电子信息工程文献专业英语中英互译
电子信息工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译
Technology and Application of Fieldbus Control System ---------IntelligentEquipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNetPromoted by the new technological revolution that automation control technology is tending digitization and internet in the field of automation industry, Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. developed Intelligent Equipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNet as a high and new technology industrialization model project. It was a state hi-tech development project of 2000 and was approved by the State Committee of Technology. Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. constructed production line of intelligent controller of pump and valve, relying on Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation; constructed measurement and control system FCS R&D center of intelligent controller of pump and valve and built up mass production R&D basis, cooperating with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai University; constructed FCS remote diagnosis and service center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; constructed FCS training center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; founded mass production R&D basis along with the Rockwell Laboratory of Shanghai Jiaotong University and CIMS Center.1 Summary(1)Fieldbus control system is a system applied to field of production and microcomputerized measurement control equipment to realize both-way multinode serial communications. It is also called low-level control network for open, digital and multiplespot communications.Application: Flow Control System of Manufacturing; Process Control System; Traffic Control & Management; Building Automation. Features: Fieldbus control system is low-level low-bandwidth digital communication and control network in industrial system as well as open system connecting microcomputerized appearance. Intelligent instrument and controller are equal to microcomputer. They make up network with Fieldbus control system as the links to complete digital communication and other tasks.(2)Difference between FCS and DCS,FCS is updated control system after DCS integrated with digital control system and distributing control system. It solves the problem that in traditional DCS, devices made by different manufacturers cannot be connected. They can't realize exchange and operation to organize an network system with wider range of information sharing. It conquers the defect that special closed system for network should be used for communication in DCS to realize various functions of integrated automation. It turns the distributing structure combiningconcentration with deconcentration in DCS into new-type full distributing structure. It releases the control function to the field thoroughly and makes it possible to realize basic control function by means of fieldbus equipment itself. FCS breaks the traditional structure form of control system. The traditional analog control system adopts one-to-one equipment tie-wire and puts up connections respectively according to control loop. FCS adopts intelligent field equipment to place the control module, all input/output modules that used to be in the control chamber of DCS into field equipment. Since field equipment has ability to communicate, the field measuring and transferring instruments can transfer signals to actuating mechanism such as valve directly. Its control function can be fulfilled directly on the spot independent of the computer or control meter in the control chamber, which realizes thorough decentralized control.FCS adopts digital signals to replace analog signals so that multiple signals (including multiple operating parameter values, device status and failure information) can be transferred on a pair of cables. Meanwhile, it can give power supply to several devices. No switched block for analog/digital or digital/analog is needed besides fieldbus.(3)Characteristics of FCS●Open System;●Interoperability;● replace ability of devices made by different manufacturers.● Intelligentize and Autonomy;●Field equipment completing basic functions of automatic control.●Decentralized System Structure;●Field Adaptability;●Relatively Strong Interference Killing Feature and Safety●Intelligentized local equipment can save investment and quantity of hardware●Saving installation expenses and cables●Saving daily maintenance expenses●Enhancing accuracy and reliability of system●Enhancing initiativeness of system integration for users(4)Development Background and Trend of Fieldbus Control System,With the rapid development of computer and computer network, FCS has been rapidly developed as the interlinked communication network between the field intelligentdevices in the field of process automation, building and traffic etc. Because FCS meets the needs that industrial control system is developing in the way of decentralization, network and intellectualized, it has become the focus of global industrial automation and been universally concerned by the whole world. FCS has caused great revolutions on the aspects of system structure and function system for the current production of automation instrument, distributing control system and programmable controller. It is predicted that FCS will be the general trends in a very long time in the future fore sure.2 APPLICATION OF RELAYThe product reliability generally refers to the operating reliability. It is defined as: the ability of accomplishing the specified function under prescribed conditions and in prescribed time. It consists of intrinsic reliability and application reliability. The intrinsic reliability is determined by product designing and manufacturing technique, and the application reliability is concerned with the correct application of users and the services provided by the manufacturer before and after selling. When using relay, the user should pay attention