动词法：时态(讲解与练习)

动词法：时态
综述
时态和语态是高考的必考题，也是高中语法的重点。

由于中文不存在对应的时态概念，因此中国学生常常在学习时态的时候，总是无法很好的理解英语的思维方式。

因此，在解答时态题目的时候，必须适当的使用排除法，以增加做题的正确率。

（时态也是唯一只能用排除法来应对的题目类型）
从近年来的出题规律看，单独考时态的题目并不多，这大大降低了时态类题目的难度，使得考生更容易判断出正确的选项。

什么是时态
在平时的学习中，我们总是把时态和在一起来学习，这极大地增加了理解的难度，事实上，时态是由两个部分构成的。

1，四种时间概念。

a)现在时
b)过去时
c)将来时
d)过去将来时
I didn't know if he would come.
She was sixty-six. In three years, she would be sixty-nine.
2，四种状态概念。

a)一般态：既非进行也非完成；文学名著与客观事实。

b)进行态：表示动作的持续性发生。

c)完成态：在截止时间发生的时候，已经完成了的事情，对截止时间
时发生的事情产生影响。

d)完成进行态：表示从过去到截止时间发生时，持续不断进行并将继
续进行的状态。

解题策略
●用时间排除错误选项。

【2011全国卷,29】
When Alice came to, she did not know how long she ______ there.
A. had been lying
B. has been lying
C. was lying
D. has lain
分析：从题目上看，要填入选项的地方位于宾语从句之后，由于主句的时间是过去时，因此从句的时间只能是“过去时”，故而可以排除B和D两个表示“现在”时间的选项。

句意为“当Alice苏醒过来时，她不知道她在那儿躺了多久了。

”
用以下第二步的判断方式可知，本题有明确截止动作“came to”，意思是苏醒，故使用完成态。

【答案A】
【2011北京卷,27】
—That must have been a long trip.
—Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there.
A. takes
B. has taken
C. took
D. was taking
【答案】C
【解析】句意为“那一定是长途旅行。

”“是的，我们花了整整一周时间才赶到那儿。

”题干中must have done是对过去的肯定推测，提示时间在过去，描述过去的情况，排除A和B，D项was taking进行时态表将来，但事实上事情已发生，这与题意不符，因此选C。

●用状态排除错误选项。

有的时候，用状态来辅助判断，更容易排除错误选项。

特别是在有完成态的题目中。

完成态的特点是必须有明确的“截止时间”，或至少有“截止动作”，事情如果是发生在截止时间或者截止动作之前，则一定是用完成态。

以下词常常用来说明截止时间。

So far 说明截止时间为“现在”
in the last + 延续性时间说明截止时间为“现在”
for + 延续性时间说明截止时间为“现在”
since + 起点时间说明截止时间为“现在”
by next + 终点时间说明截止时间为“将来”
over the last + 延续时间说明的状态为“从过去某个时间到现在一直都”
【2011天津卷,3】
In the last few years thousands of films ______ all over the world.
A.have produced
B. have been produced
C. are producing
D. are being produced
解析：句意为“在过去的几年时间里，全世界制作了成千上万部电影。

”in the last few years在最近的几年时间里，其实是从过去算到现在，是现在完成时的标志。

选B。

【2011湖南卷,30】
It is the most instructive lecture that I ______ since I came to this school.
A. attended
B. had attended
C. am attending
D. have attended
解析：句意为“自从我到这个学校以来，这是我所听到的最有教育意义的演讲。

”since自从…以来，为完成态的标志性时间提示词。

另，since引导过去时的从句时，主句用现在完成时。

选D。

在此特别注意，任何情况下要启用“过去完成时态”，必须要有明确的“过去的过去”的时间提示，否则绝对不可以使用“过去完成时时态。

【2011全国卷II,9】
If you don't like the drink you ____ just leave it and try a different one.
A. ordered
B. are ordering
C. will order
D. had ordered
解析：句意为“如果你不喜欢你所点的饮料，就把它放那儿，试试另一种。

”don't like the drink是现在时，点饮料是过去的动作，因此，用过去时或现在完成时，故选A。

在此缺乏“过去的过去”，因此虽然事情发生在“过去”，但不可以用过去完成时态。

【2011北京卷,21】
Experiments of this kind ______ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War. (conduct experiments = 做实验)
A. have conducted
B. have been conducted
C. had conducted
D. had been conducted
解析：句意为“就在二战爆发前，美国和欧洲都进行过这种实验。

