Translation Process 翻译过程
翻译的过程
翻译的过程The Process of Translation翻译的步骤Warming-up Exercises1. They gave the boy the lie.2. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draught.3. The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.4. I shall not expect you until I see you.参考译文1. 他们指责男孩说谎。
（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。
）2. 火是无孔不入的，可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。
3. 循声而去，便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。
4. 你随便什么时候来吧。
翻译的过程通常包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。
在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、相辅相成的统一过程，不能截然分开。
译者在理解原文的同时，也在选择表达方式；在表达的同时，又会进一步加深理解。
Three steps of translation翻译的三个步骤1．理解理解是翻译过程的第一阶段。
它既包括对语言现象、文化现象的理解，又包括逻辑关系的理解，对有可能发生歧义的语句要善于分析，进而做出正确判断。
例1：He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. ( overrule: rule against)译文1：他允许法官驳倒父亲，宣布他自己的儿子有罪。
译文2：法官的责任感战胜了父子私情，他还是宣判（自己的）儿子有罪。
例2：If we try to implement these harebrained ideas (that English should be replaced by Hindi and the 15 recognized state languages), India will become a Tower of Babel. (harebrained: very foolish)译文1：如果我们试图实施这些轻率而愚蠢的主张，以印度语和其他15种官方承认的各邦语言取代英语的话，印度就会成为一座通天巴别塔。
第二章翻译的过程TheProcessofTranslation
第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解：1语义方面：1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择：light music轻音乐，light loss小损失，light car轻型汽车，light heart不专一的心，light step轻快的脚步，light manners轻浮的举止，light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。
翻译的过程
?
?1. 语义分析
? 语义分析（Semantic Analysis）是语言 分析的一个分支，说明处在一定语境中， 按照一定次序排列的词项之间的语义关系， 探索词项的意义。把握好原语的全部意义， 是翻译成效的关键。
? 1）首先，必须注意词的概念意义（Conceptual Meaning） 和关联意义（Associative Meaning）。
翻译的过程
一般认为，翻译过程包括两个阶段：正确理解 （Accurate Comprehension ）和充分表达（ Adequate Representation ）。前者是后者的前提，后者是前者 的结果，两者是有机的统一，是使译文符合“忠实、 通顺”的翻译标准的必备条件。
一、理解阶段
? 理解（comprehension）可分为广义理解和狭义理解。广义 理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容 以及原文读者对该作品的反映。狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的 理解。这中理解主要包括语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语 篇分析（grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis）。理解是翻译成功与否的先决条件 和重要步骤，务必正确可靠，杜绝谬误。
1. Diligence is the mother of good luck.勤勉是幸运之源。 2. No news is good news. 没消息就是好消息。 3. A stitch in time saves nine. 小洞不补大洞吃苦/一针不缝九针难补，及时处理事半 功倍。
英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译
翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。
其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
翻译实践报告英汉材料
翻译实践报告英汉材料Translation Practice Report翻译实践报告Introduction (简介)This report aims to summarize my experience and findings during the translation practice conducted from July to September. The practice involved translating various materials from English to Chinese, including news articles, marketing texts, and technical documents. The objective was to enhance my translation skills and gain practical experience in the field.Translation Process (翻译过程)During the translation practice, I followed a structured process to ensure accuracy and clarity in the translated texts. Firstly, I carefully read and analyzed the source text to understand its main ideas and key points. Then, I identified potential translation challenges, such as idiomatic expressions or cultural references, and conducted research to find the most appropriate Chinese equivalents.Next, I started the actual translation process, paying close attention to linguistic conventions, syntactical structures, and cultural nuances. I strived to maintain the original meaning while adapting it to the target language. This often required creativity and flexibility to find the best translation equivalent.Throughout the translation process, I made use of various resources, such as bilingual dictionaries, online translation tools, and professional literature. I also sought advice from experienced translators to improve the quality of my work. This enabled me to produce accurate and idiomatic translations.Challenges and Solutions (挑战与解决方案)During the translation practice, I encountered several challenges that required creative solutions. One recurring challenge was the translation of idiomatic expressions. These phrases often have no direct equivalent in Chinese and need to be rephrased to convey the same meaning. To overcome this, I used a combination of paraphrasing, substitution, and cultural adaptation to maintain the essence of the original expression.Another