词汇学复习材料 2
词汇学复习提纲
English LexicologyChapter 1 Introduction1. V ocabulary(1) The total number of words that make up a language.(2) All the words used in a particular historical period.(3) All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.2. Importance of V ocabulary(1) An extensive vocabulary aids expressions and communication.(2) V ocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension.(3) Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking vocabulary.(4) A person may be judged by others based on his or her vocabulary.3. LexicologyThe literal meaning is the “science of the word”. It is a branch of linguistics which deals with English words, their origin, meaning, historical development, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations, idioms, formation and application.4. WordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. (TB:p2)5. Sound and Meaning (TB:p3)There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional.6. Sound and FormThe written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the phonemic elements of the spoken language. What causes the differences between sound and form?(1)The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not employ thesystem of one single letter to stand for one sound.(2) The early scribes deliberately changed spelling of words for easier recognition.(3) Dictionaries help to fix the spelling of words, which means the stabilization of spelling, meanwhile, sounds continue to change.(4) English has borrowed many words from other languages, which may not have been assimilated. Some borrowings do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling, such as:7. Classification of Words(1)Criterion : by use frequency: Basic word stock ＆Non-basic vocabulary(2) Criterion: by notion: Content words ＆Functional words(3) Criterion : by origin: Native words ＆Borrowed words(4) Criterion: by morphology: Simple words, Compounds ＆Derived words, etc. 8. Features of Basic Word Stock(1)All national character (2) Stability (3) Productivity (4) Polysemy(5)Collocability9. Content and Functional WordsContent words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is ever growing, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. Functional words are stable and take a very small part of the vocabulary, i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles10. Native and Borrowed WordsNative words are not native, but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words.Chapter 2 Development of English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language FamilyThere are main three branches in Indo-European language family: Germantic branch, Latin branch and Slavic branch.2. Historical Influence(1) Britons: The early inhabitants of the island we now call Britain were Britons, a tribe of Celts. Their language were dialects of a small branch of the Indo-European language family— Celtic.(2) The Roman conquest: In BC 55-54 Britain was invaded by the Roman conqueror, Julius Caesar. During the 400 years of Roman occupation, the official language of government was Latin.(3) The English conquest: At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.Historical Influence(4) The Danish invasion: King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. Laying down his sword, Alfred set himself to the task of encouraging education and literature.(5) The Norman Conquest: The French-speaking Normans Duke William came in 1066. When Norman and English intermingled, many terms emloyed by Normans were adopted into English language.3. Historical Phases(1) Old English (450-1160): Old English was a highly inflected language. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowelschanges or both, which differ greatly from the language that we use today.Historical Phases(2)Middle English (1150-1500): The Middle English period was one of great changes,changes more extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since.(3)Modern English (1500 up to now): This period may be divided into two parts: the Early Modern English (1500-1700) and the Late Modern English (1700- now).Early Modern English: The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek on English was great.Late Modern English: With the rapid development of modern science and technology; social economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages, new words today sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time.4. Foreign Elements in English V ocabularyEnglish vocabulary owns most of its words from foreign language, in which Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian stand out as the major contributors. Other languages have also done their part, such as Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese and Celtic, etc.5. Characteristics of English Language(1) Receptivity, Adaptability and Heterogeneity(2) Simplicity of inflection(3)Relatively Fixed Word-order6. Modes of V ocabulary Development: Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and borrowing.Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1. MorphemeIt is the smallest meaningful unit of language, consisting of a word or part of a word that can‟t be divided without losing its meaning.2. MorphologyIt is the study of the morphemes of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words.3. Types of Morphemes(1) Free and Bound MorphemesMorphemes that can exist as individual words are free morphemes. Others which function only as a word part are bound morphemes.(2) Derivational and Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.(TB:P47)Inflectional morphemes, in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.4. Morpheme and Word-formationIn morphology, words can be analyzed into morphemes, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix in word-formation.5. Root, Stem and Base: What are the differences within them?Root is a basic form of a wor d which can‟t be f urther analyzed without total loss of identity. Root cannot be further divided and carries the fundamental meaning.Stem refers to the part after moving inflectional markers.Base is the part that can take affix of any kinds (derivational and inflectional). Chapter 4 Word Formation1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. The most productive are affixation(30%-40%), compounding(28%-30%) and conversion(26%). The rest of the new words come from shortening(8%-10%), blending(1%-5%) and other means.(P54)2. Affixation (or derivation) is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to roots to supply grammatical or lexical information. The morphological structure of an English word: (prefix) + root + (suffix)3. Prefixation: The process of adding a prefix to the root is called prefixation. English prefixes usually do not change the word class. Types of Prefix (TB:P55)4. Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix to the tail end of a stem, which usually changes the lexical category of the stem. Types of Suffix. Similar to the exception to the prefixes, some suffixes do change or modify the meaning without changing the lexical categories.5. Compounds: The process of combining two or more than two existing words together to form new lexical items is called compounding.6. Characteristics of Compounds(1) According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:1) solid 2) hyphenated 3) open(2) Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.(3) Semantically, compoun ds can often be identified as “having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts.7. Conversion is a main type of word-formation shifting the base to a different word class with no change of form. Converted words are often short, vivid and expressive,8. Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.9. Clipping refers to a word-formation process which involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.10. Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase, and initialisms are pronounced letter by letter.11. Acronymy: The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.12. Words From Proper NameIt refers to the coinage of common words from proper names. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen, trademarks, names of places, literature, TV films, movies, book titles etc.13. Analogy: A new word or a new phrase is coined by an analogy between a newly created one and an existing corresponding one.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis1. Word MeaningGenerally speaking, a word is the combination of word-formation and its meaning. …Form‟ refers to both its pronunciation and spelling. …Meaning‟ is what the form stands for. Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between form and referent.2. Semantic TriangleConcept is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person‟s mind.Reference is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.3. Motivation of MeaningMotivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, which is divided into 4 types. They are phonetic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.(1) Phonetic Motivation (or Onomatopoeic motivation) explains the words whose sounds suggest their meaning, because these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noise.(2) Morphological motivation (or grammatical motivation) concerns the words whose morphological structures suggest the meaning, such as, the meaning of a derived wordor a compound is based on the meaning of the word-building.(3) Semantic motivation is the mental associations based on the conceptual meaning of a word, i.e. the figurative sense of a word suggested by the literal sense.(4) Etymological motivation explains the words whose meanings are closely associated with their origins, i.e. the meanings of the words suggested by their sources.(5) Motivation by Analogy: Words are created in imitation of other words4. Types of Meaning(1) Grammatical & Lexical MeaningGrammatical meaning indicates all the inflectional forms of words, such as singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and so on. Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.(2) Conceptual & Associative MeaningConceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Associative meaning is a supplement to the conceptual meaning, which is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc.(3) Connotative Meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.(4)Stylistic Meaning: Apart from conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.(5) Affective Meaning expresses the speaker‟s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.5. Word Meaning and ContextWord meaning depends upon context. The context determines which meaning out of all the possible meanings is to be attached to the word. Generally speaking, when used literally, words have their original meaning; when used figuratively, words have symbolic meaning.6. Components of word meaningAll lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal. This semantic theory is called Componential Analysis (CA), such as:horse, cat, machine, chair [+/-animate]water, gas, stone, tree [+/-count]sit, cry, read, give [+/-transitive]road, house, thought, philosophy [+/-concrete]Chapter 6 Sense Relations1. Sense RelationsWords are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as spelling and pronunciation are concerned. Sense relations means all words are related in one way or another. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.2. Types of Sense Relations(1)Polysemy(2) Hyponymy---semantic inclusion(3) Synonymy---semantic similarity(4) Antonymy---semantic opposition(5) Homonymy3. PolysemyWhen a word is first coined, it is always the case that it has only one meaning (monosemic). But in the course of development, the same symbol may be used to express new meanings. The result is polysemy, which shows the economy and efficiency of human languages.4. Meanings of Polysemy(1) A word has two or more meanings in which one is the basic, original meaning (Primary meaning), and the others are derived from the basic meaning (Secondary meaning).(2) It is possible that a word is endowed with different word classes, such as noun, adj., verb.5. Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronic approach is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one word. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in one historical period of time.6. Concatenation is a process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually from its primary meaning by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the meaning that is finally developed and the primary meaning.7. Radiation is a process in which the primary meaning stands in the center, and the derived meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. All the derived meanings can be traced back to the primary meaning.8. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the general lexical item (superordinate) and the specific lexical items (subordinate). (TB:p137)9. Function of HyponymyThe hyponyms (or specific words) can make our speech and writing more vivid and expressive, while using too much general terms can result in vagueness and triteness. In reading comprehension, cohesion by hyponymy is an important key.10. Synonymy is a relationship of …sameness of meaning‟ that may hold between two words. And synonym refers to a word that means the same as another.11. Discrimination of Synonyms(1) Difference in denotation(2) Difference in connotation(3) Difference in collocation(4) Difference in distribution12. Antonymy is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold between two words. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.13. Types of Antonyms(1) Contraries: Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremesCharacteristics of Contraries1) The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.2) They can be modified by very and have comparative and superlative forms.3) The cover term is often used in daily life.(2)Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning.(3)Converses: This third type consists of relational opposites, which indicate a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other.(4) Semantic Incompatible is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold among several words.14. Function of AntonymyAntonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, and many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purposes.15. Homonymy is the relation between two words that are spelled or pronounced in the same way but differ in meaning. Homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor or irony for stylistic purposes.16. Semantic Field refers to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided semantically into related sets or fields. Most languages share same semantic fields, such as time, space, age, kinship, food, color, emotion…17. Application of Semantic Field(1) A very large number of lexemes can be grouped together into fields and subfields in a fairly clear-cut way.(2) It has proved helpful to present learners with sets of related lexemes, rather than with a series of randomly chosen items.(3) Psychology has also shown that young children learn much of their vocabulary by bringing lexemes together in this way.Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning1. Types of Change(1) Extension of Meaning (2) Narrowing of Meaning(3) Elevation of Meaning (4) Degradation of Meaning(5) Transference of Meaning (6) Euphemism2. Extension of MeaningIt is also called generalization. It‟s a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.3. Narrowing of MeaningIt is the opposite of widening, is a process by which a word or wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.4. Elevation of MeaningElevation is the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance.5. Degradation of MeaningA process whereby words of good origin fall into ill manner or non-affective words come to used in pejorative sense.6. Transference of MeaningWords which were used to refer to one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.7. Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation, such as death, toilet etc.8. Causes of Change(1)Extra-linguistic Factors1) Historical reason 2) Social reason 3) Psychological reason(2) Linguistic Factors: The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system, which occurs mainly in two ways: Ellipsis, Analogy Chapter 8 Meaning and Context1. ContextIn a narrow sense, it consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. In a broad sense, it refers to the whole passage, whole book, entire social or cultural setting.2. Types of Context(1) Linguistic Context refers to words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.1) Lexical context refers to the items combined with a given polysemous word.2) Grammatical context: In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs. (2) Extra-linguistic Context refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.1) Situational context: the actual situation in which communication occurs.2) Cultural context: the social and cultural background.3. The Role of Context(1) Elimination of ambiguity: condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations.1) Lexical ambiguity: caused by polysemy. 2) Structural ambiguity3) Implied meaning 4) Meaning of the omitted parts(2) Indication of referents(3) Providing clues for inference of meaning: In many cases, when a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints, which might help the readers to grasp the concept or comprehend the idea.。
