翻译Unit 6 Restructuring

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BEC口语900句文本(中英翻译)

When meeting someone in a Western business setting，conversation usually remains focused on business matters and business topics. Family and/or personal matters are not brought up，especially the first time you meet. Conversations stick to the business purpose at hand and remain objective and professional.当在西方的商务场合中会见某人时，对话通常围绕着一些商业问题或商业话题，而不会涉及家庭和个人问题，特别是第一次见面时。

对话会紧扣眼前的商业目标，从而保持它的客观性和专业性。

In the West，most companies have well-established and identifiable lines of organization. Larger companies have a clear division of corporate and field roles. Responsibility for all activities iswell-established according to function.在西方，大多数公司都已形成自己的明确的组织体系。

较大的公司对于公司总部和总部以外的业务活动也有清晰的划分。

根据不同的职能明确各项职责。

Basically all employees at medium to large-sized Western companies have an official，documented job description. Titles are usually indicative of rank and status. Titles are normally used to describe various positions，but are not used when addressing the person.在西方的大中型公司，基本上所有的雇员都有一个正式的工作描述档案。

翻译中的遣词用句

基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复);5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译);8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。

由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。

本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。

词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。

本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。

在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。

1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transformation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categorized as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴：(in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳：(in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the right meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning suggested by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, affixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct meaning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (having the form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely long word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a clear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of viewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a disease). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dictionary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。

翻译练习答案

Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place。

???皮尔森将世界上数百名研究者的工作汇集到一起，以便制作一个独特的显示最新日期的千年技术日历，在这些日期里，我们可以期待上百种关键性突破和发现产生Unit 3 Amplification•Practice:• 1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of amplification.• 1) Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.• 2) We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.• 3) Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.• 2. Put the following sentences into English, paying attention to amplification.•1) 请把这张表填一下，填完给我。

•2）要提倡顾全大局。

[讲解]翻译04Restructuring

翻译04RestructuringTopic 17教学目的：学习翻译技巧——语序调整法教学重点与难点：怎样使用语序调整法使译文忠实、明确、生动教学方法：技巧讲解和翻译实践相结合教学参考书：郭著章，《英汉互译实用教程》；冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》；张培基，《英汉翻译教程》；孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社；彭长江. 英汉－汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社；冯伟年，最新简明英语翻译教程[M]，世界图书出版公司，2001；陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，2004等1. Definition“Restructuring” means the necessary or even inevitable change of word order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into.例：All best wishes to our friends in Chinafor a happy Spring FestivalFrom the ambassador and stuff ofThe Embassy of the United Sates of America美国驻中国大使雷德及全体使馆人员恭祝中国朋友春节愉快！【原则】：汉语通常是按一定的逻辑顺序, 由原因到结果、由假设到推论、由条件到结果的次序有先有后、有主有次逐层叙述。

英语通常开门见山，直奔主题，然后再作解释。

2. Illustrative examples in E-C translation:1. Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time.不要因时间紧（工作）就马马虎虎。

2. When the air moves it is called wind.当空气流动就就叫做风，……空气流动就产生风。

2019外研社高中英语选修一Unit 6 Nurturing Nature短语英汉互译表

57
强调...的重要性
58
由活珊瑚构成
59
60
遭受(...的)威胁
61
除...之外(还有,也)
62
谢天谢地
63
从...选...
64
许多...
65
担任
66
吸引人的营销
67
逐渐意识到…
68
渐渐明白…
69
梦想的旅游地
70
想出;认为
71
提高...的意识
7言为定;成交
74
涉及;有关
11
overcome challenge(s)
12
among the top concerns
13
catch one’s eye/attention
14
be about to do
15
at one’s leisure
16
allow ... to do sth.
17
speed past
18
seem unaware of…/that…
04
pass by
05
sit back in one’s seat
06
race along steadily
07
in one’s head
08
wind among the mountains
09
travel across the “roof of the world”
10
a record of...
28
protect... from...
29
reach out
30
bring ... to life
31
the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

翻译中的重组法

２). But my good master Bates dying in two years after, and I having few friends, my business began to fail; for my conscience would not suffer me to imitate the bad practice of too many my brethren. 但是，两年后贝茨恩师不幸去世，我没有什么朋友，又不愿背着良心象同伙那样胡来，所以生意渐渐萧条。

２．调整句子结构东西方不同的思维方式所形成的“树杈形” 和“流水型”的句子结构，不仅表现在句子的外部长度上，还体现在句子内部组词造句的规律上．英语句子依靠关联词语和各种短语，对中心词语“随举随释”，因此一个中心词可以有多个短语或从句进行词成句主要依靠词序和虚词，而词序手段大大限制了中心词的负载量，因此汉语中习惯于采用“双提分述”的叙述方法，以体现层次分明，条理清晰的逻辑语义结构。如：

[5]王治奎．大学汉英翻译教程[M]. 山东大学出版社，济南: 2001 [6] 陈宏薇．汉英翻译基础[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社，1998

Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice Time arrangement: 4 periods
序言
1）. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 凡是有钱的单身汉总想娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。