to the following items.2.1 Coil applied voltageIt is best to choose the coil applicative voltage according to the rated voltage in design, or choose the voltage according to the temperature rising curve. Using any coil voltage that is less than the rated voltage will affect the operation of the relay. The coil operating voltage refers to the voltage that is applied between the coil terminals. The voltage value between the two terminals must be guaranteed, especially when using enlargement circuit to energize the coil. Whereas, it will also affect the relay characteristics if the applied voltage exceeds the highest rated voltage. Exorbitant voltage will bring exorbitant coil temperature rising, especially in high temperature ambient. Exorbitant temperature rising will damage the insulating material and affect the working safety of relay. For magnetic latching relay, energizing (or return) pulse width should not less than 3 times of the operating (or return) time, otherwise, the relay would be left on the middle-position state. When using solid-state components to energize the coil, the components dielectric strength must be above 80V, and the leakage of current must be as little as possible to ensure the relay to release.Energizing power source: Under 110% of the rated current, the adjusting ratio of the power source is less than 10% (or the output impedance is less than 5% of the coilimpedance), the wave voltage of the DC power source is less than 5%. The AC wave is sine wave; the waviness coefficient is between 0.95~1.25; wave distortion is within ±10%; the frequency change is within±1Hz or ±1% of the specified frequency (choosing the bigger value). The output power should not less than coil power consumption.2.2 Transient suppressionAt the moment when the coil power is stopped, peak-inverse voltage that is more than 30 times of the coil rated voltage is produced on the coil, which is harmful to the electronic circuit. Generally, the peak-inverse voltage is suppressed by transient suppression（cutting-peak）diode or resistance to limit the peak-inverse voltage within 50V. But the diode in parallel connection will delay3~5 times of the release time. If the request of the release time is high, a suitable resistance in series can be putted with and at one end of the diode.The power supply to relays in parallel connection and series connection,When several relays in parallel connection are supplied, the relay that the peak-inverse voltage is higher will release power to the relays that the peak-inverse voltage is lower. The release time of the relay will delay. So the relays in parallel connection should be controlled separately to eliminate mutual influence.The relays with different coil resistance and power can’t be used in series, otherwise, t he relay that the coil current is higher in the series circuit can’t operate reliably. Only the relays of the same specification can be used in series, but the peak-inverse voltage will be increased and the peak-inverse voltage should be suppressed. Resistance in series can be used to bear the part voltage that exceeds the rated voltage of the coil according to the ratio of the divided voltage.2.2.1 Contact loadThe load applied to the contacts should be accordant to the rated load and characteristics of the contacts. A load that is not applied according to the rated value range will cause problem. The relay that is only suitable for DC load can’t be used in AC occasions. The relay that can switch 10A load can’t always reliably operate in low level load (less than 10m A×6A) or in dry circuit occasions. The relay that can switch single-phase AC power source isn’t always suitable to switch two single-phase AC loads that aren’t synchronous; the relay that is only specif ied to switch the load of AC 50Hz（or 60Hz）can’t be used to switch AC load of 400Hz.2.2.2 Parallel and series connection of contactsThe contacts used in parallel connection can’t increase the load current, because the operating times of several sets of contacts are absolutely different; that is to say, there is still only a set of contacts switching the increased load. This would damage or weld the contacts and make the contacts can’t close or open. The parallel connection of the contacts can decrease t he misplay of “break”. But the parallel connection of the contacts would increase the misplay of “freezing”. Because the misplay of “break” is the main pattern of invalidation of contacts, the parallel connection can increase the reliability and can be used on the pivotal part of equipments. But the applied voltage should not exceed the highest operating voltage of the coil and should not less than 90% of the rated voltage, otherwise, the coil life and the applicative reliability would be damaged. The series connection of the contacts can increase the load voltage. The amount of the contact sets is equal to the times that the load voltage can be increased. The series connection of contacts can decrease the misplay of “freezing”, but it would increase the mis play of “break”. Anyway, when using redundant technology to increase the operating reliability of contacts, the characteristics and size and the failure mode of load must be considered.2.2.3 Switching speedThe switching speed should not exceed the reciprocal of 10 times of the sum of operating and release time (times/s), otherwise, the contacts can’t switch on steadily. Magnetic latching should be used under the pulse width specified in the technique criterion, or the coil may be damaged.3 RVT DISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY INTEGRATE TESTAPPARATUSBasic functionMeasure asupervision:Three mutually electric voltage/electric current/ power factor with a great achievement/ power without a great achievement/electricity with a great achiverment/electricity/homophonic-wave electric voltage/ homophonic-wave electric/ current Day electric voltage/ electric current biggest and minimum value/fire for the failure Electric voltage over top, the limit/ lack mutually of time homophonic-wave analyzes is up to 13 times.The data is stored for 2 months.The data communicateRS232/485 communicating connect，The way in communicating can adopt the spot communicating or the long range communicating.