00832英语词汇学复习资料
《英语词汇学》复习资料以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。
我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。
希望对还没有过的人有所帮助。
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write，though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animalsaction， size， domain， statenumerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – pastelectricity， machine， car， plane —— now3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra，trigonometry， calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch，holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuadercant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame，lough， bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）– do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar，rajar， status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky第二章Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflectionsleveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social， economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%第三章1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are boundmorphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before） we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
英语词汇学总结复习资料-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因 The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the wordstock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words andfunctional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words byorigin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action， size， domain， state numerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – past electricity， machine， car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology – technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra，trigonometry， calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler，Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuader cant， jargon ， argot are associated with，or most available to， specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word）– do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， pork cup from cuppa （L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see， surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky第二章 The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、 Hellenic、 GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we havePersian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four NorthernEuropean language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the endof 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence onEnglish was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点： fewer inflections leveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)， Latin and Greek were recognized as thel anguages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of theglobe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptionsEnglish has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%第三章 Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes.E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s） has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context， e.g. in cats/s/， in bags/z/， in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences， e.g. cat， walk. They areidentical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes—— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words， e.g. recollection（re+collect+ion） collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix） Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root， it is a bound form andhas to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example： it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root， but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第二章
第⼆章 Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India） Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic Germanic Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian Lithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandie Polish Italian Danish Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian French English Russian German Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic Irish Greek Breton Scottish 2. History （时间，历史事件，特征） 1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language complex endings or vowel changes （full ending） 2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， French Until 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas. Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English. 特点： fewer inflections leveled ending 3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700） late modern English（1700-up to now） The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage. The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements. More words are created by means of word-formation. thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements. more words are created by means of word-formation. in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language. science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% . mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use. 特点： ending are almost lost. 3. Three main sources new words 1.The rapid development of modern science and technology 2.Social， economic and political changes 3.The influence of other cultures and languages 4. Three modes of vocabulary development 1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements.（This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.） 2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need. 3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time） 4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete） French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%。
0832 英语词汇学 第二章考点归纳Chapter 2 The development of the
Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family comprise 8 branchesEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-lranian, American and Albanian , Western set : Celtic , Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.The major modern languages of each branch(常见选择，填空)：Armenian Albanian each the only languageBalto-Slavic : Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish , Czech , Bulgarian , Slovenian and Russian, Hellenic:GreekItalic: Portuguese, Spanish , French z Italian , Romanian ( five Romance language ) Germanic : Norwegianjcelandic, Danish , Swedish . (Scandinavian Languages) Celtic: Scottish , Irish , Welsh , Breton A History Overview of the English VocabularyThe formation of English words (常见简答，填空)Old English (450-1150):CelticLatin of the Roman Legions (55-54B.C)Anglo-Saxon of theGermanic tribes (now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English )-religious terms brought by the introduction of Christianity (6th century) ----Scandinavian words of Norwegian and Danish vikings (the 9th century )Middle English (1150-1500): French of Normans (1066) --English came back (13th century).Modern English (1500-up to now ): Early Modern English (1500-1700) ：Latin and Greek were borrowed in the time of Renaissance .Late Modern English ( after 1700); absorbing words from all major language s of the world with the growth of colonization ( Mid-seventeenth)--- new words created about science and technology (after World War II)Characteristics of Old English (常见填空题)Old English was a highly inflected language , language of full endings .Characteristics of Middle English (常见填空题)Middle English is alanguage of leveled endings .Characteristics of Modern English (常见填空题)English has evolved froma synthetic language ( Old English) to the present analytic language .2.1Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary The main reasons for the development of Present-day English vocabulary are:(常见简单 , 选择)Generally, there are three main source of new words : the rapid development of modern science and technology; social , economic and political changes ; the influence of other cultures and languages.2.2Modes of Vocabulary Development The Main Modes of Vocabulary Development(常见填空，简答题)Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels : creation , semantic, change , borrowing.(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots ,affixes and other elements . In modern times , this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion .(2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet he new need . This does not increase the number of word forms but increases many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary .(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说，掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料，帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中，词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如，英语中的词汇主要由字母组成，而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成，可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如，单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”（表示否定）和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成，可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如，汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”，表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类，例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念，动词用来表示动作或状态，形容词用来描述人或事物的特征，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词用来代替名词，介词用来表示位置、时间或方式，连词用来连接词语或句子，感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如，可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类；将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类；将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如，可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们在句子中起到实际的意义；虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词，它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中，词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
词汇学 期末考试复习资料
第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
词汇学复习材料2
词汇学复习材料2I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. soundB. formC. morphemeD. root2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal3.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames5.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.prefixes B. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes6.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes7.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes8. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting9.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages10.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional11._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection12. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage13. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy/doc/7610112861.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms15.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms16 Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal17. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words.Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. new18.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belongto the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon19.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes20. ________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size21．The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes22.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting23.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexicalmeaning in particular.A. arbitrary meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. grammatical meaning24.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional25._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection26. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning ofa word moves gradually away from itsfirst sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage28. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms29. In Shakespearean line ‘r ats and mice and such small dee r’, deer obviously designates ‘_____’ ingeneral.A. a doeB.. animalC. a deerlike animalD. buck30 By hook and by crook is an example of ________.31. A word is ______of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a part32. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is not_______________.A. free rootB. free morphemesC. wordD. bound root33. Word formation excludes ________________.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration34. For the word “political”, its negative form is “_____________”.A. apoliticalB. ilpoliticalC. inpoliticalD. impolitical35. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation __________________ concatenation.A. is behindB. precedesC. is withD. makes up for36. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________.A. logicalB. arbitrary, conventionalC. certainD. objective37. The chief function of prefixation is to ______________ .A. change meanings of the stemsB. change the word-class of the stemC. change grammatical functionD. all the above38. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicatesgrammatical concept or relationship such as ____________.A. part of speech of wordsB. singular and plural meaning of nounsC. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional formsD. all the above39. In the idiom “earn one’s bread”, ___________ is used.A. synecdocheB. personificationC. metonymyD. simile40. Homographs are words identical only in _____________ but different in two other aspects.A. soundB. meaningC. spellingD. senseII. Complete the following statements with proper words orexpressions1.. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______./doc/7610112861.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.3.Now people generally refer to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons as _______.4.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of theword explains the meaning of the word.5. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. According to suff ixation theory, “villager”is called denominal noun and “employer”is called__________ noun.7. Lexical meaning and ___________ meaning make up the word meaning.8. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly ___________.9. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of ___________ meaning.10. Linguistic context includes lexical context and __________.11. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ________and exclamative sentences.12. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.13. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words arecalled the _____terms and the more specific words are called _____.14. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______15. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.III. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.1. Functional words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.2. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is a free root.3. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation makes up for concatenation.4. Back-formation is one of the three major processes of word formation in English5. The total number of functional words is very limited in English.6. The meaning of a word, especially that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it appears.7. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.8. All transitive verbs can be used in passive sentences.9. Descriptive words can be used for evaluation in some contexts.10. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.11.Thebasicwordstockofalanguageischangingrapidlyalltheti me.12. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.13. Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlygrammaticalmeanings.14. There is no intrinsic connection between sound symbolsand the sense of all English words.15. Homophonesarewordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.16. Root,stemandbaserefertothesamething.17. WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginareloanwords.18.“Impossible”expressesastrongernegationthan“notpossible”.19. Acronymy and derivation are all processes of shortening words or word groups.20. The three major processes of word-formation are compounding, blending and conversion.21. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.22. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.23. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.24. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.25. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.26. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.27. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.28. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.29. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000.30. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.the word “persuader”means “dagger”(匕首）, it is regarded as an argot word.of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.33. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.34. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.35. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs.IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms(complete or partialsynonyms); 2) origins of homonyms(acronymy, borrowing, homograph, homophone or change in sound and spelling) ; 3) processes of word-meaning development(radiation or concatenation).A. acronymyB. homographC. complete synonymsD. partial synonymsE. borrowingF. homophoneG. change in sound and meaningH. radiation I. concatenation( ) 2. word building/word formation ( )3. candidate ( )4. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )5. NOW ( )6. dear/ deer ( )from ear ( ) 8. fair from feria ( )9. bank /bank ( ) 10. change / alter/vary ( )V．Define the following terms .1. word2. bound morphemes3. prefixation4. hyponymy5. polysemy6. antonymy7. hyponymy8. free morpheme9. affixation 10.. root11．Affixes 12. Acronymy 13. Conversion 14. back-formation 15. semantic fieldVI．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What are the stylistic features of idioms2.. What are the main types of blendings3.. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.4．What are the main types of compounds5. What are the three main sources of new words6. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a,never.7 . Write the following words into a tree-like graph:vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes,cereal.。
词汇学复习提纲
词汇学复习提纲Lecture One Introduction to English LexicologyRelation to other DisciplinesMorphology (how a word is formed through the morpheme structure),Semantics (the study of meanings),Etymology (the study of the origins and history of the meaning and form of words),Stylistics (the study of style),Lexicography (description of the origins, form, meaning and usage of words)Lecture Two Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What is a word(1) a minimal free form of a language(2) a sound unity(3) a unit of meaning(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence1.2Sound and meaningArbitrary (conventional) relationship between linguistic unit and its reference1.3Sound and formTheoretically sound and form should agree with each other, but actually there are many differences between the two.Reasons: 1 alphabet was from the Romans, letters do not correspond to each sound.2 pronunciation changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.3 early casualness in spelling4 Borrowing words are not all assimilated.1.4What is V ocabulary?1.5Classification of words1.5.1Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary (classification via use frequency)1.5.2Content words/notional words and functional words/empty/form words (via notion)1.5.3Native words and borrowed words (via origin)Lecture Three Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary2.1 Indo-European language familyBalto-Slavic: Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slovenian, RussianAlbanianIndo-Iranian: Persian, HindiArmenianItalic: Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, FrenchCeltic: Irish, Breton, ScottishGermanic: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, English, GermanHellenic: Greek2.2 A historical overview of the English vocabularyThe first inhabitant of the British Isles is the Celts. Their languages were Celtic. The second major language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes ( Angles, Saxons, and Jutes )came in.2.2.1 Old English (450-1150)Anglo-SaxonAt the end of the 6TH century, Christianity was introduced into Britain.In the 9TH century, there was the invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500)1066, the Norman conquest. Chaucer (1340-1400)Trade with Holland.2.2.3 Modern English (1500-now)Shakespeare (1564-1616)Printing.Early Modern English (1500-1700). RenaissanceThe industrial revolution and the colonization.Borrowing, word formation.( P32, ) table of English development2.3 growth of present-day English vocabulary (pp32-33)2.4 Modes of V ocabulary Developmentcreation, semantic change, borrowingLecture Four Chapter Three Word Formation I.3.1 morphemes3.2 allomorphs, mono-morphemic words3.3 types of morphemesfree morpheme: free rootbound rootmorphemebound morpheme prefixderivationalaffix suffixinflectional3.4 root and stemA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part of a word that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. (cf. Base/root/stem)Lecture Five Chapter Four Word Formation IIThe most productive means of word formation are affixation, compounding and conversion.PrefixationAffixation (derivation)SuffixationCompoundingWord formationConversionClippingShorteningAcronymyBlendingBack formationProper Names4.1 Affixationderivation, derivativesWhat is affixation? (p50)4.1.1 PrefixationWhat is prefixation? (p50)Classification of prefixes4.1.2 SuffixationWhat is suffixation?(p53)Suffixes mainly change the grammatical function of the stems.ConcreteDenominal nounsAbstract1) Noun suffixesDeverbal nounsDe-adjective nounsNoun and adjective suffixesDenominal suffices2) Adjective suffixesDeverbal suffixes3) Adverb suffixes4) Verb suffixesLecture Six Chapter Four Word Formation III4.2 CompoundingWhat is compounding? (56)Composition, compounds, solid / hyphenated / open4.2.1 Characteristics of Compoundsphonetic featuressemantic featuresgrammatical features4.2.2 Formation of Compounds1)Noun compounds2)Adjective compounds3)Verb compounds.3 ConversionAlso known as functional shift or zero derivation.1)Conversion to nounsa.Verb to nounb.Adjective to noun full conversion & partial conversionc.Miscellaneous conversion2)Conversion to verbsa.Noun to verbb.Adjective to verbc.Miscellaneous conversion4.4 Blendingblends / pormanteau words1)head + tail2)head + head3)head + word4)word + tail4.5 Clipping1)front clipping2)back clipping3)front and back clipping4)phrase clipping4.6 Acronymy: Initialisms / Acronyms4.7 Back formation4.8 Words from Proper NamesLecture Seven Chapter Five Word Meaning5.1 The Meaning of 'Meaning'Reference, Concept and Sense5.2 Motivationonomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation & etymological motivation 5.3 types of meaning5.3.1 grammatical meaning and lexical meaning5.3.2 conceptual meaning and associative meaningLecture Eight Chapter Six Sense Relation and Semantic Field6.1.Polysemy6.1.1.Two approaches to polysemy1.Diachronic approach2. Synchronic approach6.1.2.Two process of development1.Radiation2. Concatenation6.2.Homonymy:1.Perfect homonyms2. Homographs3. Homophones6.2.2. Origins of Homonyms1.Change in sound and spelling2. Borrowing3. Shortening6.2.3. Differentiation of Homonyms from PolysemantsHomonyms refers to different words which happen to share the same formPolysemants refers to the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.Etymology:Semantic relatedness:Lecture Nine Chapter Six Sense Relation and Semantic Field6.3.Synonymy6.3.1.Definition of synonyms6.3.2.Types of synonyms6.3.3.Sources of synonyms6.3.4.Discrimination of synonyms6.4.Antonymy6.4.1.Types of Antonyms1.Contradictory terms.2.Contrary terms.3.Relative terms.6.4.2.Some of the characteristics of Antonyms.6.4.3.The use of Antonyms6.5.Hyponymy.6.6.Semantic Field.Lecture Ten Chapter 7 Changes in word meaning7.1 Types of changesExtension; narrowing; degradation; elevation; transfer7.1.1 Extension is also known as generalization. It is a process by which a word which originally had aspecialized meaning has now become generalized.7.1.2 Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening in meaning.7.1.3 elevation / amelioration7.1.4 degradation / pejoration7.2 Causes of Changes7.2.1. extra-linguistic factors1.historical reason2. class reason3. psychological reason4. linguistic factorLecture Eleven Association and Collocation11.1 AssociationWords association can be handled in terms of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.If a group of words can be substituted by one another in certain linguistic structures, they are said to have paradigmatic relation.If a group of words can be joined together to form a linguistic structure, they are said to have syntagmatic relation. Syntagma: a sentence or a piece of language in use.Paradigm: all the inflectional forms of a word taken as a pattern or example.A new houseThe old carThis beautiful pictureHis small bagYou r … ……11.2 CollocationThe collocation of words refers to syntagmatic relation of words. That is to say, what words can be used together with what other words.We shall look into collocation from co-occurrence and selection restrictions.11.2.1 Co-occurrenc eCo-occurrence refers to the permitted syntagmatic combination of words. Or in Firth’s words, ―the mutual expectancy or words.‖―You shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖11.2.2 Selectional restrictionsThe collocation of words is decided by two points: grammatical rules and the semantic features of the words. The following sentences are grammatically unacceptable:He elapsed the man.He frightened that he was coming.The following sentences, though grammatically correct, is unacceptable from the perspective of semantic features: He elapsed a week ago.The man frightened the idea.Association and Collocation in English Study:Words and expressions should not be memorized in isolation from the linguistic contexts. The safest approach is to make sentences in which individual words and expressions may occur.Lecture 12 Chapter 8 Meaning and Context8.1. Types of ContextNarrow sense --- the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.(Linguistic context) a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.Broad sense ---physical situation included as well( Non-linguistic, or extra-linguistic context)8.1.1. Extra-linguistic context (pp.161-163)8.1.2. Linguistic context: a. lexical context b. grammatical context8.2. The role of context: 1. Elimination of ambiguity 2. Indication of referents 3. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaningLecture 13 Chapter 9 English Idioms9.1. Characteristics of Idiomsa.semantic unityb. structural stability9.2. Classification of Idioms1. Idioms Nominal in Nature2. Idioms Adjective in Nature3. Idioms Verbal in Nature4. Idioms Adverbial in Nature5. Sentence Idioms / proverbs9.3. Use of Idioms9.3.1. Stylistic featuresColloquialisms / Slang / Literary expressions9.3.2. Rhetorical FeaturesPhonetic manipulation: Alliteration / Rhyme / ReiterationLexical manipulation: Repetition / Juxtaposition ( of antonyms)Figures of speecha.Simileb. Metaphorc. Metonymyd.Synecdochee. Personificationf. Euphemism9.3.3. variations of idiomsReplacement / Addition or deletion / Position-shifting / Shortening / DismemberingLecture 14 Culture and VocabularyCultural Connotations of English WordsEnglish words have very rich cultural connotations, which inflect the various aspects of English and American social life.ColorRed: red is a symbol for happiness, goodness, positiveness in China, but it is a color that can often arouse feeling of blood, killing in the western culture.Pink slip: a notice of firing an employee.White and black: in English, white has a positive meaning while black means something derogative. But in the black means a company has made profit, for the profit is written in black ink. While inthe red means the business is suffering a loss, for that is written in red ink as a rule. AnimalBlack sheep: a member which brings shame to the group.To bell the cat: riskCold fish: a person who is not friendly, lacking affection, often isolated from others.A fish out of water: a person who is in a very embarrassed situationTo teach a fish how to swim:Dog: to work like a dog→ work hard.Lucky dog→ a lucky personMonkey business: unlawful or illegal business, involving cheating or fraud.Straight from the h orse’s mouth: dependable or reliable.Goose bumps: 鸡皮疙瘩。
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料全
Chapter 1 The Basic Con cepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanin gs and origi ns of words.Accord ing to sema nticists （语义学家），a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a mi ni mal （最小的）free form of a Ian guage that has a give n sound,meaningand syn tactic fun ctio n （句法功能）2、VocabularyAll the words in a Ian guage make up what is gen erally known as its vocabulary. _________3、Sound and MeaningThe relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning is no logic ______4、Sound and FormThere was more agreeme nt betwee n sound and form in Old En glish tha n in Moder n Engl i s h.With the developme nt of the Ian guage, more and more differe nces arose betwee n sound and form.5、Classificati on of Words6简答(1)、What is the relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning? Give examples to illustratei tThe relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. _____________I n d i f f e r e n tIan guages, the same con cept can be show n by differe nt soun ds. a Woma n ,f o r e x a m p l e ,becomes “ Frau ” in German, Femme in French and “ fu nv ” in Chinese.O n t h e o t h e rhand, the same sound [mi:t] is used tomean“ meet,meat,mete”,deno ti ngd i f fe r e n tthi ngs.(2)、What are the four major reasons for the differe nces betwee n sound and form?The first reas on (he internal reas on) is that there are more phon emes （音素) t han l e t t e r s inEnglish-Another reas on is that the pronun ciati on has cha nged morer a p i d l y t h a n spelli ng over the years. The third reas ons that some of the differences more c r e a t e d b ythe early scribes. The fourth reas on is the borrowi ng.(3)、How are words classified in the course book?Words can be classified by differe nt criteria and for differe nt purposes.W o r d s may fallin to: the basic word stock and non basic vocabulary by use freque ncy; content words andfunctional words by no ti on; n ative words and borrowed words by origi n;si m p l e words,compo unds and derived words by morphology.(4)、What is the differenee between denizensand aliens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated ______________ (完全同化)in to the En glish Ian guage. But alie ns are borrowed words which have reta ined their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediatelyr e c o g nizable a s f o r e i g n in origi n.Chapter 2 The Developme nt of the En glish Vocabulary1、The Indo-European Language FamilyThe prehistoricIn do-Europea n pare nt Ian guage, thought to be a highly in fleeted（内部曲折2、 Three Phases of the Historical Developme nt The first peoples who in habited the land wereCelts.in flecti onal systems of Old En glish.Modern English ( 1500-present )In the early period of Moder n En glish, Europe saw a new upsurge of a r n i ng an c i eGreek and Roma n classics.It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary come3、 Foreig n Eleme nts in the En glish VocabularyIn earlier stages of En glish, Lati n, Greek, French and Scandin avia n were the __ fourmajorcon tributors.The simulta neous existe nee of Fren ch, Lat in and En glish lasted for a cen tury. _________4、 Modes of Vocabulary Developme ntModer n En glish vocabulary develops through three cha nn els: creation, ________change(旧词新义)and borrow ing.Creation is the most importa nt way of vocabulary expa nsion.5、简答What are the characteristics of Old En glish?