帮助你更好地理解段落的大意。
4. 掌握阅读技巧：掌握一些阅读技巧，如略读、跳读、猜测词义等，可以帮助你更快地阅读和理解文章。
5. 注意细节信息：在阅读过程中，要注意细节信息，这些信息可能对于回答问题非常重要。
6. 多练习：通过大量的练习来提高阅读速度和理解能力，是提高雅思阅读成绩的重要技巧之一。
希望以上技巧对你有帮助。
祝你考试顺利！。
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析摘要：I.引言- 介绍雅思考试- 说明阅读理解的重要性II.雅思17 套第三篇阅读概述- 文章主题- 文章结构- 文章难度III.阅读解析- 文章细节解析- 题目类型及解题技巧- 常见错误及注意事项IV.总结- 重申阅读理解在雅思考试中的重要性- 鼓励考生通过不断练习提高阅读水平正文：I.引言雅思（International English Language Testing System）是一种国际英语能力测试，被广泛用于评估非英语母语者在英语国家的学习、工作和生活能力。
雅思考试分为四个部分：听力、阅读、写作和口语。
在这四个部分中，阅读理解是很多考生认为较难的一部分。
因此，熟练掌握阅读理解技巧并在考试中取得理想成绩至关重要。
本文将针对雅思17 套第三篇阅读进行解析，以帮助考生更好地应对阅读理解部分。
II.雅思17 套第三篇阅读概述这篇阅读理解文章的主题是关于动物行为的研究。
文章从动物行为的起源、发展以及人类如何研究动物行为等方面进行了阐述。
文章结构清晰，首先介绍动物行为的起源，接着讨论了动物行为的发展，最后讲述了人类如何研究动物行为。
文章难度适中，涉及一些专业术语，但总体来说，考生通过词汇积累和阅读技巧应该可以顺利解答。
III.阅读解析在阅读理解部分，考生需要掌握一定的解题技巧。
针对这篇阅读文章，以下是一些建议：1.仔细阅读文章标题、副标题、图片和表格，以便对文章内容有一个大致的了解。
2.关注文章中的转折词，如“然而”、“但是”等，这些词汇往往暗示了作者观点的转变。
3.注意同义替换，雅思阅读理解题目中常常出现同义词或近义词替换的现象。
4.针对不同题型采用不同的解题策略，例如，细节题要注意定位关键词，推断题要注意从文章中寻找线索。
在阅读过程中，考生还应注意以下几点：1.不要过分依赖词典，尽量通过上下文猜测生词的含义。
2.不要拘泥于某个问题，遇到难题时，可以先跳过，等其他问题解答完毕后再回过头来解决。
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析
雅思阅读理解第三篇主要考察的是考生的学术阅读能力，通常包括自然科学、社会科学和人文科学等领域的内容。
为了更好地应对这一部分，我们需要掌握一定的解题技巧和策略。
一、解题技巧与策略
1.快速浏览：在开始解答问题之前，先花时间快速浏览文章，了解大致内容和结构，为接下来的问题解答奠定基础。
2.查找关键词：在阅读过程中，注意寻找关键词，这将有助于我们在解答问题时更快地找到相关信息。
3.判断题技巧：对于判断题，要学会通过原文寻找证据支持，而不是凭借主观猜测。
4.完成句子题技巧：在解答完成句子题时，要善于将选项与原文进行比较，找出最符合题意的答案。
5.段落匹配题技巧：在解答段落匹配题时，先看题目，再在原文中寻找相关段落，最后进行匹配。
6.事实细节题技巧：对于事实细节题，要仔细阅读原文，找出与问题相关的信息。
二、文章解析及练习建议
1.针对不同题材的文章，要熟悉其特点，例如自然科学文章通常有明确的实验过程和结论。
2.在练习过程中，要注意培养自己的阅读速度和准确性，同时熟悉各种题
型的解题技巧。
3.分析自己的错误原因，并针对性地进行改进。
4.定期进行模拟测试，以检验自己的学习成果。
总之，要想在雅思阅读理解第三篇取得好成绩，关键是要掌握解题技巧，不断提高自己的阅读能力。
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析
（实用版）
目录
1.雅思 17 套第三篇阅读解析概述
2.文章的主要内容和结构
3.文章的写作技巧和亮点
4.文章的价值和启示
正文
【雅思 17 套第三篇阅读解析概述】
本文将对雅思 17 套第三篇阅读解析进行详细的解读和分析，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这篇文章的内容和结构，同时也能从中学习和借鉴到一些写作技巧和亮点。
【文章的主要内容和结构】
这篇文章主要解析了雅思 17 套第三篇阅读的内容，从文章的主题、结构、写作技巧等方面进行了深入的解析。
文章首先介绍了雅思 17 套第三篇阅读的主题和背景，然后逐步解析了文章的各个部分，包括开头、主体和结尾，指出了文章的写作技巧和亮点。
【文章的写作技巧和亮点】
文章的写作技巧主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，文章的开头采用了引人入胜的叙述方式，吸引读者的注意力；其次，文章的主体部分采用了逻辑清晰的论证方式，使读者更容易理解和接受作者的观点；最后，文章的结尾部分采用了总结全文、点明主题的写法，使文章的结构更加完整。