，Possible to settle invoke orthe solid hour invokes, responding to the modification and long ranges control of the parameter.Without power compensationTaking physics measures as the power factor without a great achievement,the power factor with a great achievement and the dull place without power compensation;Y+ the combination method of the △，Y+ the △connects the line method，Y+ △ , Y, the △ connects the line method.Data managementAccording to WINDOW98 operation terrace, data in communication automatically reports born statement, curve and pillar form diagrams.Circulation of the protectionWhen the charged barbed wire net of mutually electric voltage over press, owe to press, and a super limit hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor，When the charged barbed wire net lacks mutually or super limit in the preface of zero hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor.screen manifestationChinese operation interface，Adopt 128*64 the back light liquid crystal display.The solid hour shows the charged barbed wire net relevant parameter.view manifestation to place the parameter.现场总线控制系统的技术和应用随着新的科学技术革命的出现，在自动化工业领域中，自动控制技术的发展趋向于数字化和网络互联化。
电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 17 译文
Unit 17 计算机和网络Unit 17-1第一部分：计算机的进展计算机和信息技术的进展计算机和信息技术的诞生可以追溯到许多世纪以前。
数学的发展引起了计算工具的发展。
据说17世纪法国的Blaise Pascal构建了第一台计算机。
在19世纪，常被推崇为计算之父的英国人Charles Babbage设计了第一台“分析机”。
该机器有一个机械的计算“工厂”，类似于19世纪早期的提花织布机，采用穿孔卡片来存储数字和处理要求。
Ada Lovelace和他（Charles Babbage）致力于设计并提出了指令序列的概念——程序。
到1871年Babbage逝世，这台机器还没有完成。
将近一个世纪以后，随着电子机械计算机的发展（程序）这一概念再次出现。
1890年，Herman Hollerith采用穿孔卡片帮助美国人口普查局分类信息。
与此同时，电报电话的发明为通信和真空管的发展奠定了基础。
这一电子器件能够用于存储二进制形式的信息，即开或关，1或0。
第一台数字电子计算机ENIAC（电子计数积分计算机，见图17.1）是为美国军队开发的，并于1946年完成。
普林斯顿的数学教授V on Neumann对（程序）这一概念作了进一步深入的研究，加入了存储计算机程序的思想。
这就是存储在计算机内存中的指令序列，计算机执行这些指令完成程序控制的任务。
图17.1 ENIAC：第一台数字化电子计算机从这一阶段开始，计算机和计算机编程技术迅速发展。
从真空管发展到晶体管，大大减小了机器（计算机）的尺寸和成本，并提高了可靠性。
接着，集成电路技术的出现又减小了计算机的尺寸（和成本）。
20世纪60年代，典型的计算机是基于晶体管的机器，价值50万美金，并需要一个大空调房和一名现场工程师。
现在相同性能的计算机只要2000做芯片的单个集成电路来实现。
微处理器和微型计算机的发展微型计算机随着集成电路（或芯片）技术的发展而发展。
这一技术使得计算机逻辑被“烧入”芯片层中。
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-07
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Fixed Service Satellites (FSS) use the C band, and the lower band, portions of the Ku bands. They are normally used for broadcast feeds to and from television networks and local affiliate stations, as well as being used for distance learning by schools and universities, business television, videoconferencing, television, videoconferencing, and general commercial telecommunications.4 FSS satellites are also used to distribute national cable channels to the central control units. 它们通常用于向电视网和加盟地方台 units. 馈送或收集广播节目， 馈送或收集广播节目，也用于中小学 和大学的远程教学、商业电视、 和大学的远程教学、商业电视、视频 会议和一般商用通信。 会议和一般商用通信。
New Words
abbreviate 缩略，简写成 缩略， elliptical orbit 椭圆轨道 submarine 海底的，潜水艇 海底的， analogous 模拟的，类似的 模拟的， constellation 星座图，星罗棋布 星座图， affiliate 会员，分支机构 会员， diameter 直径 headend 数据转发器 transponder 转发器，应答器 转发器， amateur 业余爱好，业余的 业余爱好， geostationary orbit 对地静止轨道 complementary 互补的，补充的 互补的， relay 中继，接力 中继， disturbance 扰动，干扰 扰动， geosynchronous 地球同步的 limelight 众人注目的中心 free-tofree-to-air TV 不加密不收费电视 ambiguous 模糊的，混淆的 模糊的， spacespace-borne repeater 天空转发器 dialup 拨号
电子信息工程专业英语英译汉翻译
1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。
4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。
5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-09
定理规定：采样频率必须 定理规定： 大于两倍的信号带宽
信息科学与电子工程专业英语
Part I
Digital Signal Processing
New Words
sub-field 分领域，子领域 sub分领域， sensor array 传感器阵列 algorithm 算法 purposepurpose-designed 针对目的设计的 integrated circuits 集成电路 wavelet 小波 informed 有知识的，有见闻的 有知识的， crosscross-correlation 互相关 discretization 离散化 partition 分割，分区 分割， sonar 声呐 biomedical 生物特征的 abbreviate 缩写，缩略 缩写， applicationapplication-specific 面向应用的 autocorrelation 自相关 baseband 基带 spatial domain 空间域 interval 间隔 quantization 量化 finite set 有限的集
当灵活性和快速开发比大批量生产的 成本更重要时，DSP算法也可以用现 成本更重要时，DSP算法也可以用现 场可编程门阵列来实现。 场可编程门阵列来实现。
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4 DSP domains
In DSP, engineers usually study digital signals in one of the following domains: time domain (one-dimensional signals), (onespatial domain (multidimensional signals), frequency domain, autocorrelation domain, and wavelet domains. They choose the domain in which to process a signal by making an informed guess (or by trying different possibilities) as to which domain best represents the essential characteristics of the signal.3 他们按某些依据来猜测（或试验不同的可能 他们按某些依据来猜测（ 性）那一个域能够最好地表示信号的本质特 性来选择在其中进行信号处理的域。 性来选择在其中进行信号处理的域。
专业英语(电子与信息工程类)翻译
1.As data networks advanced…also grew more complex.由于数据网络从面向终端的系统向分组交换、计算机与计算机连接的方向发展, 执行网络功能所必需的协议也变得愈来愈复杂。
2.An additional bit called a parity bit…during transmission.在每个字符的后面有时还包括一个称为奇偶校验位的附加位, 它们测试数据位在传输过程中是否被意外改变。
3.As already stated, with…downlink（FDD paired bands）.如前所述, 在非对称通信量应用中, TD-SCDMA利用可用频谱的效率比其他3G标准高, 因为它在只利用一个频带（TDD单一频带）而不是两个独立的频带（FDD成对频带）进行上行与下行通信。
4.Although often simpler to implement, …digital modulation.虽然光纤系统的模拟调制易于实现, 但其效率较低, 且要求在接收端有比数字调制高得多的信噪比。
5.At present, the bandwidth…electronics （）is possible.目前传输100km的几吉赫兹的调制信号和传输300km的几百兆赫兹的调制信号都是可能的, 因此光纤系统的可用带宽并没有得到充分利用。
6.Both TD-SCDMA deployments-TSD…unpaired bands awarded.TD-SCDMA的两种部署——TSM和TDDCLR的数据速率、频谱利用率、覆盖率、移动性和可靠性等性能是一样的, 并基本上为所有取得非成对TDD频段牌照的运营商所采用。
7.Crossbar sw itching was carried…selection for all calls.纵横制交换由一个称为标志器的特定电路控制, 标志器提供整个号码的公共控制并选择所有呼叫的路由。
电子信息工程文献专业英语中英互译