”题干中出现the second war是过去的时间点，conduct这个动作发生在before the second war，很显然是过去的过去，因此使用过去完成时。

排除AB。

再考虑语态，主语experiment与conduct构成动宾关系，谓语使用被动形式。

答案D。

●用动词的数排除错误选项
需要注意的是，近年来考察动词的数的题型——主谓一致，已经越来越少单独出题，而是常常和时态题混考，解题时如果发现明显的数的变化，也可以优先考虑，排除干扰项。

●用动词的语态排除错误选项
语态题是最容易和时态混考的题目，因此解题时还应该注意语态，排除错误干扰项。

【2011上海春招,32】
A lot of people often forget that oral exams _____ to test our communicative ability.
A. design
B. are designed
C. are designing
D. are being designed
解析：句意为“很多人经常忘记设计口语测试是用来检测我们的交际能力的。

”oral exams与design的关系存在着被动，排除AC。

本题既非“进行”也非“完成”，故为一般态，选B。

●学会画时间轴
在动词和时间较为复杂的题目中，可使用时间轴辅助解题，特别是遇到“过去的过去”的题型时，往往不提示过去截止时间而只提示过去截止动作，此时要注意使用时间轴辅助解题。

【2011山东卷,35】
She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child ______ everything!
A. had been eating
B. had eaten
C. have eaten
D. have been eating
【解析】句意为“她惊讶地发现冰箱里空空如也；她的孩子把里面的东西全吃光了！”通过时间轴可以看出，“吃光”这个动作发生在“发现”之前，前一句交代了过去时间，因此选择过去的过去。

故选B。

●根据上下文，对称解题
有一些题目为对称式，这样的题目可绕过以上解题方法，直接判断。

【2011全国卷,24】
I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he ______ polite.
A. was just being
B. will just be
C. had just been
D. would just be
【解析】句意为“我不能确信他是真正感兴趣呢还是仅仅为了表示礼貌。

”句前wasn’t sure表明说话的起点是过去时，was really interested和was just being polite都是相一致的过去时。

答案A。

补充知识
●将来时的特别形态
be about to do sth.
be to do sth
时态练习
1.—Bob has gone to California.
—Oh, can you tell me when he ______ ?
A. has left
B. left
C. is leaving
D. would leave
2.On her next birthday, Ann ______ married for twenty years.
A. is
B. has been
C. will be
D. will have been
3.I’m sure you will do better in the test because you ______ so hard this year.
A. studied
B. had studied
C. will study
D. have been studying
4.When I got on the bus, I ______ I had left my wallet at home.
A. was realizing
B. realized
C. have realized
D. would realize
5.—I hear you ______ in a pub. What’s it like?
—Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.
A. are working
B. will work
C. were working
D. will be working
6.—Tommy is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he _____ enough for a used one.
A. saves B .saved C. will save D. will have saved
st month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they
______ from China.
A. receive
B. are receiving
C. have received
D. had received
8.Planning so far ahead ______ no sense—so many things will have changed by
next year. (make no sense = 毫无意义)
A. made
B. is making
C. makes
D. has made
9.All visitors to this village ______ with kindness.
A. treat
B. are treated
C. are treating
D. had been treated
10.—What a mistake!
—Yes. I ______ his doing it another way, but without success.
A. was suggesting
B. will suggest
C. would suggest
D. had suggested
11.That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who ______ the piano upstairs?
A. has played
B. played
C. plays
D. is playing
12.Look at th e pride on Tom’s face. He _____ to have been praised by the manager
just now.
A. seemed
B. seems
C. had seemed
D. is seeming
13.His first novel ______ good reviews since it came out last month.
A. receives
B. is receiving
C. will receive
D. has received
14.John, what ______ in your hand?
—Look! It’s a birthday gift for my grandma.
A had you held
B are you holding
C do you hold
D will you hold
15.In 1492, Columbus ______ on one of the Bahama islands, but he mistook it for an
island off India.
A. lands
B. landed
C. has landed
D.had landed
16.In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scentists.
A. are making
B. are made
C. will make
D. will be made
17.By the time Jack returned home from England, his son ______ from college.
A. graduated
B. has graduated
C. had been graduating
D. had graduated
18.We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody _____ into the office
during the night.
A. broke
B. had broken
C. has broken
D. was breaking
19.The country life he was used to _______ greatly since 1992.
A. change
B. has changed
C. changing
D. have changed
20.—Why weren't you at the meeting?
—I _______ for a long distance call from my sister in America.
A. was waited
B. was waiting
C. has waited
D. have been waiting
21.—Sadam, the former president of Iraq, was caught at last.
—Really? Where _______ himself?
A. has he hidden
B. had he hidden
C. was he hidden
D. has he been hiding
22.Cathie came home happily, which suggested that she ______ the final exam.
A. had passed
B. pass
C. would pass
D. would have passed
23.—Guess what, we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You _______ a different culture then.
A. will be experiencing
B. have experienced
C. have been experiencing
D. will have experienced
24.Christmas ______ near, so let's do shopping and get prepared for it.
A. is drawing
B. draws
C. drew
D. has drawn
解析：
1.【2011北京卷,32】
—Bob has gone to California.
—Oh, can you tell me when he ______ ?
A. has left
B. left
C. is leaving
D. would leave
【答案】B
【解析】时为过去：Bob has gone to California，去的动作已经发生过，说明他离开的动作发生在过去，排除AC。