英语翻译基础(词语翻译)模拟试卷63(题后含答案及解析)

英语翻译基础（词语翻译）模拟试卷63(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词语翻译词语翻译汉译英1．基层工作正确答案：grass—roots work 涉及知识点：词语翻译2．基层监督正确答案：grass—roots supervision 涉及知识点：词语翻译3．基层民主正确答案：democracy at the grassroots level 涉及知识点：词语翻译4．基层社区正确答案：grassroots community 涉及知识点：词语翻译5．基层文化建设正确答案：primary—level cultural undertakings 涉及知识点：词语翻译6．基层组织正确答案：organizations at the grass—roots level，primary—level organization 涉及知识点：词语翻译7．基础产业正确答案：basic industry 涉及知识点：词语翻译8．基础教育正确答案：basic education 涉及知识点：词语翻译9．基础设施工程第一期正确答案：the first phase of the infrastructure project 涉及知识点：词语翻译10．基础设施建设正确答案：infrastructure construction 涉及知识点：词语翻译11．坚持统一，反对分裂，增加了解，化解歧见正确答案：persist in reunification，oppose separation，increaseunderstanding and iron out differences 涉及知识点：词语翻译12．讲诚信，反欺诈正确答案：honor credibility and oppose cheating 涉及知识点：词语翻译13．记大过正确答案：record a serious demerit 涉及知识点：词语翻译14．机构臃肿正确答案：overstaffing in organizations(government) 涉及知识点：词语翻译15．计划生育正确答案：family planning 涉及知识点：词语翻译16．积极培育新的经济增长点正确答案：actively cultivate new points of economic growth 涉及知识点：词语翻译17．解放生产力正确答案：emancipate the productive forces 涉及知识点：词语翻译18．解放思想、实事求是正确答案：emancipating the mind，seeking truth from the facts 涉及知识点：词语翻译19．解放思想、实事求是的思想路线正确答案：ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth fromfacts 涉及知识点：词语翻译20．解决他们的温饱问题正确答案：provide them with adequate food and clothing 涉及知识点：词语翻译21．解困基金正确答案：anti—poverty funds 涉及知识点：词语翻译22．精简各级政府机构正确答案：streamline government departments at all levels 涉及知识点：词语翻译23．经济基础正确答案：economic base 涉及知识点：词语翻译24．经济体制改革正确答案：economic restructuring 涉及知识点：词语翻译25．加快经济结构调整正确答案：accelerate economic restructuring 涉及知识点：词语翻译。

Restructuring (换序译法1)

(8). Many scientists hold that man’s social practice alone is the criterion of the truth of his knowledge of the external world. 许多科学家认为，只有人们的社会实践，才是人们对外界认识的真理性的标准。 (9). This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations are engaged, without distinction of race, creed or party.
由于英语和汉语的语法结构和表达习惯有很大的不同在翻译过程中根据译文语言的表达习惯对原文的词序进行调整如原文中在句子中处于前面位置的词或短语在译文中调整到句子后面的位置使译文做到最大程度上的通顺自然
Restructuring 换序译法
1.Definition Restructuring—the necessary or inevitable change of word-order or the logical rearrangement of expression in a sentence in conformity with the standard or good usage of the target language on account of syntactic differences between the source language and the target language. 由于英语和汉语的语法结构和表达习惯有很大的不同，在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的表达习惯对原文的词序进行调整，如原文中在句子中处于前面位置的词或短语，在译文中调整到句子后面的位置，使译文做到最大程度上的通顺自然。

英语翻译复习提纲

When Greek meets Greek, and than comes the tug of war [两强相遇，其斗必烈]All that glitters is not gold [闪光的并非都是金子]Constant dropping wears the stone [水滴石穿]To fish in troubled waters [浑水摸鱼]To strike while the iron is hot [趁热打铁]To sit on pins and needles [如坐针毡]As poor as the church mouse [一贫如洗]The Heel of Achilles [致命弱点；薄弱环节]Every family has one skeleton in the cupboard [家丑不可外扬]The last straw on the camel's back [骆驼背上的最后一根稻草——最后一击]Trojan horse [奸细；特洛伊木马计]Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion [宁为鸡头勿为牛尾]To meet one's Waterloo [一败涂地]The Salt of the Earth [社会精英；优秀分子]Misfortunes never come alone [祸不单行]Great minds think alike [英雄所见略同]Look before you leap [三思而后行]Kill the goose that lays the golden egg [杀鸡取卵]Diamonds cut Diamonds [棋逢对手，将遇良才]The apple of one's eye [掌上明珠]Last night, I heard him driving pigs to market[鼾声如雷].Early Reagan was a mirror image[毫无二致] of early Carter.If Main Street didn't understand this, Wall Street[华尔街那些大老板们] did.He was a dead shot[输惨了]. However, he met his waterloo[遭遇滑铁卢] this time.He had never expected that so many obstacles [拦路虎]would stand on his way to success.He is the type who's everybody's friend[老好人]. That's why I can't take anything he says serious. To break the ice[为了打破沉默], Ted spoke his interest in mountain climbing, and they soon had a conversation going."Y ou really do refuse to give until all hope is gone[不到黄河心不死]", she murmured, shaking her head helplessly.She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth[生长在富贵之家]; she thinks she can do what she likes.This is a dangerous and violent city. In some parts of it, the only law is the law of the jungle[弱肉强食].I talked to him with brutal frankness.我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。