Electronic power steering systemWhat it is?Electrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works?Conventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing. The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor" that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same housing converts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process. Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that alsomonitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine how much power assist is required according to a preprogrammed "force map" in the control unit's memory. The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the "power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system has three operating modes: a "normal" control mode in which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotation sensor's inputs; a "return" control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper" control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and held in the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. The control unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty alternator or charging problem.The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs, and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs, the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit. This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the trouble codes.Electric power steering systems promise weight reduction, fuel savings and package flexibility, at no cost penalty.Europe's high fuel prices and smaller vehicles make a fertile testbed for electric steering, a technology that promises automakers weight savings and fuel economy gains. And in a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says Aly Badawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw SteeringSystems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 here in the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over hydraulic."Today, electric and hybrid-powered vehicles (EV), including Toyota's Prius and GM's EV-1, are the perfect domain for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc. internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form of electrically-assisted steering. The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing handling. There are true bottom-line benefits as well for automakers by reducing overall costs and decreasing assembly time, since there's no need for pumps, hoses and fluids.Another claimed advantage is shortened development time. For instance, a Delphi group developed E-TUNE, a ride-and-handling software package that can be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the handling parameters -- effort level, returnability, damping -- on the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months." Delphi has one OEM customer that should start low-volume production in '99.Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions: column-drive, pinion-drive and rack-drive. Which system will become the norm is still unclear. Short term, OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform. Obviously,greater potential comes from designing the system into an all-new platform. "We have all three designs under consideration," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured." "The large manufacturers have all grabbed hold of what they consider a core technology," explains James Handy sides, TRW vice president, electrically assisted steering in Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems (hybrid electric, rack-, pinion-, and column-drive). TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system. The system is sometimes refer to as direct drive orball/nut drive. Still, this winter TRW hedged its bet, forming a joint venture with LucasV arity. The British supplier received $50 million in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham, England, in 2000.In 1995, according to Delphi, traditional hydraulic power steering systems were on 7596 of all vehicles sold globally. That 37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in hydraulic fluid that could be superfluous, if electric steering really takes off.The present invention relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism having a manually rotatable member for operating the steering mechanism, the drive mechanism including a torque sensor operable to sense torque being manually applied to the rotatable member, an electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft. Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member, the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation there between so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft only and so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members.Now, power steering systems of some cars have become the standard-setting, the whole world about half of the cars used to powersteering. With the development of automotive electronics technology, some cars have been using electric power steering gear, the car of the economy, power and mobility has improved. Electric power steering device on the car is a new power steering system device, developed rapidly in recent years both at home and abroad, because of its use of programmable electronic control devices, the flexibility in the same time there are also potential safety problems. In the analysis This unique product on the basis of the author of the characteristics of electronic control devices, security clearance just that the factors that deal with security measures, and discussed a number of concerns the safety of specific issues. The results show that : Existing standards can not meet the electric power steering device security needs and made the electric power steering device safety evaluation of the idea. Research work on the electric power steering device development and evaluation of reference value.电子动力转向系统电子动力转向系统是什么?电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-13
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1 Terms and values
Information security is the process of protecting data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption. The terms information security, computer disruption. security and information assurance are frequently used interchangeably.