文章的亮点主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，文章的语言简练、精准，表达力强；其次，文章的观点独到、深刻，给人以启示；最后，文章的结构严谨、合理，让人感到舒适。
【文章的价值和启示】
这篇文章对于读者来说，具有很大的价值和启示。
剑桥雅思9阅读解析test3
Passage 1Question 1答案： YES关键词： reasons, arguments occur定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“Popular linguistic debate... ”语言学上的普通争论通常会升级为谩骂和论战。
语言属于所有人，所以大多数人认为他们有权保留自己对语言的看法。
解题思路: 题干要判断对于语言的争论，原因是否可以理解。
原文陈述，语言属于所有人，大多数人有权保留对语言的看法，所以人们的观点会产生分歧是可以理解的。
题干与原文完全一致。
Question 2答案： NO关键词： language education, language usage定位原文：第1段第4句“And when opinions differ,…”而当看法出现分歧时，人们可能变得情绪激动。
语言用法方面的一点小事，就能像语言学教育政策中的重大问题一样很容易引起争论。
解题思路：题干要判断人们对待语言教育的态度是否比对待语言用法的态度更加强烈。
原文陈述，语言用法方面的一点小事都能像语言学教育政策中的大事一样引起争论，这说明对待语言用法与语言学教育政策的态度同样强烈。
题干与原文所述观点不一致。
Question 3答案： YES关键词： intelligence, affect定位原文：第2段第2句“No part of society or social…”所有社会组成部分或者社会行为无一例外。
语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力、社会地位、教育程度、工作能力以及许多身份与社会生存的其他方面。
解题思路：题干要判断使用语言的方式是否会影响人们对一个人智力的评估。
原文陈述，语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力……题干与原文完全一致。
Question 4答案： NOT GIVEN关键词： prescriptive, 18th century对应原文：第4段第1句“All the main languages…”解题思路：对所有主要语言的研究都是约定俗成的，尤其在18世纪对语法与词典的编写过程中。
雅思剑桥15text3阅读
雅思剑桥15text3阅读（原创实用版）目录1.雅思剑桥 15 Text3 阅读概述2.文章结构和主题介绍3.阅读答案详解4.备考建议和技巧正文【雅思剑桥 15 Text3 阅读概述】雅思剑桥 15 Text3 阅读是一道雅思阅读题目，题目类型为事实细节题。
这篇文章主要讲述了环保旅游的概念、发展历程和现状。
通过阅读这篇文章，考生需要回答一系列关于文章内容的问题。
【文章结构和主题介绍】文章分为四个部分：1.第一部分介绍了环保旅游的定义和初衷，如何在旅游过程中减少对环境的负面影响。
2.第二部分讲述了环保旅游的发展历程，从最初的自然保护意识到现代环保旅游的发展。
3.第三部分讨论了环保旅游在实践中遇到的问题，如旅游基础设施、政策和法规等方面的挑战。
4.第四部分展望了环保旅游的未来发展趋势，如何在旅游业的可持续发展中取得平衡。
【阅读答案详解】根据文章的内容，以下是针对题目的答案详解：14.判断题：文章开头提到了环保旅游的初衷是减少旅游对环境的负面影响，故答案为 Yes。
15.事实细节题：根据第二段，环保旅游的发展经历了三个阶段，故答案为 1965, 1980, 1990。
16.事实细节题：根据第三段，环保旅游在实践中遇到的问题包括旅游基础设施、政策和法规等方面的挑战，故答案为 Infrastructure, Policy, Regulations。
17.事实细节题：根据第四段，环保旅游的未来发展趋势包括生态旅游、可持续旅游等，故答案为 Ecotourism, Sustainable Tourism。
18.判断题：根据第四段，环保旅游在旅游业的可持续发展中取得了平衡，故答案为 Yes。
19.否定判断题：根据第四段，文章没有提到环保旅游已经成为旅游业的主要形式，故答案为 No。
20.判断题：根据第四段，文章提到了环保旅游在未来的发展前景，故答案为 Yes。
21.事实细节题：根据第四段，文章提到了生态旅游和可持续旅游是环保旅游的未来发展方向，故答案为 Ecotourism, Sustainable Tourism。
【朗阁】雅思高分篇阅读亚琳unit3
2nd sentence
Studies have shown that people tend to delay after an incident occurs before contacting the police.