(1 )、 (2 )、 The sec ond Ian guage known in En glish was Lat in of the Roma n Legi ons. Old English (450-1150 )In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Middle English( 1150-1500 )The French in flue neeon En glish vocabulary s o fDanish Vikings.was one of the significant th Middle En glish period. The most importa ntfactof the Middle En glishperiodtwas the steady erosion h(3 )、Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to60000 words, which are almost monogen eous and en tirely Germa nic with only afew borrow ings from Lati n and Scandin avia n. Old En glish was a highly in flectedIanguage. It was a synthetic Ianguage (综合性语言) .(Modern English is ananal y t i c Ianguage )Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of En glish Words1、MorphemesThe minimal meaningful units in English are known as morphemes _____________ （词素）3、Morphs （形素）Morphemes are abstract un its, which are realized in speech by discrete un its known a smorphs.4、Allomorphs （词素变体）An allomorph refers to a memberof a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be furtherloss ofide ntity.7、简答（1 ）、What is the differenee between free morphemes and bound morphemes?Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be useda s freegrammatical un its in sentences are in depe ndent of other morphemes, but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.（2）、What is the differenee between derivational morphemes and inflectional mor p h e m es ?Derivatio nal morphemes are used to derive new words, but in flectio nalo r p h employed used to indicate nd f as grammatical markers.e m e s are the syntactic （句法）relati on ship betwee n words u n c t i o nChapter 4 Word FormatioThe most productive ways of creati ng new words are affixati on, compounding, and conversion.1、Affixationcalledderivatives.2、C ompounding （复合法）Example: workfare（work+welfare）In adjective-plus-noun compo un ds, the adjective eleme nt cannot takein fleet ional suffixes.Verb compo unds are created either though con vers ion or through back-formatio n.3、C on version （转类法）The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive. The con vers ion of two syllable nouns into verbs in volves a cha nge of stress. ____ Nouns fully con verted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.4、Ble ndi ng （拼缀法）The overwhel ming majority of ble nds are nouns _____5、B ack-formation （逆身法）Back-formati on is con sidered to be the opposite process of suffixati on. ___________6简答（1 ）、What is the main differenee between prefixes and suffixes?Un like prefixes which primarily effect a sema ntic modificati on of the base, suffixeshave only a small semantic role, their primary function being to changes the grammaticalfunction of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slightmodification of meaning.（2 ）、What are the three main features of compounds?The three mai n features of compo unds are phono logical features, sema ntic feat u r e sandgrammatical features. The word stress of a compo und usually occurs on the first el e m e nt.Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tendsto playa sin gle grammatical role in a sentence.(3 )、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?Back-formatio n is the method of creati ng words by removi ng the supposedWords created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically,back-formed words alargely in formal and some of them have not successfully gained curre ncy.(4)、What is acronymy? What is the differenee between initialisms and aernyms?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letterso f c o m p o s i t e n ames of social and political orga ni zatio ns or phrases used as tech ni calt er ms. Wordsformed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms arepro noun c e d letter b y letter, but acronyms are pronounced as no rmal words7、论述题head of medical 'and the word “ care ”, and “ sitcom ”is formed by combining the head of ____________ “ si t u a t i on ”and that of “ comdey'.2、” Memo and “flu ”are clipped words. “Mem6 is formed by clipping the lack of“memoranduri”and “flu ”is formed clipping the front an ___________“ in flue nza ” .3、” TB”and “ NATC” are new words created through acronymy. “ TB" fromt uber cul osi s ________________________________________ i s an initialism, while “ NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ”isan acronym.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis （成份分析法）1、R efereneeWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired refere nee.2、C oneept （概念）Meaning and con cept are closely conn ected but not ide ntical. ________Concept, which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of humancognition, reflectingt h e o b j e c t i v eworld in the huma n mind.3、S enseUni ike refere nee, sense deno tes the relati on ships in side the Ian guage. 4、Motivation （理据）Motivati on refers to the connection betwee n the lin guistic symbol and its _____6、简答（1 ）、What is referenee? What are the characteristics of referenee?Refere nee is the relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and theworld.By means ofre f e r e n ce,aspeaker in dicates which things in the world are being talked about. There f e r e n e e o f aword to a thing outside the Ianguage is arbitrary and conven tio nal.Althoughre f e r e nc e i sa kind of abstract ion,yet with the help of con text,it can refer to somethingde fi nit e（2 ）、What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning? Con _stable, con ceptual meaning forms the basis for com muni cati on as The same word gen erallyhas the same con ceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech com mun ity. （la ng uage ）.（3）、What is the differenee between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Con ceptual meaning known as cog nitive, deno tative, or desig native is the m ea ninggiven in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. But Associative meaning is the sec on dary meaning suppleme nted to the con ceptual meaning. It differs fromt hecon ceptual meaning because it is ope n-en ded and in determ in ate,liable to theinfluenceo fsuch factors as culture, experienee, religion, geographical region, classbackgro und educati on, etc..(4)、What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative mea ning?Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the wordsw i t h w h i c h it co-occurs. It is again no ticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with c o n n o t a t i v e a n daffective meaning because i n a sense both conno tative and affective meanings a r erevealed by virtue of collocatio ns or contextualityChapter 6 Se nse Relatio ns （语义关系）Chapter 6 Se nse Relatio ns （语义关系）derived meaningsThe meaning of a more specific word is include in that of another more general word.简答What is the differe nee betwee n radiati on and con cate nati on （连锁型）？Un like radiati on where each of the derived meanings is directly conn ected to theprimary meaning, con cate nati on describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the precedi ng one like cha ins.Chapter 7 Chan ges in Word MeaningThe vocabulary is the most unstable element of a Ianguage as it is undergoing constantcha nges both in the sig n-shapes and sig n contents. _____1、Types of Change2、Causes of Change3、简答（1 ）、What is semantic transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?Some words which were used to desig nate/i ndicate one thi ng but latercha nged t o m e a n something else have experieneed the process of semantic transfer. The four main typescon cretemeanin gs, the tran sfer betwee n subjective and objective meanings and the syn e s t h e s i m .(2)、What are the two factors causing changes in meanings? Howare they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are the extra-linguisticfactors andthe linguistic factors. The extra-linguistic factors include the historicr e a s on, t h e classreas on and the psychological reas on. The lin guistic factors in clude short eni n g,borrow ing and an alogy. (类比)Chapter 8 Mea ning and Con text (语境)1、Types of Con textWithout context, there is no way to determ ine the meaning that the speaker intends t oconvey.Whenwe talk about con text, we usually thi nk of linguistic c on text, hardly awareo f t h e2、The Role of Con textAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymyand grammatical structure. Whenaword with multiple meanings is employed in in adequate con text, it createsa mb i g u i t y3、简答(1 )、what is the differe nce betwee n lin guistic con text and extra-li nguisticcon text?Lin guistic refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appearsa n d i t i s k n o w nas lin guistic con text or co-text may extend to embrace a paragraph, a wholec hap t e r a n deven the entire book. But extra-linguistic or non-1 inguistic con text referst o t h e participa nts, time, place, and eve n the whole cultural backgro und(2 )、What is the differe nce betwee n lexical con text and grammatical con text?Lexical con text refers to the words that co-occur with the word in questi on.The mea ningof the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. Butg r a m m a t i c a lcon text refers to the structure which may in flue nce the mea ning of a polysema nt.4、论述题Read the sentence carefully. If you find any thi ng in appropriate, explain the r e a s ons a nd then improve the senten ce.a. He is a hard bus in essma n.Joh n ran the egg and spo on race.1、 The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2、 The word “ hard ” in this sentence can be understood as“ hardworking ” or“ difficult ” . The con text fails to n arrow dow n the meaning so that itis difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. 3、 The ambiguity can be elimi nated by alteri ng the con text a little. Therewould be no misun dersta nding of the origi nal sentence if it is expa ndedas “ He is a hard bus in essma n to deal with ” , or “ He is a hard bus in essma n and he is often praised by his employer” .(participated or organized John ran the egg and spoon race and got second place. orJoh n ran the egg and spo on race and gain a larger nu mber of mon ey. )b. They saw her duck. The ball was attractive.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by homonymy.2、The word “ ball ” in this sentence to“ roundobject to play in a game ” or a n arrow dow n thecan be understood as a noun, which referthe reader to decide what exactly thespeaker mea ns.3、 The ambiguity can be elimi nated by alteri ng the con text a little. It is clear if it isexpa nded as “ The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of _____________ peoples ” , or “ Theball made of leather of different colors was attractive” .(kind of poultry or verb meaning” lower one ' s head or body quickly,dodgeThey saw her duck or swim ming in the river or They saw her duck herbody.)c 、The fish is ready to eat. I like Mary better tha n Jea n.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by in adequateg r a m m a t ic a lstructure..2、 The sentence has two different interpretations. It may mean “ the fishi s c o o k ed orserved, so ready for people t o eat or a "the fishis readyto eat things ” .Th e con t ex t f a i l s w to n arrow down the meaning h a t so that e it is x difficult a for thec reader t to decide l ythe speaker mea ns.3、The sentence can be improved as “ Hownice the fish smell! The fish is ready t o eat. o r“ The fish is ready to eat things.dancing party .The con text fails tomeaning so that it is difficult for(I like Mary better than I like Jean or I like Mary better than Jean likes MaryI like Mary better than Jean does. or I like Mary better than I doJean.)iChapter 9 En glish Idioms1、 Characteristics of Idioms3、Stylistic Features（文体特征）Stylistically, idioms are gen erally felt to be in formal and some are _______col I oqui al i sms （口 语 体）and sla ng.4、Rhetorical Features4、简答（1 ）、 What are the characteristics of English idioms?The two main characteristics of English idioms are semantic unity and st r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y . Idioms each con sist of at least two or more con stitue nts, but each is a semanti cun ity.Thestructure of an idiom is to a large exte nd in variable. __________（2）、What are the rhetorical features of English idioms?The rhetorical features of English idioms include the phonetic manipulation,h el exi calman ipulati on and the sema ntic man ipulati on. The phon etic man ipulati on ncIu desalliterati on and rhyme （叠韵） .The lexical man ipulati on in cludese i t e r a t i on,r e p l e t i on and juxtapositi on. The sema ntic manipulati on in eludes (Figures of speech)S i m i l e Metaphor, Metonymy, Syn ecdoche, Personi ficati on. Euphemism.Chapter 10 En glish Dictio naries1、Types of Dictionaries2、T he main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.3、D ictionaries（1 ）、Lon gma n Dictionary of Con temporary En glish-E nglish-Ch in ese（LDCE《朗文高级当代英语词典英汉双解》）Features: Clear Grammar Codes, Usage Notes, Lan guage Notes, Newwords（2 ）、Colli ns COBUILD En glish Dictio nary（CCE《〈柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》）Features: Defin iti on. Extra Colu mn, Freque ncy Marker, Pragmatics（词语用法说明）4、B ritish or AmericanAmerica n dict ion aries contain more en cyclopaedic in formatio n in the main bodyt h a n Britishone whereas British dictionaries, especially learner ' s dictionaries, embracemore gram mat i calin formati on.5、简答What is a dictio nary? What is the relati on ship betwee n a dictio nary and lexicology?A dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English,with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology because both deal with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary un its.。
词汇学期末考试复习资料
词汇学期末考试复习资料第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words byorigin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
词汇学复习资料
Episode 1: A General Survey of Word1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. Vocabulary --- Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 2 million words.3. Content word (notional word) --- denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.4. Borrowed words (loan words, borrowing) --- words taken over from foreign language are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan words under 4 classes: Denizens, Aliens, translation loans, Semantic loans5. Semantic loans ---are not borrowed with reference to the form, but their meaning are borrowed from another language. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in language. e.g. stupid old dump6. Reference– the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked ab out. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction.Although reference is abstract, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.7. Concept– which beyond language is the result of human cognition reflecting the objective world i n the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.8. Sense---denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.1. What is the importance of basic word stock?The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language, which has five characteristics: all national character, stability, productivity, polysemy, collocability.2. What are the characteristics of associative meaning?Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.It is open-ended and indeterminate. It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.3. Tell briefly about Martin Joos’ the Five Clocks?It suggests five degrees of formality: frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate.4. What is the difference between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning?Unlike lexical meaning, different lexical items, which have different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning. On the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings. Functional words, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in partial. Lexical and grammatical meanings make up the word-meaning. It is known that grammatical meaning surfaces only in use. But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that the word conveys.Episode 2: Main Characteristics of English Vocabulary1. The Indo-European Language Family---it is assumed that the world has approximately3,000(some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. It is made up of most of the language of Europe, the Nera East, and India Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and AlbanianWestern set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.2. Old English (450-1150)---The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.3. Norman Conquest---the Normans invaded England from France in 1066. the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. Norman French became the polite speech. 