据信是朱利叶斯恺撒发明了恺撒密码， 据信是朱利叶斯恺撒发明了恺撒密码， 用来防止他的机密消息万一落入敌人手 里时被解读。 里时被解读。
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World War II brought about many progresses in information security and may mark the beginning of information security as a professional field. WWII saw advancements in the physical protection of information with barricades and armed guards controlling access into information centers.
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Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on computers and transmitted across networks to other computers. Should confidential information about a businesses customers or finances or new product line fall into the hands of a competitor, such a breach of security could lead to lost business, law suits or even bankruptcy of the business.1
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社EnglishforITandEE03
will experience a force (in a similar way that planets
experience a force in the gravitational field of the Sun). If
电子信息工程专业英语 翻译清华出版社
EnglishforITandEE03
2020/11/27
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版 社EnglishforITandEE03
Unit 3
EM Fields, Antenna and Microwaves
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版 社EnglishforITandEE03
two locations. For instance, the metal atoms in a radio
transmitter appear to transfer energy continuously. This view
is useful to a certain extent (radiation of low frequency), but
Part I
Electromagnetic Field
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版 社EnglishforITandEE03
New Words
vicinity 邻近，附近 charge 电荷 photon 光子 atom 原子 catastrophe 大灾难，大祸 emission 发射，散发 incident 入射的 electrodynamics 电动力学 gravitational 重力的
•随着时间的推移，人们认识到 电场和磁场是电磁场这一整体 的两个部分。
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版 社EnglishforITandEE03
电子信息专业英语课文翻译(部分)
电子信息专业英语课文翻译1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Technology电子技术简介1.1. Lesson 1 Development of Electronics 电子技术开展史电子技术的历史是一个关于二十世纪的故事，电子学的三个关键元件是真空管、晶体管和集成电路。
真空管也叫做电子管，它是一个密封的玻璃管，在它里面，电子在有真空隔离的电极之间流动。
在20〔19×〕世纪早期创造了真空管，随着真空管的创造，放大和传输电能成为可能。
电子管的第一应用在于无线电通信。
在第二次世界大战之前，随着越来越多的专门真空管被制造出来用于各种用处，通信技术从而能得到了宏大的进步。
在20世纪20年代时，无线电播送呈天文数字地增长并且成为家庭娱乐的主要来源。
电视机是在1927年创造，并且最终得到了广泛的应用。
电视机作为一种电子设备，其开展得益于在二次世界大战期间雷达上的许多进步。
雷达利用无线电微波回声来测量一个物体的间隔和方向，被用于检测飞机和船只。
世界大战之后，电子管被用于开发第一台计算机，但是因为电子元件的尺寸，所以这些计算机是不实在际的。
在1947年，来自贝尔实验室的一组工程师们创造了晶体管，因为创造了晶体管，他们获得了诺贝尔奖。
晶体管的功能类似于真空管，但与真空管相比，它体积小、重量轻、消耗功率低、更加可靠和制造本钱低。
在几乎所有的电子设备中晶体管取代了真空管。
在20世纪 50年代时，美国德州仪器公司开展出第一个集成电路。
第一个集成电路仅包含了几个晶体管，在随后的20世纪70年代中期，出现了大规模集成电路和超大规模集成电路。
超大规模集成电路技术允许我们在一个单芯片中构建一个包含有成千上万晶体管的系统。
摄像机、手提和个人电脑仅仅是集成电路使之成为可能的一些设备实例。
1.2. Lesson 2 Singapore Polytechnic 新加坡理工学院新加坡理工学院，是新加坡同类学校中的第一家教育机构，创立于1954年，学院着重培养和训练技术人员和专业人员，从而支持新加坡的工业和经济的开展。
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English_for_IT_and_EE-02
可使半导体像金属那样导电， 或者像非金属那样绝缘。
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This mixing is called doping. A semiconductor can be doped to
contain more electrons (N-type) or fewer electrons (P-type).