Supporting details
A crime victim may be injured and thus unable to call for help, for example, or no telephone may be available at the scene of the incident.
Supporting details
For example, Japan has witnessed major growth of bicycle use, despite increased motorisation, through
programs providing extensive bicycle path, ……
China has for several decades offered commuter subsidies for those people bicycling to work, cultivated a domestic bicycle manufacturing industry, and allocated extensive urban street space to NMV traffic. This strategy reduced the growth of public transport subsidies while meeting most mobility need.
List of headings
剑桥雅思8真题及解析Test3阅读
目录剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage1 (2)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage2 (9)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage3 (16)剑桥雅思8阅读解析Test3Passage1体裁:说明文主要内容:用激光来回击闪电。
结构第 1 段 :泛泛论述闪电带来的巨大影响。
第 2 段 :美国和日本研究员尝试用激光回击闪电。
第 3 段 :历史上曾有人尝试发射火箭来回击闪电。
第 4 段 :发射火箭回击闪电的缺点。
第 5 段 :Diels 出于安全性的考虑,尝试用激光来回击闪电。
第 6 段 :激光回击闪电的原理。
第 7 段 :激光的方法也有缺陷,即不便于携带,因此 Diels 在做新的改进。
第 8 段 :Diels 预测并期待关注和支持的到来。
第 9 段 :其他科学家也会从 Diels 的研究中获益。
第 10 段 :激光的方法还有可能阻止冰雹。
考题解析Questions 1-3?●题型归类 :Multiple Choice 题目解析题目编号题目定位词答案位置题解1 main topic 文章的标题答案 D 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过激光来回击闪电”,因此答案是 D 选项,意思为“一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”,属于对标题的同义替换。
2 every yearlightening第一段答案 A 本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可定位于第一段。
B 选项可以通过 golfer 一词来定位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选项 B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改变了原意 ;C 和 D 选项可以分别通过 500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是 C 选项中将原文 in the UnitedStates 偷换成了 throughout the world,因此不对 ;D 中将原文的$100 million 偷换成 100 companies,也不对。
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析摘要：一、引言1.简要介绍雅思考试2.阅读部分的重要性3.本文针对的阅读篇章及题型二、阅读篇章解析1.第三篇阅读的标题和主题2.文章的主要结构和内容3.篇章中的关键信息点和细节三、题型解析与答题技巧1.题型一：判断正误（True/False/Not Given）2.题型二：选择题（Multiple Choice）3.题型三：填空题（Summary completion）4.题型四：简答题（Short Answer）5.题型五：图表题（Diagram Labeling）四、解题策略与建议1.详细阅读题目要求2.针对不同题型采用相应解题技巧3.时间分配与优先级4.注意篇章中的关键词和同义替换五、总结与展望1.阅读篇章与题型的重要性2.提高阅读成绩的方法和技巧3.建议考生加强日常阅读训练正文：一、引言雅思（International English Language Testing System）作为国际英语能力测试，旨在评估非英语母语者在英语国家的学习、工作和生活能力。
其中，阅读部分是雅思考试的四大项之一，要求考生在规定时间内完成一定数量的阅读题目。
本文将针对雅思17 套第三篇阅读进行解析，帮助考生更好地应对此类题型。
二、阅读篇章解析第三篇阅读的标题为《城市化对生态环境的影响》，文章讨论了城市化过程中对自然环境、生态系统和人类生活带来的影响。
通过阅读，我们可以了解到城市化对气候、土地使用、水资源、生物多样性等方面的影响，以及采取的措施和未来的发展趋势。
三、题型解析与答题技巧1.判断正误（True/False/Not Given）：此类题型要求考生判断题目陈述是否与文章内容一致。
在做题时，要注意定位关键词，找到原文依据，并关注同义替换。
2.选择题（Multiple Choice）：选择题要求考生从多个选项中选出符合题意的答案。
要仔细阅读题目，分析选项，并运用排除法。
3.填空题（Summary completion）：填空题要求考生根据文章内容填写空缺信息。
雅思Test 3 Passage 3 阅读译文
When evolution works against us当进化背离我们A Life has changed in just about every way since small tribes of hunter-gatherers roamed the earth armed with nothing but spears and stone tools. We now buy our meat from the supermarket rather than stalking it through the jungle; houses and high-rises shelter us at night instead of caves. But despite these changes, some very basic responses linger on. The short, sharp feeling of heightened awareness that sweeps through us when a stranger passes in a dark alley is no different, physiologically speaking, from the sensation our ancestors experienced when they were walking through the bushes and heard a dry twig snap nearby. It's called the 'fight or flight' response, and it helps us to identify dangerous situations and act decisively by, as the name suggests, mustering our strength for a confrontation or running away as fast as we can.自那些仅以长矛石器为装备的小规模的狩猎聚居部落游走于这地球上以来，生命就发生了改变。
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析