此处横线处要填写的内容发生在宾语从句中，主句并非过去时，故从句不能使用过去完成时，排除D。

2.【2011天津卷,4】
On her next birthday, Ann ______ married for twenty years.
A. is
B. has been
C. will be
D. will have been
【答案】D
【解析】句意为“等到下次生日的时候，Ann结婚有二十年了。

”her next birthday是将来的时间，排除AB。

for twenty years是时间段，提示截止时间，用完成态。

3.【2011上海春招,29】
I’m sure you will do better in the test because you ______ so hard this year.
A. studied
B. had studied
C. will study
D. have been studying
【答案】D
【解析】句意为“我确信你将在这次考试中取得更好的成绩，因为这一年里你一直用功学习。

”
前半句I’m sure you will do better交代了时间起点是现在。

后用原因状语，说明了对现在的影响，故排除过去时AB。

主句的时间轴中，do better发生在将来，表示动作从过去到现在以致发生，并还将持续发生下去，故用D项have been studying表示一直持续到现在的动作。

4.【2011山东卷,31】
When I got on the bus, I ______ I had left my wallet at home.
A. was realizing
B. realized
C. have realized
D. would realize
【答案】B
【解析】句意为“当我上了车后，我才意识到我把钱包落在家里了。

”I had left
my wallet at home发生在realized之前，前一句When I got on the bus给出的时间起点是过去时，故选B。

5.【2011江苏卷,21】
—I hear you ______ in a pub. What’s it like?
—Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind.
A.are working
B.will work
C.were working
D.will be working
【答案】A
【解析】对话所用的现在时表明现在还在酒吧里上班，时为现在，排除BCD。

6.【2011江苏卷,23】
—Tommy is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he _____ enough for a used one.
A. saves B .saved C.will save D. will have saved
【答案】D
【解析】by next month是将来完成时的标志，全句表示在将来next month之前完成“积攒足够钱”的动作，对将来的时间next month产生影响，能买一辆旧车。

故选D。

7.【2011福建卷,32】
Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they ______ from China.
A.receive
B.are receiving
C.have received
D.had received
【答案】D
【解析】过去的过去，画时间轴。

expressed是过去时，接受中国的援助发生在expressed之前，是过去的过去，故用过去完成时。

选D。

8.【2011全国卷,23】
Planning so far ahead ______ no sense—so many things will have changed by next year. (make no sense = 毫无意义)
A. made
B. is making
C. makes
D. has made
【答案】C
【解析】前句表示现在的情况make no sense，后句表示到将来会产生的后果will have changed。

一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态。

is making和has made表
示具体的动作过程，故不选。

因此选C。

也可判断：本句时为现在，排除A；本句无截止时间，排除D。

本句非正在进行，排除B。

9.【2011四川卷,9】
All visitors to this village ______ with kindness.
A. treat
B. are treated
C. are treating
D. had been treated
【答案】B
【解析】表示经常性或习惯性的动作，用一般现在时。

来访者与招待存在着被动关系。

由于没有交代过去时间，had been treated过去的过去不能用。

根据语态，排除AC。

本句无过去的过去提示，排除D。

10.【2011四川卷,19】
—What a mistake!
—Yes. I ______ his doing it another way, but without success.
A.was suggesting
B.will suggest
C.would suggest
D.had suggested
【答案】D
【解析】他犯错误发生在过去，我提建议发生在他犯错误之前，是过去的过去，故用过去完成时。