Examples of commonly used semiconductors are silicon and
periodic table of elements in a college chemistry textbook, and you will locate semiconductors as a group of elements separating the metals and nonmetals.2
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At the time of the invention of the transistor in 1947 by John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the only way
to assemble multiple transistors into a single circuit was to buy
valve阀 insulate绝缘，隔离 doping掺杂(质) germanium锗 boron硼 field-effect场效应 collector集电极 gatrce源极 protrude突出
solder焊接，焊料
ceramic陶瓷 complementary互补的，补充的
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Digital logic and electronic circuits derive their functionality
电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 02 译文
Unit 2 集成电路Unit 2-1第一部分：集成电路数字逻辑和电子电路由称为晶体管的电子开关得到它们的（各种）功能。
粗略地说，晶体管好似一种电子控制阀，由此加在阀一端的能量可以使能量在另外两个连接端之间流动。
通过多个晶体管的组合就可以构成数字逻辑模块，如与门和触发电路等。
而晶体管是由半导体构成的。
查阅大学化学书中的元素周期表，你会查到半导体是介于金属与非金属之间的一类元素。
它们之所以被叫做半导体是由于它们表现出来的性质类似于金属和非金属。
可使半导体像金属那样导电，或者像非金属那样绝缘。
通过半导体和少量其它元素的混合可以精确地控制这些不同的电特性，这种混合技术称之为“半导体掺杂”。
半导体通过掺杂可以包含更多的电子（N型）或更少的电子（P型）。
常用的半导体是硅和锗，N型硅半导体掺入磷元素，而P型硅半导体掺入硼元素。
不同掺杂的半导体层形成的三明治状夹层结构可以构成一个晶体管，最常见的两类晶体管是双极型晶体管（BJT）和场效应晶体管（FET），图2.1给出了它们的图示。
图中给出了这些晶体管的硅结构，以及它们用于电路图中的符号。
BJT是NPN晶体管，因为由N—P—N掺杂硅三层构成。
当小电流注入基极时，可使较大的电流从集电极流向发射极。
图示的FET是N沟道的场效应型晶体管，它由两块被P型基底分离的N型组成。
将电压加在绝缘的栅极上时，可使电流由漏极流向源极。
它被叫做N沟道是因为栅极电压诱导基底上的N通道，使电流能在两个N区域之间流动。
图2.1所示的另一个基本的半导体结构是二极管，由N型和P型硅连接而成的结组成。
二极管的作用就像一个单向阀门，由于电流只能从P流向N。
可以构建一些特殊二极管，在加电压时可以发光，这些器件非常合适地被叫做发光二极管或LED。
这种小灯泡数以百万计地被制造出来，有各种各样的应用，从电话机到交通灯。
半导体材料上制作晶体管或二极管所形成的小芯片用塑料封装以防损伤和被外界污染。
在这封装里一些短线连接半导体夹层和从封装内伸出的插脚以便与（使用该晶体管的）电路其余部分连接。
电子信息工程专业毕设 文献翻译 附英文原文
5.3. 时钟独立的显性误差
对于每一个特定的GPS时钟，在每个适用的时间从KF1相位偏差估计值减去 UECC估计值， 去估计其OEIC的相位。 在测量加工， OEIC包含在几部分纳秒内(见 图4)。图4展示了的两种情况下地面工作站时钟S1的OEIC。在蓝线的可见区间和 KF1测距处理显然有别于没有测量的传播间隔。在测量处理期间，KF1估计误差 的观察目标部分包含在几部分纳秒内。OEIC的协方差顺序计算需要每个时间点 的 KF1相位偏差估计误差和UECC估计误差的互协方差矩阵值。 我尚未能计算这
X K 1|K 1 X K 1|K K K 1[ y K 1 y( X K 1|K )]
Hale Waihona Puke （5）5. 难以观察的 GPS 时钟系统
GPS时间是由作战空军（USAF）卡尔曼滤波器处理 GPS伪距测量产生的。 GPS时间是多个GPS时钟的平均相位， 可是， 通过 GPS伪距测量， 每个运行的GPS 时钟的时钟相位是难以观察的，演示如下。GPS导航星的轨道参数是从GPS伪距 观测可观察到的。从GPS伪距测量可以得到USAF（美国空军）卡尔曼滤波器估 计轨道参数和时钟同步参数， 因此以这种方式将状态估计值分为隐式的时钟参数 子集和显式的轨道参数子集。通过应用谢尔曼有关MU函数的定理，演示了这种 分区方式。
4.3.2. 非线性函数 MU
计算 n ×1 矩阵滤波器增益 K K 1 ：
T T 1 K K 1 PK 1|K H K 1 [ H K 1 PK 1| K H K 1 R K 1 ]
（4）
滤波器测量更新 n×1 状态估计矩阵 X K 1|K 1 ，观测 yK+1 得
态估计误差协方差方阵（正特征值）
电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 04 译文
Unit 4 通信和信息论Unit 4-1第一部分：远程通信远程通信是远距离通信的信号传输，在现代，通常这个过程需要电子发射机发射电磁波，但是在早期远程通信包括使用烟火信号，鼓或旗语或日光仪。
今天，远程通信很普遍的，助推这一过程的设备如电视，无线电和电话在世界的许多地区都已很普遍。
还有连接这些设备的许多网络，包括计算机网络，公共电话网，无线电网和电视网络。
互联网上的计算机通信是众多通信的一个例子。
通信系统通常由通信工程师设计。
在这个领域中早期的发明家有Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi 和John Logie Baird。
通信在当今的世界经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用，通信产业的税收在世界总产值的比例已接近百分之三。
基本要素每个通信系统包括三个基本要素：采集信息并能将其转换为信号的发射机，传输信号的传输媒介，接收信号并能将其还原为有用信息的接收机。
考虑一个无线电广播的例子。
广播塔是发射机，收音机是接收机，传输媒介是自由空间。
通常通信系统都是双向的，一个设备既做发射机又做接收机，即收发器。
例如，移动手机就是一个收发器。
电话线上的通信称为点对点通信，因为只在一个发射机和一个接收机之间。
通过无线电广播的通信称为广播（一对多）通信，因为通信是在一个大功率的发射机和许多接收机之间。
模拟或数字信号可以是模拟的，也可以是数字的。
在模拟信号中，信号根据信息而连续变化。
在数字信号信息被编码为一组离散值（如，1和0）。
在传输过程中，模拟信号中的信息会因噪声而退化。
相反，只要噪声不超过一定的阈值，数字信号中的信息是不会丢失的。
这是数字信号相对于模拟信号一个关键的优点。
网络网络是由一个相互通信的发射机、接收机或收发机的集合。
数字网络由一个或多个路由器组成，路由器正确地将数据发送给用户。
模拟网路由一个或多个交换器组成，交换器在两个或多个用户间建立连接。
这两种网络都需要中继器，用于远距离传输时的放大或重建信号。
电子信息类专业英语翻译
1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence．电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。
2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。
这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。
3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency．渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound.声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。
电子信息工程数据库管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：数据库管理数据库（有时拼成Database）也称为电子数据库，是指由计算机特别组织的用下快速查找和检索的任意的数据或信息集合。
数据库与其它数据处理操作协同工作，其结构要有助于数据的存储、检索、修改和删除。
数据库可存储在磁盘或磁带、光盘或某些辅助存储设备上。
一个数据库由一个文件或文件集合组成。
这些文件中的信息可分解成一个个记录，每个记录有一个或多个域。