雅思17套第三篇阅读解析摘要：I.引言A.介绍雅思考试B.说明阅读理解的重要性C.提出本文将分析的阅读材料为雅思17 套第三篇阅读II.雅思17 套第三篇阅读解析A.文章主题1.说明文章主题2.分析文章结构B.题目类型1.说明题目类型2.分析题目难度及解题技巧C.解题步骤1.详细解析解题步骤2.提供实用的解题策略III.总结与建议A.总结雅思阅读理解的备考方法B.给出提高阅读理解成绩的建议C.强调坚持练习的重要性正文：雅思考试作为国际英语能力测试，对许多学习英语的人来说具有重要意义。
在雅思考试中，阅读理解部分对考生的语言能力进行了全面的考查，因此，掌握阅读理解的解题技巧对于取得理想成绩至关重要。
本文将分析雅思17 套第三篇阅读，以帮助考生更好地应对此类阅读材料。
一、雅思17 套第三篇阅读解析1.文章主题该篇文章主题关于“动物认知能力的研究”。
作者首先介绍了科学家们过去对动物认知能力的看法，接着提出了一些新的研究，挑战了传统观念。
文章结构清晰，观点明确，论证充分。
2.题目类型本篇文章的题目类型包括：判断正误、填空题、选择题等。
题目设置合理，考查了考生对文章细节、逻辑关系以及主旨的理解能力。
3.解题步骤（1）略读文章，了解大意。
在正式开始解题之前，考生可以快速浏览文章标题、副标题、小标题以及图片，以便对文章主题有一个初步的了解。
（2）细读题目，划出关键词。
考生应仔细阅读题目，找出关键词，以便在文章中寻找相关信息。
（3）查找信息，对比选项。
考生在找到题目相关信息后，应将答案与选项进行对比，排除干扰项，确定正确答案。
二、总结与建议1.总结通过分析雅思17 套第三篇阅读，我们可以发现，要想在雅思阅读理解中取得好成绩，不仅需要具备一定的英语基础，还需要掌握解题技巧和方法。
此外，考生在备考过程中，还应注意以下几点：（1）积累词汇，提高阅读速度。
（2）了解文章类型，熟悉题型。
（3）注重练习，培养解题习惯。
2.建议（1）坚持每天进行阅读练习，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
the earth is the third planet雅思阅读
the earth is the third planet雅思阅读
（实用版）
目录
1.地球在太阳系中的位置
2.地球的形成
3.地球的自然环境
4.地球的生态系统
5.人类对地球的影响
正文
地球是太阳系中的第三颗行星，位于离太阳约 1.5 亿千米的距离。
它是我们人类所知的最适合生命存在的星球，因此对于我们了解地球是非常重要的。
地球的形成可以追溯到约 46 亿年前，当时一个巨大的气体和尘埃的星云在引力的作用下不断旋转，最终形成了太阳和包括地球在内的其它行星。
在地球形成的早期，它的表面温度极高，环境极端，并不适合生命存在。
然而，在地球形成的漫长过程中，它的自然环境逐渐稳定，形成了适宜的温度和大气层。
地球上的生态系统也逐渐形成，包括了陆地、海洋、气候、植被和动物等各个方面。
这些生态系统相互关联，共同维持着地球的生态平衡。
人类的出现对地球产生了深远的影响。
我们开发和利用地球的资源，改变了地球的地貌和生态系统，对地球的环境产生了负面的影响。
例如，工业化带来的空气和水污染，过度开发导致的森林砍伐和土地沙化等。
总的来说，地球是我们生活的家园，了解和保护它是我们的责任。
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剑桥雅思6阅读test3
Passage1Question 1答案： A关键词：location/ first cinema定位原文: A段第1句“The Lumière Brothers opened…”解题思路: 吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号放映了他们制作的电影……，正确答案为A。
Question 2答案：I关键词：focus on stories定位原文: I段第3句“But what happened…”解题思路: 然而，事实上，电影已经成为一种叙事的媒介。
正确答案是I。
Question 3答案： J关键词：speed…has changed定位原文: J段第1句“And it has…”解题思路: 电影的发展是如此迅速。
对应J选项。
Question 4答案：E关键词：teaches…other cultures定位原文: E段第3句“Long before people…”解题思路: 早在人们到美国或其他地方旅行之前，他们就已经欣赏过目的地的风光，也领略过当地人的工作与生活方式，答案是E。
Question 5答案：G关键词：attraction of actors定位原文: G段第1句“The ‘star’ was…”解题思路: 明星是电影随之带来的另一个自然产物。
这句话和题干表达的意思一致。
Question 6答案：YES关键词：first audiences reacted to the cinema定位原文: B段第2句“But it is worth trying…”解题思路: worth 与 important 属于同义表达。
Question 7答案： NOT GIVEN关键词：train, the greatest films定位原文: C段第3句“…described the film…”解题思路: 相关定位处只是说到俄罗斯导演形容电影是天才的作品，并没有评价吕米埃兄弟的作品如何，这个属于未知信息。
雅思阅读Unit3
Enhancing the Taste of Our FoodA What are your favorite foods? Do you like pizza, hamburgers, roast pork ,or sweet cakes and cookies ? Chances are that ,whatever you like best , it has a strong taste and a salty ,sweet or savoury [´seivəri]（辣）flavour[´fleivə]（滋味). People generally like to eat tasty foods, and this can create potential（潜在的）health problems, especially with the consumption [kən´sʌmpʃən]（消费）of fast or processed（加工的）food. Fast food traditionally contain a lot of salt or sugar ,because this is a cheap way to make food taste good and it encourages people to buy more cookies ,chips and soft drinks ,for example. However, people are becoming increasingly（越来越多的）aware of the dangers of an unhealthy diet ,and the manufacturers [,mænjuˊfæktʃərəz]（厂商）of processed food know that sales will increase if they can advertise that their products have less salt or sugar .They also know that if their product tastes bland(乏味的) or boring ,no amount of health benefits will make it a popular choice with consumers ,and they will lose money if their product is not popular .However ,a new technology is currently being developed that may allow fast food manufacturers to reduce salt and sugar without sacrificing(影响) taste .B If you stick out(伸出) your tongue and look in the mirror,you will see that it is covered with tiny bumps [bʌmp]（凸起物）. These bumps are called taste buds(味蕾)and they are the receptors in our skin that allow us to taste different kinds of foods .There are five different taste receptors ,for sweet ,salty ,sour ,bitter and savoury(辣) flavours .When we are born we have a lot of these on the food of our mouth as well as on our tongue ,but as we get older ,we lose taste buds ,which is why older people find it harder to taste things .Adults typically have about 10,000 taste buds ,but older people may have as few as 5,000. We have more receptors for bitter tastes than for any others ; researchers think that this may be because these taste buds warn us if food is poisonous[´pɔizənəs](有毒的).C The food that we eat contains natural chemicals that fit into the different shaped receptors on our tongues ; for example, sweet foods trigger(引起) the sweet receptors .The technology to mimic(模仿) ,or copy, these nature flavours with chemicals such as aspartame[´æspa:teim](阿斯巴甜) has been in existence for a long time ,and aspartame is a common ingredient(原料) in many diet soft drinks and other diet products .While aspartame allows us to experience a sweet taste without eating sugar ,it also has disadvantages. Firstly ,many people do not like its bitter aftertaste(余味) ,and secondly , some people say that it is bad for health if taken in large quantities.D However ,a new technology is being developed that may be an improvement on artificial(人工的) sweeteners and other chemicals. Taste enhancers (增强剂) target the taste receptors on our tongues ,and they make us more sensitive to sweet ,sour or salty tastes .Just a few molecules [´mɔlikju:ls](分子) of a taste enhancer could double the sweetness effect of a teaspoon of salt .This means that instead of using artificial chemicals to make food tasty , food manufacturers could use half the quantity of the real substance (实物) and a tiny quantity of taste enhancer to make the food taste good .This has the potential to save food manufacturers money, by replacing large quantities of sugar and salt with tiny amounts of chemicals .It could also benefit our health if we can eat food that tastes good and is low in sugar and salt.E Taste enhancers have other advantages,too . People generally do not like bitter tasting food ,but reversing [ri´vəs](完全改变) this technology so that the bitter taste receptors are blocked(阻塞的) instead of stimulated [´stimjə,letid](受刺激的) may reduce the bitter taste ofsome healthy foods . This means ,for example , that people may be persuaded to eat more soy protein (大豆蛋白).F Taste enhancer technology is very new to the marketplace ,and as yet it is not widely used ,but it has the potential to make a significant change to the processed food industry ,and to improve healthiness of many fast foods .2.概括主旨题A .The Taste Buds on the Human TongueB .The Disadvantages of Fast FoodC. A New Technology to make our Food HealthierD .The Health Disadvantages of Sweet and Salty FoodC3.区分事实与观点（facts or opinions)。
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Enhancing the Taste of Our FoodA What are your favorite foods? Do you like pizza, hamburgers, roast pork, or sweet cakes and cookies? Chances are that, whatever you like best, it has a strong taste and a salty, sweet or savory flavor. People generally like to eat tasty foods, and this can create potential health problems, especially with the consumption of fast or processed food. Fast food traditionally contain a lot of salt or sugar, because this is a cheap way to make food taste good and it encourages people to buy more cookies, chips and soft drinks, for example. However, people are becoming increasingly aware of the dangers of an unhealthy diet, and the manufacturers of processed