英语翻译基础(词语翻译)模拟试卷118(题后含答案及解析)

英语翻译基础（词语翻译）模拟试卷118(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.1．独立自主的和平外交政策正确答案：an independent foreign policy of peace 涉及知识点：词语翻译2．丰富民主形式正确答案：develop diverse forms of democracy 涉及知识点：词语翻译3．行业不正之风正确答案：evil winds in business 涉及知识点：词语翻译4．恐怖主义正确答案：terrorism 涉及知识点：词语翻译5．廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府正确答案：an honest，diligent，pragmatic and efficient government 涉及知识点：词语翻译6．民族独立和人民解放正确答案：national independence and the liberation of the people 涉及知识点：词语翻译7．人才培养机制正确答案：talent development scheme 涉及知识点：词语翻译8．弱势群体正确答案：vulnerable groups 涉及知识点：词语翻译9．挖墙脚正确答案：undermine the foundation of sth．；cut the ground from under sb’s feet涉及知识点：词语翻译10．产业结构调整正确答案：industrial restructuring 涉及知识点：汉译英11．存款准备金率正确答案：required reserve ratio 涉及知识点：汉译英12．多元社会正确答案：pluralistic society 涉及知识点：汉译英13．技术更新正确答案：technological upgrading 涉及知识点：汉译英14．民主法制正确答案：democratic and the legal system 涉及知识点：汉译英15．泡沫经济正确答案：bubble economy 涉及知识点：汉译英16．实现双赢互利正确答案：attain win—win progress andmutual benefit 涉及知识点：汉译英17．风起云涌正确答案：like a rising wind and scudding clouds 涉及知识点：词语翻译18．文化交流正确答案：cultural exchange 涉及知识点：汉译英19．风雨无阻正确答案：in all weathers 涉及知识点：词语翻译20．英雄所见略同正确答案：Great minds think alike．涉及知识点：词语翻译21．实现社会公平与正义正确答案：ensure equity and justice 涉及知识点：汉译英22．平稳过渡正确答案：smooth transition of power 涉及知识点：汉译英23．全面提高正确答案：all-round improvement 涉及知识点：汉译英24．管理；支配；控制正确答案：harness 涉及知识点：汉译英25．祖国统一大业正确答案：the great cause of national reuni—fication 涉及知识点：汉译英26．招待会正确答案：reception 涉及知识点：汉译英27．拨号连接正确答案：dial—up connection 涉及知识点：汉译英28．电视广播大学正确答案：television and radio broadcastinguniversity 涉及知识点：汉译英29．领取助学金的学生正确答案：a grant-aided student 涉及知识点：汉译英30．(美)两党的；代表两党的；得到两党支持的正确答案：bipartisan 涉及知识点：汉译英31．集体主义正确答案：collectivism 涉及知识点：汉译英32．殉教者，烈士正确答案：martyr 涉及知识点：汉译英33．(机场安检处的)金属探测器正确答案：metal detector 涉及知识点：汉译英34．(间谍、恐怖分子的)藏身房，安全房正确答案：Safe House 涉及知识点：汉译英35．自立幅度正确答案：autonomy spectrum 涉及知识点：汉译英36．词类转换正确答案：class shift 涉及知识点：汉译英37．隔行翻译正确答案：interlineal translation 涉及知识点：汉译英38．成品取向翻译研究正确答案：product—oriented translation stud-ies 涉及知识点：汉译英39．原始翻译正确答案：radical translation 涉及知识点：汉译英40．目的论正确答案：skopos theory 涉及知识点：汉译英。

英汉互译Unit 6 Restructuring

21
• His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in a serious injury. • 他没遵守安全规则，受了重伤。他没遵守安全规则，受了重伤。 • I wrote four books in three years, a record never touched before. • 我三年写了四本书，打破了以往我三年写了四本书，单词作定语 •短语作定语短语作定语
5
单词作定语
• a research-orientated • researchuniversity • • Japan proper • the ancient Chinese • craftsmanship • a little, yellow, ragged, • lame beggar 一所以科研为重点研究型）的（研究型）大学日本本土中国古代工艺中国古代工艺
?词序调整?句序调整3词序调整?固定用法?表达习惯?定语的位置?状语的位置4固定用法?ironandsteelplant?exportandimport?trackandfield?popularmodernsongs?lookrightandleft?lifeanddeath?landandwater?fireandwater?hotandcold?heavyandlight?oldandnew?钢铁厂?进出口?田径?现代流行歌曲?左顾右盼?死活?水陆?水火?冷热?轻重?新旧5定语的位置?单词作定语?短语作定语6单词作定语?aresearchorientateduniversity?japanproper?theancientchinesecraftsmanship?alittleyellowraggedlamebeggar?一所以科研为重点的研究型大学?日本本土?中国古代工艺?一个乞丐身材矮小面黄肌瘦衣衫褴褛脚步蹒跚7短语作定语?abuildingprojectofabuildingprojectofapartmenthouses?acandidatewithlittleacandidatewithlittlechanceofsuccess?一个公寓大楼的建筑项目?一个当选希望渺茫的候选人8状语的位置?单词作状语地得?修饰形容词?修饰动词?短语作状语9修饰形容词?johndidnotdistinguishhimselfasastudentbuthewasveryactiveinjohndidnotdistinguishhimselfasastudentbuthewasveryactiveinclass