75% of them are still in use today. The situation of 3 languages (French, English, Latin) existing simultaneously continued for over a century..4. Renaissance---In the early period of modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. Latin and Greek were recognized as the language of the Western world’s great literary heritage and of great scholarship.5. Reviving archaic words---words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are found mainly in older poems, legal document and religious writing or speech.6. Modern English (1150-1500) ---Modern English began with the establishment of printing in English. Word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.1. Why do we say" English is a heavy borrower?" Please justify it.English is a heavy borrower and has adopted words from all other major languages of the world. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80% of the modern English vocabulary. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana ,"The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed".eg. kowtou from Chinese, long time no see from haojiubujian (Chinese), the word "dream" originally meant "joy" and "music", its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.2. In the Middle English Period, what made French a dominant language in England?In 1066, in the history of England, there was Norman Conquest. The French-speaking Normans were the ruling class. French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters. Therefore, those who in power spoke French, those who were literate read and wrote in French; and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned Latin or French because there was no market for such services in English. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.3. What happened in the mid-seventeenth century in England?England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.Episode 3: Morphological Structure of English Words1. Morpheme---A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)2. Morph---A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3. Monomorphenic words---morphemes are realized by single morphs.4. Allomorph---Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. e.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s) has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context, e.g. in cats/s/, in bags/z/, in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or free root---The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences, e.g. cat, walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes---The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, e.g. recollection (re+collect+ion) collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. (including bound root and affix) Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root---A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". Contradict “speak against”. Bound roots are either Latin or Greek.Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing.8. Affixes---Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morphemes.9. Prefixes---Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war, sub+sea10. Suffixes---suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.11. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes---Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.12. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes---Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.13. Root---A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.) .e.g. “internationalists” removing inter-, -al-, -ist, -s, leaves the root nation.14. Stem---A form to which affixes of any kind can be added. E.g. “internationalists”, nation is a root and a stem as well.A stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus an affix.1. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes?Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Modern English is an analytic language. Most endings are lost, leaving only a few inflectional affixes, such as plural forms of nouns-s(-es), and the comparative and superlative degree forms of adjectives: -er, -est. Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.2. What are the differences between root and stem? Explain with examples.A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.(What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.) .e.g. “internationalists” removing inter-, -al-, -ist, -s, leaves the root nation.A stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. e.g. “internationalists”, nation is a root and a stem as well.A stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus an affix.A stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.Episode 4: Major Processes of Word-formation1. Affixation (Derivation)---the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems. According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixation and suffixation.2. Prefixation---the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning3. Suffixation---Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis.4. Adjective suffix---the suffix combines with noun or verb to create denominal or deverbal suffixes.---adj suffixpounding （Composition---Compounding is a process of word-formation by joining two or more stems.6. Conversion (zero-derivation, functional shift)---Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. The most productive is between nouns and verbs.1. How do you distinguish compounds from free phrases?Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects.1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stess.2) Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.Episode 5: The Minor Processes of Word-FormationDefine the following terms1. Blending---is the word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.2. Clipping---shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the origin and using what remains instead. People tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up the tempo of new life style.3. Acronymy---is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms4. Initialisms---are words formed from the initial letters of word s and pronounced as letters. It’s one of the word formations of acronymy.5. Acronyms---are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. . It’s one of the word formations of acronymy.6. Back-formation---is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion ofa supposed affix. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.1. What are neologisms? Give one example to illustrate them.Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. The examples go as follows:"They misunderestimated me." "We don’t want to get dixie-chicked, or anything like that, out of the gate. We’ve invested tens of millions of dollars in the movie."dixie-chicked, to become the subject of ridicule and economic loss by alienating a constituency.sniglet: a term invented by comedian Rich Hall to characterize a "word that should be in the dictionary, but isn’t." A few examples:doork, a person who always pushes on a door marked "pull" or vice versa.lotshock, the act of parking your car, walking away, and then watching it roll past you. pupkus, the moist residue left on a window after a dog presses its nose to it.daffynition: a pun coined by reinterpreting an existing word on the basis that it sounds like another word. Under the name Uxbridge English Dictionary, making up daffynitions is a game on the BBC Radio 4 comedy quiz show I’m Sorry I Haven’t a Clue. A few examples:an telope, to run off with your mother’s sister.testicle, an exploratory tickle.boomerang, what you say to frighten a meringue.pasteurize, too far to see.For more than 20 years, columnist Bob Levey of The Washington Post has been inviting readers to submit new definitions for pre-existing words. Some memorable contributions:circumvent (n.), the opening in the front of boxer shorts.coffee (n.), a person who is coughed upon.flabbergasted (adj.), appalled over how much weight you have gained.Frisbeetarianism (n.), the belief that, when you die, your soul flies up onto the roof and gets stuck there.population (n.), that nice sensation you get when drinking soda.spatula (n.), a fight among vampires.testicle (n.), a humorous question on an exam.2. What are the three main sources of new English words?Three main sources of new words are:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social, economic and political changes;the influence of other cultures and languages3. How do you explain the difference between backformation and suffixation? Give example to illustrate your point.Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know, Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems, and back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. For example, -er is a noun suffix, it is added to noun base engine to produce a new word--engineer. however, people make can make verbs by dropping the endings such as -or in editor, and -er in butler. This is how we derive edit and butle. The removed suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable pars of the words.Episode 6 Motivation1. Motivation---accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.2. Onomatopoeic Motivation---the words whose sounds suggest their meaning. (Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning). Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example, bang, ping-pang, crow by cocks, etc.3. Morphological Motivation---Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. (Indicate the relationship between word meaning and each morpheme meaning). For instance, airmail means4. Semantic Motivation---refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning ofa word. It explained the connection between literal sense and figurative sense of a word).5. Etymological Motivation---The history of the word explains the meaning of the word. (Indicate the relationship between word meaning and its origin).Episode 7 Semantic Features & Componential Analysis1. Grammatical meaning---refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships, such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meanings of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning becomes important only used in actual context.2. Lexical meaning---is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys. It has two components, conceptual meaning and associative meaning.3. Conceptual meaning (denotative meaning)---the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. It is constant and relative stable. Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication.Episode 8 Semantic Changes1. Three modes of vocabulary development(1) Creation---the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)(2) Semantic change---an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.(3) Borrowing---to take in words from other languages.(particularly in earlier time)2. Extension (generalization)---is a term referring to the widening of meaning. It is a process by which a word, which originally had a specialized meaning, has now become generalized.3. Narrowing (specialization)---is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.4. Elevation or amelioration--refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.5. Degradation or pejoration of meaning---It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense6. Transfer---words which were used to designate on thing but later changed to mean something else.1. What are the linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?Internal factors within the language system, and the influx of borrowing, analogy.Episode 9 Polysemy and Homonymy1. Polysemy---polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages that one word may have two or more senses or different meanings.Two approaches: Diachronic approach ,Synchronic approach.2. Radiation---is a semantic change in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation---meaning “linking together”, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the beginning.4. Homonyms---are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.5. Perfect Homonyms---are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.e.g. bank (financial institution) and bank (edge of a river)6. Homographs---are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. e.g. sow/sow7. Homophones (most common)---are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. e.g. dear/dear right/rite son/sun8. Hyponymy---deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words are known as hyponyms（下义词）. For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term（上义词）and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms（下义词）.1. What is the difference between the process of radiation and concatenation?In radiation，the meanings are independent of one other, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. If we give a graphic description of the meanings of face, it would look very much like a wheel of the bicycle.In concatenation，the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost.2. How to differentiate homonyms from polysemics?The fundamental difference lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and the same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see its etymology, the second is semantic relatedness.Episode 10 Sense Relations1. Antonyms---words which are opposite in meaning.2. Synonyms---are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. Synonyms share a likeness in denotation and in part of speech.3. Absolute (Complete) Synonyms---are words, which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. Absolute (Complete) Synonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary. For instance, composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaning in Lexicology.4. Relative (Approximate) synonyms---are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.1. What are the 3 types of antonyms? Illustrate with examples.Antonyms--are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms (according to the semantic opposition)1) Contradictory terms – these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.e.g. alive—dead, present—absent, male—female, boy—girl, true—false, same—different, imperfect—perfect2) Contrary terms---a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.E.g. rich—(well-to-do)—poor; old—(middle-aged)—young, open—(ajar)—close, beautiful—(good-looking)—(plain)—ugly,3) Relative terms – consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other, the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair are interdependent.e.g. parent—child; husband—wife; predecessor—successor, employer—employee。