food know that sales will increase if they can advertise that their products have less salt or sugar. They also know that if their product tastes bland or boring, no amount of health benefits will make it a popular choice with consumers, and they will lose money if their product is not popular. However, a new technology is currently being developed that may allow fast food manufacturers to reduce salt and sugar without sacrificing taste.B If you stick out your tongue and look in the mirror, you will see that it is covered with tiny bumps. These bumps are called taste buds and they are the receptors in our skin that allow us to taste different kinds of foods. There are five different taste receptors, for sweet, salty, sour, bitter and savory flavors. When we are born we have a lot of these on the roof of our mouth as well as on our tongue, but as we get older, we lose taste buds, which is why older people find it harder to taste things. Adults typically have about 10,000 taste buds, but older people may have as few as 5,000. We have more receptors for bitter tastes than for any other; researchers think that this may be because these taste buds warn us if food is poisonous.C.The food that we eat contains natural chemical that fit into the different shaped receptors on our tongues; for example, sweet foods trigger the sweet receptors. The technology to mimic, or copy, these natural flavours with chemicals such as aspartame had been in existence for a long time, and aspartame is a common ingredient in many diet soft drinks and other diet products. While aspartame allows us to experience a sweet taste without eating sugar, it also has disadvantages. Firstly, many people do not like its bitter aftertaste, and secondly, some people say that it is bad for health if taken in large quantities.D However, a new technology is being developed that may be improvement on artificial sweeteners and other chemicals. Taste enhancers target the taste receptors on our tongues, and they make us more sensitive to sweet, sour or salty tastes. Just a few molecules of a taste enhancer could double the sweetness effect of a teaspoon of sugar, or the salty effect of a teaspoon of salt. This means that instead of using artificial chemical to make food tasty, food manufacturers could use half the quantity of the real substance and a tiny quantity of taste enhancer to make the food taste good. This has the potential to save food manufacturers money, by replacing large quantities of sugar and salt with tiny amounts of chemicals. It could be also benefit our health if we can eat food that tastes good and is low in sugar and salt.E Taste enhancers have other advantages, too. People generally do not like bitter tasting food, but reversing this technology so that the bitter taste receptors are blocked instead of stimulated may reduce the bitter taste of some healthy foods. This means, for example, that people may be persuaded to eat more soy protein.F Taste enhancer technology is very new to the marketplace, and as yet it is not widely used, but it had the potential to make a significant change to the processed food industry, and to improve the healthiness of many fast foods.I. Match the words in the boxes with their synonyms.1) industrially produced problems2) has very little flavour/boring consumers3) food with lots of flavour processed4) cause potential5) giving up tastes bland6) possible create7) the people who buy sacrificing8) advantages consumption9) difficulties tasty food10) eating benefitsII. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word in each sentence.a.There are five different taste receptors, or taste buds, on the human tongue.A. flowersB. cellsC. budsD. radiosb. The technology to mimic, or copy, these flavours has been in existence for a long time.A. photocopyB. make the sameC. make differentD. to be impolitec. People generally don’t like bitter food but the bitter food but the bitter taste buds can beblocked so that food tastes less bitter.A. opened upB. closed downC. make like saltD. make like lemond. Sweet and savoury taste buds can be stimulated so that food tastes even better.A. closed downB. dangerousC. developed lessD. developed moree. With this new technology, we no longer to use artificial or industrially produced chemicals tomake food tasty.A. healthyB. unnaturalC. naturalD. interestingf. Bitter taste buds warn us that food is dangerous for us to eat and could be poisonous.A. very sweetB. makes us sick or even dieC. medicineD. healthyh. Taste enhancers make the sweet, salty or sour tastes even better.A. flowersB. flavoursC. improvesD. people who taste food for a jobi. When we eat sweet food we stimulate the sweet taste buds, in other words, sweet food triggersthe sweet receptors.A. makes our teeth badB. uses a gunC. makes them work moreD. makes them work lessIII. Circle the correct letter, a-c, for each question.1)Manufacturers know that their sales will improve:a.if their food tastes bland or boringb.if they tell people they have reduced the sugar and saltc.if they tell people they have increased the sugar and salt.2)The artificial sweetener that manufacturers add to food is:a. a chemicalb. a diet productc. a natural flavour3) Instead of using artificial chemicals to make food taste better, manufacturers could:a. add double the quantity of taste enhancerb. add half the quantity of taste enhancerc. add a very small quantity of taste enhancer4) Another benefit of taste enhancers is:a. people will enjoy bitter tasting healthy foodb. people will eat more unhealthy foodc. people will reverse their eating habits5) Taste enhancers have the potential to:a. make people stop eating so much processed foodb. make healthy changes to industrially produced foodc. make all the food we eat healthier and better for usIV. Complete the sentences below. Choose No More Than Two Words from the passage for each answer.6) When we are born we have taste buds on the roof of our ___________ and on our ________.7) Researchers believe that one of the functions of the bitter taste buds is to tell us if food is__________8) A teaspoon of sugar could taste twice as sweet if a ____________ of taste enhancer is added.9) Replacing some of the salt and sugar with small amounts of chemicals could save money for_____________.V. Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?True if the statement agrees with the informationFalse if the statement contradicts the informationNot given if there is no information on this10) ______ Consumers are happy to buy healthy food even if it tastes bland or boring.11) ______ Taste buds enable the body to taste foods of many flavours12) ______ Younger people can taste more flvours than older people.13) ______ Bitter taste buds are more uncommon than other taste buds.14) ______ Aspartame is a chemical produced in large quantities in the USA.15) ______ Artificial sweeteners and other chemicals cause tooth decay.16) ______ Taste enhancers may be better for our health than aspartame.17) ______ Soy protein is an example of a bitter tasting food.VI. Circle the letter for the correct answer.18) The writer’s main idea is that:a. We should not eat so much salt and sugar, especially in fast food.b. Taste enhancers will reduce the amount of salt and sugar in our diet.c. The fast food industry prefers to manufacture healthy food.d. It is possible that taste enhancers may improve our diet.。