下列句子的翻译需要用到增补手法的是

1.下列句子的翻译需要用到增补手法的是：( A )A．I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.B．The Harrow custom of calling the roll is different from that of Eton. C．I knew her before I ever met your mother.D．Mark his professions to my poor husband. Can anything be stronger?2.下列不属于西方最流行的翻译标准的是：( B ) A．equivalent valueB．identityC．functional equivalenceD．equivalent effect1. 指出下列所用到的翻译手法：You can never tell. ------很难说。

( A )A. omission.B. dictionC. negationD. conversion2. Air pressure decreases with altitude. -----气压随着海拔的增加而下降。

( C )A. conversionB. omissionC. amplificationD. negationWho said "convey as the original says"? BA. Yan FuB. Dao AnC. Fu LeiD. Lu XunWhat is the focus of both literal translation and liberal translation? B A. Culture B. Social background C. Linguistic transfer D. LinguisticenvironmentEnglish is a ___C__ language dominated by_____, whereas Chinese is a _____ language dominated by _____.A.semantic nouns morphological verbsB.semantic verbs morphological nounsC.morphological nouns semantic verbsD.morphological verbs semantic nounsEnglish syntactic features are the_B____, and English is_____ prominent language, but Chinese syntactic features are the_____.A.hypotaxis predicate parataxisB.hypotaxis subject parataxisC.parataxis subject hypotaxisD.parataxis predicate hypotaxisWhich is not one of devices of textual cohesion ? DA collocationB referenceC synonymyD ParataxisWhich is not one of the procedure of translation ? CA understandingB checkC lookingD expressionWhen translating long sentences, we should realize that the sentence structure of Chinese is---A--?A. bamboo-likeB. chain-likeC. circle-likeD. tree-like1 篇章是表达整体概念的—B—单位。

基本的翻译技巧一般包括

基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复); 5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译); 8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。

由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。

本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。

词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。

在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。

1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transfor mation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categori zed as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊： sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴： (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳： (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the rig ht meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning sugge sted by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, af fixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct me aning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (havingthe form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely lon g word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a cl ear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of vi ewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a dise ase). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dicti onary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。

英语六级翻译复习之新闻时政短语翻译(汇总)