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料Chapter 11.What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?2.What are diachronic approach历时性研究and synchronic approach共识性研究in lexicological study?lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use , and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language1.Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics 语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focuses on the study of the origin and history of words. Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of lexicology--the science of dictionaries.Translation;coal abounds in this province.Crystal water wells out of the spring.2.Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies;diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all languages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages oflanguage change(diachronic) in a course of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language use, features and variation within a certain stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.3.Chapter 21, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discussed in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?2, what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek.① Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old English period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in today’s English.②Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of Englandwas re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England.Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to learn Latin.French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scientific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite anumber of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their language.In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.Chapter31.What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph词素变体?A morpheme词素is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes(walk). None of these morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.Morpheme;free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme.bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s).inflectional morpheme\屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing，the addition of inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such asderivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possible→impossibleWhen a morpheme has variant forms, these variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different realizations of the same morpheme. Such as tooth→teeth, sheep→sheep(different pronunciation.)Chapter4The formation of English Words;derivation派生法; is the process by which new words areformed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix).Such as; self+less→selfless, self+less+ly→selflessly, un+self+ish→unselfish.compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation.A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be used alone as individual words.Eg; database, weblog, webpage, customer service, data retrieval, mass-destructionconversion转类法；is a process in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as”zero derivation,”which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes.Such as; water n, v. bottle→t o bottle, closet, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nurse, shape, tutor. n→vblending拼缀法；is a word formation process in which parts of words are put together to get a new word. Such as; smoke+ fog→smog, spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧, camcorder→camera+recorder, blog→web+log, brunch→breakfast+lunch, comcast→communication+broadcast, guestimate→guest+ estimate, intercom →internal+ communication, laundromat→laundry+automat, medicaid→medical+care+aid, medicare→medical + care, newscast→news+ broadcast, nightscape→night + landscape, paratroops→ parachute+ troops伞兵,back formation逆构法；is a process of creating a new word out of an existing word which is mistakenly assumed to be in derivative; a supposed suffix of a longer word is removed. Such as; babysit from babysitting, nominate推荐from nomination提名.clipping 截短法；is another word formation process from which a new word is formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllable word and the remaining will mean essentially the same thing as the original word.. Such as; fax from facsimile, and phone from telephone, ad→advertisement, cable→cablegram, dorm→dormitory, gas→gasoline, gym→gymnastics, kilo→kilogram, memo→ memorandum, ?acronyms缩略法；Acronymy and Initialism首字母缩略法；are word formation practices in which the first letters of the individual words of a phrase are put together to form a new word. Such as; DOB for date of birth.from proper noun to common noun从专有名词到普通名词Chapter71.How do your understand sense relations? What are the majorsense relations discussed in this chapter?2.What is polysemy? What is homonymy? How are they related? How are they different?The meaning of a word in usually related in important ways to the meanings of other words. The relations in meaning are known collectively as sense relations. The major kinds of sense relations include; synonymy同义关系antonymy反义关系hyponymy上下义关系（such as flower and rose）polysemy一词多义homonymy同形或同音异义关系（bank bear）Polysemy; refers to the capacity of a word to have multiple meanings.A polyseme is a word or a phrase with different but related meanings. There are two kinds of polysemy; regular/systematicpolysemy and irregular/nonsystematic polysemy. Regular polysemy refers to the situation where different interpretations of one word have parallel sets of meanings among one another. For example, bottle can refer both to a container( of liquids)-as in this bottle is full of water-and to a quantity( of liquids)-as in i would like to buy a bottle of wine. Irregular polysemy is different. For example, glass can refer to a certain material, or to a certain kind of container, or to a certain optical aid which is often made of this material. Although these three meanings of the word are, to some extent, related to each other, the relations among them are not systematic, since we cannot give rulesthat would account for these three meanings of glass.Homonymy is , in the strict sense in linguistics, a sense relation in which words share the same spelling and/or the same pronunciation but have different meanings. One example of homonym is left( opposite of right) and left( past tense of leave). This is an example of perfect homonyms-they are the same in spelling as well as pronunciation, but different n meaning. Besides true homonyms, there are two other types; words that are same in spelling, but not in pronunciation, are called homographs; words that are the same in pronunciation, but different in spelling, are called homophones. Bear;忍受；生育(一词多义)，bear 忍受；熊（同形异义）Chapter8Metaphor隐喻；a metaphor is an implied analogy that suggestively identified one thing with another.Eg; the city is a jungle, where the strong survive and the weak perish. The jail is a zoo, where many” animals” are caged.Life is the morning dew, which vapors away in a mere glimpse.The world is a stage.Personification拟人化; is a figurative technique by whichnon-living objects such as things and ideas are endowed with the traits, feelings, actions, characteristics, and even languages of human beings.The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,And seeing that it was a soft October night,Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.Hyperbole夸张; or exaggeration, is a figurative technique used to emphasize a point. Writers or speakers use this technique to be impressive or to emphasize a point.The fish is as small as a shrimp.To heaven or to hell, I will to with you.He feels as if he could crumb the earth into pieces.Allusion暗指;allusion is another kind of metaphor. It is used to refer to something that is well-known in literature or history to express your point.This story is actually a new version of King Lear’s tragedy.Many Americans were worried that the war in Iraq would become a second Vietnam War.After getting tired of the Tom-and-Jerry games in a high school, he quit his teaching job.Want to make a million dollars overnight? Have you got the Aladdin’s lamp yet?Paradox悖论refers to seemingly self-contradictory statement that actually is true.it may appear totally senseless on the surface but is really valid.Rewards are not always proportionate to efforts.You achieve your goal only to find out that it’s not what you want. Ignorance is joy.Onomatopoeia 拟声; means to take advantage of the words whose sounds are associated with the objects or actions they represent. Onomatopoeia generates sounds.“We won!” my boss chortled in joy.The ghost chortled as it was getting closer to him in the nightmare howl.One of the war phots recorded a mother howling over the dead body of her child.Better wind howled through the naked trees.The horses snorted when pulling the wagon up the mountain road. That old steam-engine train snorted as it left the train station. “That is my father.” she whispered to him.Leaves were whispering in the autumn wind.A little boy was wailing for a toy train.An ambulance wailed down the street.A dog barked at the stranger.“Hold it! Or I’ll shoot,” the farmer barked at the intruder.The roar of a lion echoed in the valley.“Get out!” he roared, “I don’t want to see your face again!”Several young sparrows were twittering in their nest.He could not sleep because several little girls were twittering outside the window.。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
英语词汇学总结复习资料大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）–natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight –past electricity，machine，car，plane ——now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang——substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）–words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stockand stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s–words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece 2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words bycombining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary herit age.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been enteredto express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation –the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing –to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect –free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveysthe meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
(完整word版)英文专业词汇学考试复习资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words.According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaningand syntactic function（句法功能）.2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In differentlanguages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example,becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the otherhand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting differentthings.（2）、What are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form?The first reason (he internal reason) is that there are more phonemes （音素）than lettersin English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reasons that some of the differences more created bythe early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.（3）、How are words classified in the course book?Words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fallinto: the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency; content words andfunctional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; simple words,compounds and derived words by morphology.（4）、What is the difference between denizens and aliens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated（完全同化）into the English language. But aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1、The Indo-European Language FamilyThe prehistoric Indo-European parent language, thought to be a highly inflected （内部曲折语）language.The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.（1）、Old English（450-1150）In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.（2）、Middle English（1150-1500）The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of theMiddle English period.The most important fact of the Middle English period was the steady erosion of theinflectional systems of Old English.（3）、Modern English（1500-present）In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancientGreek and Roman classics.It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French.3、 Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn earlier stages of English, Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian were the four major contributors.The simultaneous existence of French, Latin and English lasted for a century.4、 Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change（旧词新义）and borrowing.Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.5、简答What are the characteristics of Old English?Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. Old English was a highly inflected language.It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1、 MorphemesThe minimal meaningful units in English are known as morphemes（词素）.Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.4、 Allomorphs（词素变体）An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.6、A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss ofidentity.7、简答（1）、What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes?Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as freegrammatical units in sentences are independent of other morphemes, but boundmorphemes which cannot occur as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.（2）、What is the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes?Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words, but inflectional morphemes areemployed used to indicate the syntactic （句法）relationship between words and functionas grammatical markers.Chapter 4 Word FormatioThe most productive ways of creating new words are affixation, compounding, and conversion. 1、Affixationderivatives.2、Compounding（复合法）Example: workfare(work+welfare)In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.Verb compounds are created either though conversion or through back-formation.3、Conversion（转类法）The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.Nouns fully converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.4、 Blending（拼缀法）The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns5、Back-formation（逆身法）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.6、简答（1）、What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixeshave only a small semantic role, their primary function being to changes thegrammatical function of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slightmodification of meaning.（2）、What are the three main features of compounds?The three main features of compounds are phonological features, semantic features and grammatical features. The word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element.Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tends to playa single grammatical role in a sentence.（3）、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Words created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not successfully gained currency.（4）、What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acrnyms?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms are pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms are pronounced as normal words7、论述题1、“Medicare” and “sitcom” are blends. “Medicare” is formed by combining the head of “medical’and the word “care”, and “sitcom” is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comdey’.2、”Memo” and “flu” are clipped words. “Memo” is formed by clipping the lack of“memorandum” and “flu” is formed clipping the front and lack of “influenza”.3、”TB” and “NATO” are new words created through acronymy. “TB” from “tuberculosis” is aninitialism, while “NATO” from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization” is an acronym.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis（成份分析法）1、ReferenceWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquiredreference.2、Concept（概念）Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical.Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3、SenseUnlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language.4、Motivation（理据）（1）、What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference?Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. Although reference isa kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something definite.（2）、What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech community. (language).（3）、What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. But Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning because it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. .（4）、What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative meaning?Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. It is again noticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with connotative and affective meaning because in a sense both connotative and affective meanings are revealed by virtue of collocations or contextuality.Chapter 6 Sense Relations（语义关系）The first meaning of a word is called primary meaning. Later meanings are called derived meaningsThe meaning of a more specific word is include in that of another more general word.简答What is the difference between radiation and concatenation（连锁型）?Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.Chapter 7 Changes in Word MeaningThe vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in the sign-shapes and sign contents.