域是数据库存储的基本单位，每个域一般含有由数据库描述的属于实体的一个方面或一个特性的信息。
用户使用键盘和各种排序命令，能够快速查找、重排、分组并在查找的许多记录中选择相应的域，建立特定集上的报表。
数据库记录和文件的组织必须确保能对信息进行检索。
早期的系统是顺序组织的（如:字母顺序、数字顺序或时间顺序）；直接访问存储设备的研制成功使得通过索引随机访问数据成为可能。
用户检索数据库信息的主要方法是query（查询）。
通常情况下，用户提供一个字符串，计算机在数据库中寻找相应的字符序列，并且给出字符串在何处出现。
比如，用户必须能在任意给定时间快速处理内部数据。
而且，大型企业和其它组织倾向于建立许多独立的文件，其中包含相互关联的甚至重叠的数据，这些数据、处理活动经常需要和其它文件的数据相连。
为满足这些要求，开发邮各种不同类型的数据库管理系统，如：非结构化的数据库、层次型数据库、网络型数据库、关系型数据库、面向对象型数据库。
在非结构化的数据库中，按照实体的一个简单列表组织记录；很多个人计算机的简易数据库是非结构的。
层次型数据库按树型组织记录，每一层的记录分解成更小的属性集。
层次型数据库在不同层的记录集之间提供一个单一链接。
与此不同，网络型数据库在不同记录集之间提供多个链接，这是通过设置指向其它记录集的链或指针来实现的。
网络型数据库的速度及多样性使其在企业中得到广泛应用。
当文件或记录间的关系不能用链表达时，使用关系型数据库。
电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-06
这个值导致信号ff
What happens when a mobile unit “roams” from cell A to cell B? Since the power level received from the base station in cell A is insufficient to maintain communication, the mobile must change its server to the base station in cell B. Furthermore, since adjacent cells do not use the same group of frequencies, the channel must also change. Called “handoff,” this process is performed by the MTSO. 因为从单元A 因为从单元A的基站接收到的功率 电平不足以维持通信， 电平不足以维持通信，手机必须将 服务器更换为单元B的基站。 服务器更换为单元B的基站。
3
New Words
delay spread 延迟扩展 reflective 反射的 RMS (root mean square) 均方根 replica 复制品 scramble 打乱，使混杂 打乱， entail 需要，使必须 需要， attenuation 衰减 refractive 折射的 alleviate 减轻 interleaving 交叉，交织 交叉， overhead 开销 latency 等待时间，时间延迟 等待时间，
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Most of our treatment relates to the mobile unit because, compared to the base station, hand-held units constitute a handmuch larger portion of the market and their design is much more similar to other types of RF systems. systems.
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Electronic power steering systemWhat it is?Electrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly.The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works?C onventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering,wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing. The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor"that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals,and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals.An "interface"circuit that shares the same housing converts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process.Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that alsomonitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine how much power assist is required according to a preprogrammed"force map" in the control unit's memory.The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the "power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system has three operating modes:a "normal"control mode in which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotation sensor's inputs; a "return"control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper"control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and held in the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. The control unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty alternator or charging problem.The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs,and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs,the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit.This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the trouble codes.Electric power steering systems promise weight reduction,fuel savings and package flexibility,at no cost penalty.Europe's high fuel prices and smaller vehicles make a fertile testbed for electric steering, a technology that promises automakers weight savings and fuel economy gains. And in a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says Aly Badawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw SteeringS ystems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 here in the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over hydraulic."Today, electric and hybrid-powered vehicles (EV), including Toyota's