1. to foster a culture of clean government 廉政文化建设2. the implications of social harmony the character istics of harmonious society 和谐社会的内涵3. scientific outlook on development 科学发展观4. harmony for all winners; harmonious and win-win scenario; all-win harmony 和谐共赢5. social assistance (aid) system 社会救助体系6. become increasingly prosperous 日益昌盛maintain prolonged stability 长治久安7. enhance comprehensive(overall) national strength and international competitiveness 增强综合国力和国际竟争力8. bring about development and prosperity 实现发展繁荣9. cadre and personnel system 干部人事制度10. system of dual control over cadres 干部双重管理体制11. non-traditional threats to security 非传统安全威胁12. leadership system against corruption 反腐败领导体制13. outdated governance 不合时宜的社会治理模式14. urban social security system 城镇社会保障体系15. new thinking on energy development 新能源观16. innovation-oriented country 创新型国家17. foster integration with the global economy 促进全球经济一体化18. export processing zone 出口加工区19. maintain prolonged stability 长治久安20. the Party's policy toward ethnic minorities 党的民族政策21. Party and government organs 党政机关22. duplicate law enforcement 多重多头执法23. system of public servants 公务员制度24. the vanguard of the working class 工人阶级的先锋队25. subjectivism, metaphysics 主观主义、形而上学26. democratic centralism, inner-Party democracy 民主集中制、党内民主27. the rule of law and the rule of virtue 依法治国和以德治国28. productive force, relation of production 生产力、生产关系29. the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages 利远远大于弊30. complicated social phenomenon 复杂的社会现象31. sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 责任感/ 成就感32. sense of competition and cooperation 竞争与合作精神33. Take the essence and discard the dregs 取其精髓，取其糟粕34. an irresistible trend of… …必然趋势35. unshakable duty 不可推卸的义务36. comprehensive quality 综合素质37. The theory on the initial stage of socialism 社会主义初级阶段的理论38. Macroeconomic decision 宏观经济决策39. Microeconomic phenomenon 微观经济现象40. Curb inflation 抑制通货膨胀1. non-profit cultural undertakings 公益性文化事业2. regulation of income distribution 收入分配调节3. a conservation-minded society 资源节约型社会4. supporting measures 配套措施5. carry out the process of urbanization 推进城镇化6. Economic recovery 经济复苏7. Diversified economy 多种经济，多样化经济8. Socialist sector of economy 社会主义经济成分9. Multi-polarization of world economy 世界经济多极化10. Transaction of property rights 产权交易11. Consolidated balance sheet 合并资产负债表12. primary-level organizations 基层组织13. prevention and treatment work 预防救治工作14. land and resources administration 国土资源管理15. post-disaster reconstruction 灾后重建16. rural credit cooperatives 农村信用社17. non-profit cultural undertakings 公益性文化事业18. to call for the establishment of a just and equitable new order 倡导公正、合理的新秩序观19. to ensure social equity and justice 实现社会公平与正义20. Reform of personnel system 人事制度改革21. Special administrative region 特别行政区22. Special economic zones in coastal areas 沿海经济特区23. State-owned economy 国有经济24. Internal-oriented economy 内向型经济25. Economic sanction 经济制裁26. National economic budget 国民经济预算27. Reform of management of state-owned property 国有资产管理体制改革28. Safeguard state property 保卫国有资产29. the inevitable result of social development 社会发展的必然结果30. be supported by sound reasons 有充分的理由支持31. widen one's horizon/broaden one's vision 开阔眼界32. foster new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination 推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观33. One focus, two basic points 一个中心，两个基本点34. Macro control and micro invigoration 宏观控制与微观搞活35. Clearly defining property rights, specifying rights 产权清晰，责权明确36. Prevent the drain of State-owned property 防止国有资产流37. the increasingly fierce social competition 日益激烈的社会竞争38. set forth a compromise proposal 提出折中提议39. lack of credibility 诚信缺失40. development for the people, by the people and the benefit of all the people 发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享1. Administrative interference/Administrative intervention 行政干预2. Risk-control mechanism 风险控制机制3. Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动的通货膨胀4. Galloping inflation 恶性通货膨胀5. patriotic sanitation campaign 爱国卫生运动6. system for land expropriation and requisition 土地征收征用制度7. proprietary intellectual property rights 自主知识产权8. optimize the education structure 优化教育结构9. anti-dumping investigations 反倾销调查10. an appropriate amount of fine-tuning 适度微调11. non-government funded education 民办教育12. competence-oriented education 素质教育13. overheated economy 过热的经济14. consumer price index 消费品价格指数15. commodity price index 商品物价指数16. annual checks of the registration of property rights 产权登记年检17. enterprises and enterprises groups 企业集团18. merging of enterprises and promote re-employment 促进再就业19. enlarge the right of self-management 扩大自主权20. information release system for industries 行业信息发布制度21. relief subsidies 扶贫基金22. grain risk fund 粮食风险基金23. reform of rural taxes and administrative charges 农村税费改革24. fight unremittingly against pornographic and illegal publications 坚持不懈地进行"扫黄""打非"斗争25. construction of major transport trunk lines and hubs 重大交通运输干线与枢纽工程26. a subjective, formalistic and bureaucratic style of work 主观主义、形式主义和官僚主义作风27. promote all-round, balanced and sustainable development of the economy and society 推动经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展28. medical care system and medical assistance system 医疗制度和医疗合作制度29. from another perspective 从另一个角度30. a controversial issue 有争议性的问题31. interest coordinating (balancing) mechanism 利益协调机制32. Contract responsibility system with remuneration linked 家庭联产承包责任制33. Socialist sector of economy 社会主义经济成分34. Control of overall volume and economic restructuring 总量控制与经济结构调整35. leadership system against corruption 反腐败领导体制36. legal functions 法定职能37. promote democracy in international relations 国际关系民主化38. leapfrog development 跨越式发展39. a system of keeping the public informed 社会公示制度40. exercise democratic supervision 实行民主监督1. Rescind agriculture tax 废除农业税2. National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会3. Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议4. reproach itself for its past aggression 反省侵略历史5. bread-and-butter issue 生计问题6. annual state budge 年度国家预算7. encourage diversity 提倡多样化8. improve the quality of legislation 提高立法质量9. pseudo science 伪科学10. disadvantaged groups 弱势群体11. gross national product (GNP) 国民生产总值12. per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) 人均国内生产总值13. system of dual control over cadres 干部双重管理体制14. gather large numbers of talented people 广纳群贤15. mobilization system for national defense 国防动员体制16. rational flow of trained people 人才合理流动17. a system of public hearings 社会听证制度18. cultural restructuring 文化体制改革19. act in compliance with objective and scientific laws 按照客观规律和科学规律办事20. address both the symptoms and root causes 标本兼治21. participation in and deliberation of state affairs 参政议政22. duplicate law enforcement 多重多头执法23. grassroots self-governing organizations 基层自治组织24. the P arty’s policy toward ethnic minorities 党的民族政策25. develop diverse forms of democracy 丰富民主形式26. prominent intellectuals 高知识群体27. basic code of conduct 基本行为准则28. system of public servants 公务员制度29. innovation in education 教育创新30. devote greater efforts to tackling root causes 加大治本的力度31. a new international political and economic order that is fair and rational 公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序32. develop the political situation character ized by democracy, solidarity, liveliness,stability and harmony 发展民主团结、生动活泼、安定和谐的政治局面33. restructuring of defense-related science, technology and industry 国防科技工业体制改革34. military strategic principle of active defense 积极防御的军事战略方针35. build up a legal system concerning culture 加强文化法制建设36. hold negotiations on peaceful reunification 进行和平统一谈判37. democratic supervision 民主监督1. truth-seeking and pioneering spirit 求真务实、开拓进取的精神2. build the army through diligence and thrift 勤俭建军3. system of classified management of cadres and personnel 人事分类管理制度4. quality-oriented education 素质教育5. system of markets for cultural products 文化市场体系6. nationwide fitness campaign 全民健身运动7. rational flow of trained people 人才合理流动8. judicial organs 司法机关9. develop a circular economy 发展循环经济10. Asia-Europe F inance Ministers’Meeting 亚欧财长会议11. defense capabilities 防卫作战能力12. will of the state 国家意志13. give more publicity to the legal system 加强法制宣传教育14. combine punishment and prevention打防结合15. system of military rules and regulations军事法规体系16. Reconciliation benefits both. 和则两利17. Reconciliation leads to harmony. 和则生谐18. social assistance (aid) system 社会救助体系19. to ensure social equity and justice 实现社会公平与正义20. address both the symptoms and root cause 标本兼治21. on top of things 完全掌握22. (a) force to be reckoned with 值得注意的人物(事物)23. in a nutshell 言简之24. jet lag 时差25. to foster a culture of clean government 廉政文化建设26.city thoroughfare/avenue 城市主干路27. urban-rural dual economy 两元经济结构28. catching-up effect 经济学29. advantages of a late comer 后发优势30. dilemma in the process of coordinating economic and social development 在经济和社会协调过程中的一系列两难问题31. Curb inflation 抑制通货膨胀32. post-disaster reconstruction 灾后重建33. anti-corruption bid 反腐倡廉34. pension insurance system 养老保险35.get acquainted (with...) 对……熟悉。