（1）、What is semantic transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?Some words which were used to designate/indicate one thing but later changed to meansomething else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. The four main typesof transfer are the associated transfer, the transfer between abstract and concretemeanings, the transfer between subjective and objective meanings and the synesthesim.（2）、What are the two factors causing changes in meanings? How are they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are the extra-linguistic factors andthe linguistic factors. The extra-linguistic factors include the historic reason, the classreason and the psychological reason. The linguistic factors include shortening,borrowing and analogy.（类比）Chapter 8 Meaning and Context（语境）1、 Types of ContextWithout context, there is no way to determine the meaning that the speaker intends to convey.When we talk about context, we usually think of linguistic context, hardly aware of theAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure. When a word with multiple meanings is employed in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.3、简答（1）、what is the difference between linguistic context and extra-linguistic context?Linguistic refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and it is known as linguistic context or co-text may extend to embrace a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. But extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context refers to the participants, time, place, and even the whole cultural background（2）、What is the difference between lexical context and grammatical context?Lexical context refers to the words that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. But grammaticalcontext refers to the structure which may influence the meaning of a polysemant.4、论述题Read the sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.a.He is a hard businessman.John ran the egg and spoon race.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2、The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”.The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader todecide what exactly the speaker means.3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. There would be nomisunderstanding of the original sentence if it is expanded as “He is a hardbusinessman to deal with ”, or “He is a hard businessman and he is often praised by hisemployer”.（participated or organized John ran the egg and spoon race and got second place. orJohn ran the egg and spoon race and gain a larger number of money.）b.They saw her duck.The ball was attractive.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by homonymy.2、The word “ball” in this sentence can be understood as a noun, which refer to “roundobject to play in a game” or a “dancing party”. The context fails to narrow down themeaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. It is clear if it isexpanded as “The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of peoples ”, or “Theball made of leather of different colors was attractive”.（kind of poultry or verb meaning ”lower one’s head or body quickly, dodge”They saw her duck or swimming in the river or They saw her duck her body.）c、The fish is ready to eat.I like Mary better than Jean.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by inadequate grammaticalstructure..2、The sentence has two different interpretations. It may mean “the fish is cooked orserved, so ready for people to eat or a “the fish is ready to eat things”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.3、The sentence can be improved as “How nice the fish smell! The fish is ready to eat.” or“The fish is ready to eat things.（I like Mary better than I like Jean or I like Mary better than Jean likes MaryI like Mary better than Jean does. or I like Mary better than I do Jean.）Chapter 9 English IdiomsStylistically, idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms（口语体）and slang.（1）、What are the characteristics of English idioms?The two main characteristics of English idioms are semantic unity and structural stability.Idioms each consist of at least two or more constituents, but each is a semantic unity. The structure of an idiom is to a large extend invariable.（2）、What are the rhetorical features of English idioms?The rhetorical features of English idioms include the phonetic manipulation, the lexicalmanipulation and the semantic manipulation. The phonetic manipulation includesalliteration and rhyme（叠韵）. The lexical manipulation includes reiteration, repletionand juxtaposition. The semantic manipulation includes (Figures of speech) Simile,Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Personification, Euphemism.Chapter 10 English DictionariesThe main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.3、Dictionaries（1）、Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English-English-Chinese（LDCE《朗文高级当代英语词典英汉双解》）Features: Clear Grammar Codes, Usage Notes, Language Notes, New words（2）、Collins COBUILD English Dictionary（CCED《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》）Features: Definition, Extra Column, Frequency Marker, Pragmatics（词语用法说明）4、British or AmericanAmerican dictionaries contain more encyclopaedic information in the main body than British one whereas British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, embrace more grammatical information.5、简答What is a dictionary? What is the relationship between a dictionary and lexicology?A dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English,with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology because both deal with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.。
词汇学第二章知识点总结
词汇学第二章知识点总结第一节语言单位1. 语言单位：词、词组、句子和语法结构词：语言的最小单位词组：由几个词构成的语言单位句子：由词或词组构成的具有完整意义的语言单位语法结构：句子的组织形式，包括层次结构、句子成分、语法关系等2. 词的构成词素：构成词的最小语音和语义单位，可以独立存在或在词中进行构词词根：词的核心，在构词中起着基本作用词缀：附着在词根上，用于构成新词或改变词的词类、意义等词素内部结构：构成词素的内部组合形式3. 词的分类词的词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词和介词词的形式：词的屈折、派生、合成等形式第二节词的意义和词的结构1. 词的意义词义：词语所标示的概念、概括和概念内的发展词语义变化：词义的泛化、特指和引申等变化词的义位：构成词义的回路和成分词的词义关系：近义词、异义词和词义关系2. 词的结构词汇结构：构成词的词素和语音等结构形式词的成分结构：构成复词的内部词结构词语构词法：构成词的词缀、合成等构词手段第三节词义关系和词义演变1. 词义关系上下位关系：词义之间的概括和被概括关系同类词关系：在特定范畴或范围内词义之间的同类关系词语义联系：在使用中词义之间的联系和联系表达2. 词义演变词义的演变：在历史发展和使用中词义的变化和扩展词义变化类型：词义的泛化、转移、借代、内涵、外延等变化类型词义变化因素：历史、社会、文化、语言接触等诸多因素第四节词在句法中的功能和语意1. 词的句法功能词的句法功能：在句中词所承担的成分和功能句法结构：构成句子的各种句法成分的组织形式2. 词的语义特征词的语义特征：词的语义属性和特别意义词的意义转换：词义在句法中的隐喻、比喻、借代和辞让等转换方式词义在句法中的表现：词义在句中所呈现的语义特征和语义表达第五节词汇的心理基础1. 词汇的心理组织词的心理存储：词的存储方式和内部心理结构词汇记忆：词的认知和记忆方式及其规律词的心理连接：词之间在心理中的联结和联系2. 词汇的心理活动词的心理组织：词的认知、思维、理解、表达等心理活动词的心理过程：词的产生、使用、决策、回忆、判断等心理过程第六节词汇习得和使用1. 词汇的习得语言习得：语言学习者获取和掌握词汇的过程词汇习得理论：第一语言习得和第二语言习得的理论及其实践词汇习得策略：词汇习得过程中的学习策略和方法2. 词汇的使用词汇的应用范畴：词汇在语言和交际中的各种应用范畴和方式词汇的使用规律：词汇在使用中的频率、变化、地域差异等规律词汇的使用技巧：词汇使用中的技巧、技能、风格等第七节词汇学的理论和研究方法1. 词汇学的理论词汇研究理论：词汇研究的主流理论和方法词汇学派别：各种词汇学派别对词汇研究的探索和发展词汇发展趋势：未来词汇研究的方向、趋势、发展和应用2. 词汇学的研究方法词汇的研究方法：词汇的描述、分析、解释的研究方法和手段词汇的实证研究：词汇在使用中的实证研究方法和技术词汇的应用研究：词汇在语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的应用研究以上是词汇学第二章的知识点总结。
词汇学复习整理
Chapter 1LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.Chapter 21.The history of English languageHistory of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present).2.Classification of English wordsEnglish words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion.By originNative words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English)Loan words (borrowed)By level of usage: 5 categoriesStandard/ popular word/ common wordsLiterary wordsColloquial wordsSlang wordsTechnical wordsBy notionContent words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb.Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers.Pick up the slang words and explain.1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no)2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars)3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense)4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb.repeatedly)5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country)6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense)Chapter 3Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy.Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine.Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean.Clipping: the formation of a new word by shortening it, e.g. ad from advertisement Acronyms: are abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux)Blending: word formed from parts of two or more other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes, e.g. smog from smoke and fog.- The word “prejudice” implies that a judgment is made ___ (before/ after) the facts are studied.- A subcutaneous (皮下的) inflection is ___ (on/ under) the skin.- Supersensory impressions are ___ (within/ beyond) the normal limits of the senses.- The transpolar (跨越南北极的) flight goes ___ (around/ across) the pole.- A legislature with one chamber is ___ (unicameral/ bicameral).- A bicameral legislature has ___ (one/ two) chambers.- An interlinear has the meaning inserted ___ (opposite/ between) the lines.- Relation between cultural groups are said to be ___ (intercultural/ subcultural).- A multiplied insect has ___ (many/ two) feet.- Mark Twain’s The Mysterious Stranger was published posthumously, that is ___ (before/ after) his death.1. They are going to summer in Guilin.2. They hurrahed his wonderful performance.3. You have to round you lips in order to make the sound /u:/.4. They are great sillies.5. She dusted the furniture every morning.- Bicycle- Sergeant, SARGE- Gymnasium, GYM- Kilogram, KILO- Business, BIZ- Dormitory, DORM- Influenza, FLU- Automobile, AUTO- Sci-fi- Smog- Chinglish- Medicare- Email- Newscast- Brunch- telecast, television+broadcastChapter 4Two types of word meaningGrammatical meaningLexical meaningTense meaning of verbs: works, workedAspect meaning of verbs: working, workedCase meaning of nouns: John’s, boy’s, children’sPlural meaning of nouns: girl, girls; man, menComparative degree of adjectives or adverbs: bigger, simplerSuperlative degree of adjectives or adverbs: biggest, simplestDenotative meaning:the literal meaning of a word; there are no emotions, values, or images associated with denotative meaning. Scientific and mathematical language carries few, if any emotional or connotative meaningsConnotative meaning:The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. OR A meaning of a word or phrase that is suggested or implied, as opposed to its literal meaning. The communicative value, an expression has by virtue of what itrefers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Include both physical characteristics and psychological and social properties.Stylistic meaningAffective meaning (详见下)Conceptual meaningConceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.2 Associative meaningAssociative meaning is that part of meaning which has been supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning which arises of the associations a word acquires. It is open-ended, unstable and indeterminate, because it varies with culture, time, place, class, individual experiences, etc. Associative meaning includes connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative meanings.1)Connotative meaningConnotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotations are apt to vary from age to age and from society to society. Talking about connotation is in fact talking about the real world experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it.2)Stylistic meaningLanguage use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.3) Affective meaningAffective meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes of a language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context.4)Collocative meaningCollocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words that go before or come after a word in question.Chapter 5SynonymyAntonymHyponymy (下位词): is a word or phrase whose semantic range is included within that of another word. For example, scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of redFind the general word in each group- Automobile, vehicle- Book, dictionary- Captain, officer- Ceremony, wedding- Emotion, love- Occupation, teaching- We planted many ___ including ___. (Carrots, vegetables)- Is she a ___ or another kind of ___？(Doctor, surgeon)- It gave me a great ___ of ___. (Feeling, relief)- That ___ is going to be a ___. (Building, restaurant)Chapter 6Translate English idioms into Chinese or vice versa.- Cowards die many times before their deaths.- Easy come, easy go.- Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.- Nothing ventured, nothing gained.- One swallow does not make a summer. 一花独放不是春- The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 力不从心- Where there’s a will, there’s a way. 有志者事竟成Chapter 7Give at least one English example of each figure of speech.Simile (like, as)MetaphorPersonificationMetonymy (the act of referring to sth by the name of sth else that is closely connected with it, for example using the White House for the US president)Euphemism: an indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to sth embarrassing or unpleasant, sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is: 'Pass away' is a euphemism for 'die'.Hyperbole/ exaggeration: a way of speaking or writing that makes sth sound better, more exciting, dangerous, etc. than it really isOxymoron/ paradox: a phrase that combines two words that seem to be the opposite of each other, for example a deafening silenceChapter 8Remember some American and British word spelling and words for the same objects, e.g. Sweets (BrE), candyDefense (AmE), defenceDifferences in spellingDivergence British spelling American spelling our…or colour, neighbour color, neighbor ou…o mould, smoulder mold, smolder re…er centre, theatre center, theater gue…g catalogue, dialogure catalog, dialog ll…l travelling, travelingjeweller, jewelerskillful skilful mme…m programme, gramme program, gram omission of axe, judgement ax, judgment silent…e good-bye good-byce…se defence, licence defense, license e…i enquire, enclose inquire, inclose y…I tyre, dyke tire, dikec…k sceptic, disc skeptic, disks…z cosy, tsar cozy, tzarise…ize naturalise, utilise naturalize, utilizeSpecial casesBritish Americancheque, cigarette check, cigaretdraught, gaol, grey draft, jail, graykerb, plough, pyjamas curb, plow, pajamasstorey, waggon story, wagonAmerican and British words for common ideas or objectsAmerican Britishalumnus (of a school or university) graduatebar public house, pubcan (as a can of soup) tingraduate post graduate student candy sweetsclipping cuttingcloset cupboardcommuter ticket season ticket conductor guardsweetscorn maizedrugstore chemist’sfaculty (of university) staffgas, gasoline petrolinstructor lecturerjumper sweaterlong distance call trunk callmail, mailbox, mailman post, pillar box, postmanpackage parcelrailroad railwayschedule timetableshorts underpants or short trousers sneakers gym-shoesumbrella brollywaistcoat weskitwaste basket dustbintrash garbagepants trouserscracker biscuitelevator liftfirst floor ground floorpedestrian crossing zebra crossingliving-room sitting roomsidewalk pavementfreshman first-year studentsophomore second-year studentjunior third-year studentsenior fourth-year studentsoccer footballstore shopzip code post codesick illradio wirelesseyeglasses spectaclespaperboy newsboyprinciple headmastermovie star film starFinal Test—Items and Notes1. Check the only misspelled word in each group and write the correct form for each. (1’*5)e.g. A. whisper B. laughter C. confront D. confidence2. Change the following words into the class as required in the brackets. (1’*10)e.g. Develop (n) ___3. Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks with the following words. (1’*10)e.g. Fear laid ___ her show of bravery.4. Put the following pairs of antonyms in to the right groups according to the characteristics of antonym. (1’*15)5. Provide ONE English example for each figure of speech given below. (2’*5)6. Explain the italicized part in each sentence in your own words. (2’*5)7. Put the following Chinese proverbs into English and vice versa. (2’*10)8. Change the following British words into the corresponding American ones vice versa. (1’*10)9. Answer the question with examples. (10’)。
（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲、样题及答案