这里不是再现当时提建议的情景，故不用was suggesting。

选D。

典型的过去的过去类题目。

11.【2011重庆卷,21】
That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who ______ the piano upstairs?
A. has played
B. played
C. plays
D. is playing
【答案】D
【解析】句意为“那首乐曲听起来相当熟悉。

是谁在楼上弹钢琴？”在听的过程中才发出谁在弹钢琴的疑问，sound用的是现在时，交代的时间是现在。

12.【2011重庆卷,31】
Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He _____ to have been prai sed by the manager just now.
A.seemed
B.seems
C.had seemed
D.is seeming
【答案】B
【解析】look at祈使句交代了时间是现在，seem表心理判断，没有进行时态，故选B。

13.【2011陕西卷,12】
His first novel ______ good reviews since it came out last month.
A. receives
B. is receiving
C. will receive
D. has received
【答案】D
【解析】句意为“他的第一本小说自上个月出版以来受到了好评。

”since自从…以来，引导含有过去时的从句时，主句用现在完成时。

故选D。

14.【2011湖南卷,22】
—John, what ______ in your hand?
—Look! It’s a birthday gift for my grandma.
A had you held
B are you holding
C do you hold
D will you hold
【答案】B
【解析】两人对话以现在时间为参考点，现在(说话人说话时) 对方hold这个动作正在发生，故用现在进行时。

选B。

15.【2011湖南卷,27】
In 1492, Columbus ______ on one of the Bahama islands, but he mistook it for an island off India.
A. lands
B. landed
C. has landed
D.had landed
【答案】B
【解析】句意为“在1492年，哥伦布登上了巴哈马群岛，但他误以为是印度的岛屿。

”in 1492是过去时的标志，排除AC。

后面叙述的是在这一年里发生的事情。

题目没有明确说明“登陆”是发生在“误解”之前的动作，因此，这两个行为都统一在1492年里，排除D，故选B。

16.【2011湖南卷,34】
In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scentists.
A. are making
B. are made
C. will make
D. will be made
【答案】D
【解析】句意为“在不久的将来，科学家将会在机器人技术上取得更大的进展。

”in the near future表明了将来的时间，more advances与make主谓关系上存在着被动，故选D。

17.【2011辽宁卷,34】
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son ______ from college.
A. graduated
B. has graduated
C. had been graduating
D. had graduated
【答案】D
【解析】句意为“当杰克从英国返回家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。

”by the time到…时候为止，一般与完成时连用。

选D。

18.【2011江西卷30】
We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody _____ into the office during the night.
A.broke
B. had broken
C.has broken
D.was breaking
【答案】B
【解析】过去的过去。

19.The country life he was used to _______ greatly since 1992.
A. change
B. has changed
C. changing
D. have changed
【B】时是现在，态为完成，数是单数，语为主动
20.—Why weren't you at the meeting?
—I _______ for a long distance call from my sister in America.
A. was waited
B. was waiting
C. has waited
D. have been waiting
【答案】B
时为过去，排除CD
该题明显不是被动语态，排除A
21.—Sadam(萨达姆), the former president of Iraq, was caught at last.
—Really? Where _______ himself?
A. has he hidden
B. had he hidden
C. was he hidden
D. has he been hiding
【答案】B
时为过去，排除AD
态是过去的过去，用过去完成态。

看上下文，caught是发生在过去，hidden 只能发生在过去的过去，
22.Cathie came home happily, which suggested that she ______ the final exam.
A. had passed
B. pass
C. would pass
D. would have passed
【答案】时为过去，态为完成，C为过去将来一般，时和态都不对。

D为虚拟语气，完全不靠谱。

23.—Guess what, we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You _______ a different culture then.
A. will be experiencing
B. have experienced
C. have been experiencing
D. will have experienced
【答案】A
这题比较难，欢迎到群里讨论。

群号：301806897
24.Christmas ______ near, so let's do shopping and get prepared for it.
A. is drawing
B. draws
C. drew
D. has drawn
【答案】A
draw near 的意思是“靠近”，这里使用be+doing表示将来时。

为特殊时态。

时态的题目有什么不懂的，请加群：301806897 讨论。