翻译技巧

Tran slation: Theory and Practice英汉-汉英翻译：理论与实践Translation Theory：翻译理论1.What is your opinion on the importance of translation?2.What is translation?3.How is translation generally categorized? Which categories are you familiar with?4.How do you understa nd Mr. Yan’s three-word guide “xin, da, ya”? What’s your opinion on the principles or criteria of translation?5.What are literal translation and free translation? And what principles should a translator abide by/obey in applying them?6. What do you know about translation techniques in general and scientific literature translation in particular?1.1 General Description of Translation翻译概论1.2 Limitation of Translatability翻译的可译性限度1.3 Literal Translation and Free Translation直译与意译1.3.1 Mechanical and servile Translation死译与硬译1.3.2 Unrestricted &uncontrolled Translation胡译与乱译1.4 Under-translation & Over-translation“欠额”与“超额”1.5 Misinterpretation &Mistranslation误释与误译1.6 Communicative Translation交际翻译1.7 Semantic Translation语义翻译2.Practical Translation skills2.1Diction词语选择（措辞）2.2 Correspondence at Word Level词语层对应2.3 Discriminate the Meaning of an English Word词义选择2.3.1 Judging from the Word Formation构词法判断词义2.3.2 Judging from the References根据相关词汇判断词义2.3.3 Judging from the Context and Collocation语境搭配2.3.4 Different Branches of Learning and Specialties专业词2.3.5.Techniques in a Given English Word特殊词语翻译2.3.5.1 Deduction演绎法2.3.5.2 Transplant移植法2.3.5.3 Extension引申/词义扩大2.3.5.4 Substitution替代/假借法2.3.5.5 Explanation解释/阐述法2.3.5.6 Combination合译/缀合法2.3.5.7 Pictographic Translation形象翻译2.3.5.8 Transliteration音译法3. Amplification增益3.1 Amplification in E-C translation英译汉补词/增益3.1.2 Supplying Omitted Words to Convey the Original Meaning增补省略词3.1.3 Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives增补关联词3.1.4 Words to Convey the Concept to Plural Nouns复数名词增量词3.1.5 Supplying Words to make an Abstract Concept Clear增补抽象概念范畴词3.1.6 Amplification Dictated by Logic逻辑增词3.1.7 Amplification by Supplying Words of Generalization常识/归纳性增词3.1.8 Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence修辞增词法3.1.9 Amplification by Repetition重复增词3.2 Amplification in C-E translation汉译英补词/增益3.2.1 Amplifying by Adding Necessary Connectives增关联词3.2.2 Amplifying by Adding Necessary Pronouns增补代词3.2.3 Adding Background Information to Make the Version Clear背景性增补4. Omission省略4.1Omission of the Pronoun省略代词4.2 Omission of the Article省略冠词4.3 Omission of the Preposition省略介词4.4 Omission of the Conjunction省略连词4.5 Omission of the Verb省略动词4.6 Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun省略非人称代词It4.7 Omission to avoid unnecessary repetition省略重复词4.8 Omission for abstract nouns省略表抽象概念的名词5. Conversion词类转换5.1 Conversion into Verbs转换为动词5.1.2 Conversion of Prepositions into Verbs介词转换为动词5.1.3 Conversion of Adjectives into Verbs形容词转换为动词5.1.4 Conversion of Adverbs into Verbs副词转换为动词5.2 Conversion into Nouns转换为名词5.2.1 Conversion of Verbs into Nouns动词转换为名词5.2.2 Conversion of Adjectives into Nouns形容词转名词5.2.3 Conversion of Pronouns into Nouns代词转换为名词5.3 Conversion into Adjectives转换为形容词5.3.1 Conversion of Nouns into Adjectives名词转为形容词5.3.2 Conversion of Adverbs into Adjectives副词转形容词5.4 Conversion into Adverbs转换为副词5.4.1 Conversion of Adjectives into Adverbs形容词转副词5.4.2 Conversion of Nouns and Verbs into Adverbs名词、动词转换为副词6.Restructuring重组/调整语序6.1 Different Sequences in Word-formation6.2 Different Sequences in Sentence Arrangement6.3 Adverbial Phrases6.4 Cases Involving an Adverbial6.5 That-clause as Judgment of Conclusion7. Passive V oice被动态的翻译7.1 Passive V oice Converted into Active V oice7.2 Passive V oice Converted into Subject-omitted Sentences7.3 Passive V oice Remaining Passive in Chinese7.4 Passive V oice Replaced by other Structures8. Affirmative vs Negative肯定与否定的翻译8.1 Affirmative in English, Negative in Chinese8.2 Negative in English, Affirmative in Chinese8.3 Same English Words, Either Affirmative or Negative in Chinese8.4 Double Negative for Emphasis in English8.5 Roundabout Way of Expressing the Affirmative in English（Mutual Translation of Affirmative and Negative）8.6 Some Traps in English Negative Structures9. Technical Terms技术名词9.1 Affixation缀合词9.2 Compounding合成词9.3 Blending合义词9.4 Acronyms缩略词9.5 Proper Nouns专有名词10.Subordinate clauses从句的翻译10.1 Nominal Clauses名词性从句的翻译10.1.1 Subjective Clauses10.1.2 Objective Clauses10.1.3 Predictive Clauses10.1.4 Appositive Clauses10.2 Attributive Clauses定语从句的翻译10.2.1 Restrictive Attributive Clauses10.2.2 Non-Restrictive Attributive Clauses10.2.3 Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials10.3 Adverbial Clauses状语从句的翻译10.3.1 Adverbial Clauses of Time10.3.2 Adverbial Clauses of Place10.3.3 Adverbial Clauses of Cause10.3.4 Adverbial Clauses of Condition10.3.5 Adverbial Clauses of Concession10.3.6 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose11. Long Sentences长句子的翻译方法11.1 Long Sentences(a)长句子的翻译方法(1)11.1.2 Comprehension理解11.1.3 Presentation表达11.2 Long Sentences(b)长句子的翻译方法(2)11.2.1 Embedding嵌入法11.2.2 Breaking up分割法11.2.3 Reversing反转（复位）法11.3 Long Sentences(c)长句子的翻译方法(3)11.3.1 Splitting拆译（离）法11.3.2 Inserting添加法11.3.3 Recasting/Reconstructing重构法。