（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲、样题及答案（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.):Lexicology (p. 1)V ocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p. 1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantlychanging, growing and decaying, together with the development of humansociety.2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is astructural and semantic entity within the language system.3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content.4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definitesystem of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, whichdistinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach isconcerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, forinstance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changesand the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The twoapproaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3. The Division of the History of English1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional2) The Middle English periodDuration: 1150-1500The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8)(1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional3) The Modern English period (page 8)Early Modern English (1500-1700)Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English V ocabulary1. The naive elements of English V ocabulary1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11)a. all-national characterb. great stabilityc. mono-syllabic wordsd. Great word-forming abilitye. wide collocabilityf. plurality of meaningsg. high frequency valueh. stylistically neutral2. The foreign elements of English V ocabulary (pp. 11-26)1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the Englishvocabulary (p. 12)a. through oral speechb. through written speechc. through invaders2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreignelements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13)a. aliens ;b. denizens;c. translation loan;d. semantic loan3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviationsvice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f.,viz.4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words,partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33)Chapter Three Word-Building1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should becompleted withexamples.):morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examplesappearing the ways of word-building)1) affixation (pp. 39-51)2) conversion (pp.51-55)3) compounding (pp.55-59)4) backformation (pp. 59-60)5) shortening (pp. 60-63)6) blending (pp. 63-64)7) imitation (p. 64)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Four Semantics1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p.77), homograph(p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2. important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter Five Change of Meaning1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradationof meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p.119)2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Six English Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128)2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Seven V arieties of English1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149),2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Eight American English1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162)2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter T en English Lexicography1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia(p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).（0057）《词汇学》样题Part I Definition (15 points)Directions: Defining the following terms with examples.1. aliens2. homophone3. jargon4. compounding5. bilingual dictionaryPart II True or False Decision (15 points)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false).1.Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect —written form and the inner aspect —sound.2.Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.3.Old English is a language of full inflections.4.“Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin inthe English language.5.Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two words which are absolutelyidentical in meaning6.We should put our hands on the deck, when we hear “All hands on deck” on a boat.7.In the word “modify”, the root is “mod”, the stem is “modi” and the suffix is “-fy”.8.Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin and Greek.9.In the compound word “blood test”, the second part, i.e. “test”, indicates the action upon thefirst part.10.Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin —commence.11.Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech based on resemblances.12.Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first elementand secondary stress on the second element.13.Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.14.Most of the English words are polysemic.15.American English is characterized by creativeness but not conservativeness in usage.Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 wordsor phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.1. The word “question” is a word borrowed from .A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Scandinavian2. He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.A. outB. toC. throughD. over3. Y ou should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .A. respectivelyB. respectablyC. respectfullyD. respected4. The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable5. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheersfrom it.A. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. break upon6. The scientists realized it would be too to ship all people in one boatbecause it was fragile.A. boldB. daringC. riskyD. dangerous7. The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessarychemical reactions to in his body.A. precedeB. proceedC. progressD. practise8. There is a of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment because of the coldweather.A. shortageB. wantC. needD. desire9. When the V ictorians had family reunions, the hosts went their way to entertainthe guests.A. in forB. overC. out ofD. back on10. Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissive towards the car.A. pushB. pullC. drawD. drag11. Which of the following usually appears in poems?A. horseB. steedC. gee-geeD. nag12. Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?A. unhorseB. unmannedC. unfrostD. unhappy13. Which of the following is formed by blending?A. popB. sightseeC. copterD. boatel14. The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.A. staleB. stuffyC. fadedD. tired15. I will take you to a most interesting ________ of nineteenth century.A. wonderB. exhibitionC. expositionD. displayPart IV Translation (10 points)Directions: Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1.The sea has smoothed down.2.Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.3.He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.4.Strike while the iron is hot.5.Most of the city families have a fridge.Part V Answer the following questions with examples (15 points)1.What are the classifications of Homonyms? (7 points)2.What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (8 points)]（0057）《词汇学》样题答案Part I Definition (15 points)1.aliensAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, “coup d?état”, “résumé”, “régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.2.homophonesHomophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son;piece and peace; etc.3.jargonJargon are terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession. For example, when the chemist says “Chlorophyll makes food by photosynthesis.”he is talking j argon, which in plain language means “green leaves build up food with the help of light”./doc/1256011fff00bed5b9f31d97.htmlpou ndingCompounding is the word forming process by which tow or even more words are joined to form a new entity. For example, “darkroom (meaning …a room used for photographic processing?) is formed by joining “dark” and “room” into a new word.5. bilingual dictionaryA bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries are generally defined orexplained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc.Part II True or False Decision (15 points)1~15 FFTTT 6~10 FTTTF 11~15TTFTFPart III Multiple Choice (15 points)1~5 ACCCB 6~10 CBACA 11~15 BCDABPart IV Translation (10 points)1.大海已经平静下来了。
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I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. soundB. formC. morphemeD. root2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal3.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames5.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes6.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes7.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes8. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting9.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages10.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional11._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection12. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage13. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymyposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms15.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms16 Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal17. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words.Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. new18.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian allbelong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon19.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes20. ________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size21．The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes22.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting23.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexicalmeaning in particular.A. arbitrary meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. grammatical meaning24.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional25._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection26. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from itsfirst sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation27.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage28. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms29. In Shakespearean line …rats and mice and such small dee r‟, deer obviously designates …_____‟ ingeneral.A. a doeB.. animalC. a deerlike animalD. buck30 By hook and by crook is an example of ________.31. A word is ______of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a part32. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is not_______________.A. free rootB. free morphemesC. wordD. bound root33. Word formation excludes ________________.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration34. For the word “political”, its negative form is “_____________”.A. apoliticalB. ilpoliticalC. inpoliticalD. impolitical35. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation __________________ concatenation.A. is behindB. precedesC. is withD. makes up for36. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________.A. logicalB. arbitrary, conventionalC. certainD. objective37. The chief function of prefixation is to ______________ .A. change meanings of the stemsB. change the word-class of the stemC. change grammatical functionD. all the above38. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicatesgrammatical concept or relationship such as ____________.A. part of speech of wordsB. singular and plural meaning of nounsC. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional formsD. all the above39. In the idiom “earn one‟s bread”, ___________ is used.A. synecdocheB. personificationC. metonymyD. simile40. Homographs are words identical only in _____________ but different in two other aspects.A. soundB. meaningC. spellingD. senseII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.3.Now people generally refer to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons as _______.4.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of theword explains the meaning of the word.5. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. According to suffixation theory, “villager”is called denominal noun and “employer”is called__________ noun.7. Lexical meaning and ___________ meaning make up the word meaning.8. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly ___________.9. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of ___________ meaning.10. Linguistic context includes lexical context and __________.11. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ________and exclamative sentences.12. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.13. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called _____.14. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______15. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.III. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.1. Functional words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.2. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is a free root.3. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation makes upfor concatenation.4. Back-formation is one of the three major processes of word formation in English5. The total number of functional words is very limited in English.6. The meaning of a word, especially that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it appears.7. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.8. All transitive verbs can be used in passive sentences.9. Descriptive words can be used for evaluation in some contexts.10. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.11. The basic word stock of a language is changing rapidly all the time.12. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.13. Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.14. There is no intrinsic connection between sound symbols and the sense of all English words.15. Homophones are words identical in spelling but different in meaning.16. Root, stem and base refer to the same thing.17. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are loan words.18. “Impossible” expresses a stronger negation than “not possible”.19. Acronymy and derivation are all processes of shortening words or word groups.20. The three major processes of word-formation are compounding, blending and conversion.21. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.22. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.23. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.24. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.25. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.26. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.27. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.28. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.29. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000.30. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.31.When the word “persuader”means “dagger”(匕首）, it is regarded as an argot word.32.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.33. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.34. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.35. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs.IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms(complete or partial synonyms); 2) origins of homonyms(acronymy, borrowing, homograph, homophone or change in soundand spelling) ; 3) processes of word-meaning development(radiation or concatenation).A. acronymyB. homographC. complete synonymsD. partial synonymsE. borrowingF. homophoneG. change in sound and meaningH. radiation I. concatenation1.neck ( )2. word building/word formation ( )3. candidate ( )4. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )5. NOW ( )6. dear/ deer ( )7.ear from ear ( ) 8. fair from feria ( )9. bank /bank ( ) 10. change / alter/vary ( )V．Define the following terms .1. word2. bound morphemes3. prefixation4. hyponymy5. polysemy6. antonymy7. hyponymy8. free morpheme9. affixation 10.. root11．Affixes 12. Acronymy 13. Conversion 14. back-formation 15. semantic fieldVI．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What are the stylistic features of idioms？2.. What are the main types of blendings ?3.. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.4．What are the main types of compounds ?5. What are the three main sources of new words?6. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a,never.7 . Write the following words into a tree-like graph:vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes,cereal.。