Prius and GM's EV-1, are the perfect domain for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc.internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form of electrically-assisted steering.The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing handling.There are true bottom-line benefits as well for automakers by reducing overall costs and decreasing assembly time,since there's no need for pumps,hoses and fluids.Another claimed advantage is shortened development time.For instance, a Delphi group developed E-TUNE, a ride-and-handling software package that can be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the handling parameters -- effort level,returnability,damping -- on the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months."Delphi has one OEM customer that should start low-volume production in '99.Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions:column-drive,pinion-drive and rack-drive.Which system will become the norm is still unclear.Short term,OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform.Obviously,greater potential comes from designing the system into an all-new platform. "We have all three designs under consideration," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured.""The large manufacturers have all grabbed hold of what they consider a core technology,"explains James Handy sides, TRW vice president,electrically assisted steering in Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems(hybrid electric, rack-, pinion-, and column-drive).TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system.The system is sometimes refer to as direct drive orball/nut drive. Still, this winter TRW hedged its bet, forming a joint venture with LucasVarity.The British supplier received$50 million in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham,England, in 2000.In 1995, according to Delphi,traditional hydraulic power steering systems were on 7596 of all vehicles sold globally.That37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in hydraulic fluid that could be superfluous, if electric steering really takes off.The present invention relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism.According to one aspect of the present invention,there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism having a manually rotatable member for operating the steering mechanism,the drive mechanism including a torque sensor operable to sense torque being manually applied to the rotatable member,an electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft. Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member,the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation there between so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft only and so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members.Now, power steering systems of some cars have become the standard-setting,the whole world about half of the cars used to power steering.With the development of automotive electronics technology,some cars have been using electric power steering gear, the car of the economy, power and mobility has improved.Electric power steering device on the car is a new power steering system device,developed rapidly in recent years both at home and abroad,because of its use of programmable electronic control devices, the flexibility in the same time there are also potential safety problems. In the analysis This unique product on the basis of the author of the characteristics of electronic control devices,security clearance just that the factors that deal with security measures,and discussed a number of concerns the safety of specific issues. The results show that : Existing standards can not meet the electric power steering device security needs and made the electric power steering device safety evaluation of the idea.Research work on the electric power steering device development and evaluation of reference value.电子动力转向系统电子动力转向系统是什么?电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。