人教版八下Unit 6 2b 汉译英

Unit 6 韩塞尔和葛雷特P46 2b1韩塞尔和葛雷特与他们的父亲和继母住在森林附近。

2有一年，天气太干旱了，以至于粮食都不生长。

3妻子告诉丈夫，如果他不把孩子们丢在森林里饿死，整个家庭就会灭亡。

4葛雷特听到了这件事，韩塞尔制定了一个计划，来拯救自己和妹妹。

场景一葛雷特：5 你听到继母正计划着杀死我们吗？韩塞尔：6不用担心！我有一个拯救我们的计划。

葛雷特：7你怎样拯救我们？韩塞尔：8安静点儿！我要到外面的月光下取些东西。

现在去睡觉。

场景二妻子：9起床了，懒惰的孩子们！丈夫：10是的，亲爱的孩子们。

你们必须和我一起去森林弄些木柴。

妻子：11这儿有一些面包，你们到了森里里才能吃。

场景三葛雷特：12韩塞尔，你在做什么？韩塞尔：我正在沿路扔白色的石头。

如果我不这样做，我们会迷路的。

今晚，当明月照耀时，我们就能看见这些石头。

场景四：妻子：13你们这些坏孩子！你们在森林里睡了这么久！丈夫：14我们以为你们永远不会回来了。

妻子：15现在去睡觉。

你们一醒来，就必须和父亲去森林里。

韩塞尔：16什么，还去？我想出去看看月亮。

妻子：17不行，你现在不能出去。

场景五：葛雷特：18我们怎么办？你已经没有石头了。

韩塞尔：19那我们就扔面包屑吧。

月亮一升起来，我们就可以跟随他们走了。

场景六：葛雷特：20我看不到地上有任何面包屑，可能让鸟儿给吃了。

韩塞尔：21不要紧！继续走！除非我们继续走，否则我们是找不到出去的路的。

场景七：葛雷特：22韩塞尔，我们真的迷路了！韩塞尔：23听！那只鸟唱得那么动听，我们应该跟着它。

葛雷特：24看！它在把我们带向那座由面包、蛋糕和糖果做成的美妙的房子。

韩塞尔：25咱们一起吃一部分房子吧。

26（此时，他们听见从房子里传来一个老妇人的声音。

）声音：27谁呀？谁那么大胆，敢来吃我的房子呀？。

2019年6月英语六级第一套听力原文翻译

2019年6月听力第1套Conversation 1W: Wow, I would give anything to be more like Audrey Hepburn.女：哇噢！如果让我能像奥黛丽赫本，让我干啥都愿意！M: (1) I never understood why so many girls were such big fans of her. I mean, I’ve seen the famous films. Roman Holiday, Breakfast At Tiffanies, and a few others, but I don’t get it, was she that great of an actress?男：我真的不太理解为什么这么多女生是她的铁粉。

我也看过很多她的电影啊，罗马假日啊，蒂凡尼早餐啊啥的，但是我不太明白，她真的这么伟大吗？W: well, for me, my adoration goes beyond her movies. She had such a classic elegance about her. She was always so poised, in part because she spent years training as a ballet dancer before becoming an actress.女：对我来说，我对她的喜欢不仅仅是电影哦。

她有一种典雅气质。

部分原因是因为她当演员前一直是一名芭蕾舞演员哦，她给人一种镇定自若的感觉。

M: why didn’t she stick to dancing as a career?男：那她为什么没有一直在舞蹈事业上发展呢？W: (2) It seems it was fate. She suffered from inadequate nutrition during the war, and therefore, a career as a professional dancer would have been too demanding on her body. So she focused on acting instead. Roman Holiday was her first break which made her a star.女：可能是命运的安排吧。

英语翻译基础(词语翻译)模拟试卷113(题后含答案及解析)

英语翻译基础（词语翻译）模拟试卷113(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.1．抵御腐败正确答案：to resist corruptive influences 涉及知识点：词语翻译2．民族凝聚力正确答案：national cohesion 涉及知识点：词语翻译3．照搬别国经验和模式正确答案：mechanical copying and application of foreign experience and models 涉及知识点：词语翻译4．产业结构调整正确答案：industrial restructuring 涉及知识点：汉译英5．挪用公款正确答案：defalcation 涉及知识点：汉译英6．地区差异正确答案：regional disparity 涉及知识点：汉译英7．恶性循环正确答案：vicious circle 涉及知识点：汉译英8．孔子学院正确答案：Confucius Institute 涉及知识点：汉译英9．白手起家正确答案：build up from nothing 涉及知识点：词语翻译10．南北对话正确答案：North-South Dialog 涉及知识点：汉译英11．棚户正确答案：shacks；family that live in shacks 涉及知识点：汉译英12．得心应手正确答案：handy with facility 涉及知识点：词语翻译13．废寝忘食正确答案：forget food and sleep 涉及知识点：词语翻译14．充分调动和凝聚正确答案：fully mobilize and rally 涉及知识点：汉译英15．爱国统一战线正确答案：patriotic united front 涉及知识点：汉译英16．主权国家正确答案：sovereign states 涉及知识点：汉译英17．不可克服的困难正确答案：insurmountable difficulty 涉及知识点：汉译英18．独立自主的和平外交政策正确答案：independent foreignpolicy of peace 涉及知识点：汉译英19．各地各部门正确答案：all localities and departments 涉及知识点：汉译英20．巩固和提高正确答案：consolidate and uplift 涉及知识点：汉译英21．制订“十一五”计划正确答案：the formulation of the Elev-enth Five-Year Plan 涉及知识点：汉译英22．重大历史关头正确答案：crucial historical junctions 涉及知识点：汉译英23．特技表演正确答案：stunt 涉及知识点：汉译英24．青瓷色正确答案：celadon 涉及知识点：汉译英25．嫦娥正确答案：Chang’e，the Chinese moon goddess 涉及知识点：汉译英26．古代格斗术正确答案：ancient form of combat 涉及知识点：汉译英27．文物正确答案：cultural relics 涉及知识点：汉译英28．高雅艺术正确答案：refined art 涉及知识点：汉译英29．环境音乐正确答案：environmental music 涉及知识点：汉译英30．便携式摄影机正确答案：camcorder 涉及知识点：汉译英31．码分多址(一种扩频多址数字式通信技术)正确答案：CDMA／TDMA 涉及知识点：汉译英32．液晶显示器正确答案：LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 涉及知识点：汉译英33．伙食补助正确答案：food allowance 涉及知识点：汉译英34．教育界正确答案：education circle 涉及知识点：汉译英35．对西方的恐惧正确答案：hesperophobia(fear of the west) 涉及知识点：汉译英36．一级戒备正确答案：highest alert 涉及知识点：汉译英37．国际法庭正确答案：international tribunal 涉及知识点：汉译英38．敢死队正确答案：suicide squad 涉及知识点：汉译英39．世界能源会议正确答案：the World Energy Conference 涉及知识点：汉译英40．自立幅度正确答案：autonomy spectrum 涉及知识点：汉译英。