challenge was the translation of technical terms and jargon. In these cases, I relied heavily on specialized dictionaries and consulted subject matter experts to ensure accuracy. I also made use of technical translation resources and glossaries to ensure consistency and avoid mistranslation.Reflection and Improvement (反思与提升)Overall, the translation practice has been a valuable learning experience for me. It has allowed me to hone my translation skills and develop a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in the translation process. I have also learned the importance of continuous learning and staying up-to-date with industrydevelopments.In the future, I aim to further improve my translation skills by participating in more translation projects and seeking feedback from experienced translators. I will also continue to expand my vocabulary and knowledge in various subject areas to enhance my translation quality.Conclusion (结论)The translation practice has provided me with an opportunity to apply the knowledge and skills learned in translation studies to real-world scenarios. It has allowed me to gain practical experience and improve my translation accuracy and fluency. I believe that with continuous practice and dedication, I will be able to become a proficient and competent translator.。
翻译目的论视角下张培基英译文赏析以《我坐了木船》为例
翻译目的论视角下张培基英译文赏析以《我坐了木船》为例一、本文概述翻译作为跨文化交流的重要桥梁，其本质在于传达原文的意义和风格，使译文读者能够理解和欣赏原文的文化内涵。
在众多翻译理论中，翻译目的论以其独特的视角和实用性，为翻译实践提供了重要的指导。
本文旨在从翻译目的论的视角出发，对张培基的英译文进行赏析，以《我坐了木船》为例，探讨其翻译策略与技巧，并分析其如何有效地传达原文的意蕴和风格。
张培基先生是我国著名的翻译家，其译文以准确、流畅、优美著称。
他的翻译作品广泛涉及文学、历史、哲学等多个领域，为我国的翻译事业做出了重要贡献。
在《我坐了木船》这篇译文中，张培基先生凭借其深厚的语言功底和文化底蕴，成功地将原文的意境和情感传达给了译文读者。
通过对张培基英译文的赏析，本文旨在揭示翻译目的论在实际翻译中的应用，分析译者在翻译过程中如何根据翻译目的选择合适的翻译策略，并探讨这些策略如何影响译文的质量和效果。
本文也希望通过这一案例分析，为翻译爱好者和从业者提供一些有益的启示和借鉴，推动翻译研究的深入发展。
二、翻译目的论框架下的翻译原则与策略翻译目的论，作为一种功能主义的翻译理论，强调翻译的目的和翻译行为所要达到的功能。
在此理论框架下，翻译的原则和策略都围绕翻译的目的进行选择和调整。
在翻译目的论的指导下，翻译的首要原则是目的性原则，即翻译行为应满足译文的预期功能或目的。
这一原则要求译者在翻译过程中，不仅要忠实于原文的内容，更要考虑到译文的读者群体、文化背景和语境等因素，以确保译文能够有效地传达原文的意图和信息。
翻译目的论还强调连贯性原则和忠实性原则。
连贯性原则要求译文在内部逻辑和表达上要保持一致性和连贯性，使读者能够顺利理解译文。
忠实性原则则要求译文在尊重原文的基础上进行适当的调整，以确保译文与原文在意义和功能上的对等。
在翻译目的论的框架下，翻译策略的选择应服务于翻译的目的。
常见的翻译策略包括直译和意译。
直译策略更注重保留原文的字面意义和风格，而意译策略则更注重传达原文的深层含义和语境信息。
英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译
翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。
其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
悬疑小说汉译中原作与译作的互补共生——以daddy’slittlegirl（节选）的汉译为例
AcknowledgementsUpon the completion of this thesis, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Wu Bo, for her advice in shaping my ideas and patience in improving my draft. The final version of this thesis is indispensable from her insightful suggestions and consistent encouragements. At the beginning of MTI program, I felt frustrated as a beginner of both translation practice and study compared with my outstanding classmates. It was Professor Wu who offered great help in improving my translation competence and shaping the proper approach to academic research. I feel extremely grateful that I could walk through two years of post-graduate study with her.My sincere thanks also go to other professors in the School of Foreign Languages of East China Normal University for their enlightening lectures and dedication in translation study, especially to Professor Li Honghong and Professor Du Zhendong. Professor Li introduced deconstruction translation theory to us for the first time in her lecture, and her doctoral thesis which showed her brilliant understanding about that theory has been an exciting adventure for me during my thesis writing. Professor Du impressed me by his unfailing efforts in providing various translation materials and communicating his creative ideas about translation with us. Moreover, he is always ready to encourage and help us on and off campus.I am also grateful to my outstanding classmates. For me, they are good team players in academic study and intimate friends in personal life. My last thanks go to my beloved family members. Their love and dedication have been continuing sources of courage and strength for me in fighting for a better future.i摘要悬疑小说是目前深受中国读者喜爱的一种小说类别，近年来国内出版社每年都会引进和翻译许多英语原版悬疑小说。
产品说明书英文翻译案例
Product Instruction Manual - English Translation Case Study IntroductionIn this document, we present a case study of translating a product instruction manual from Chinese to English. The purpose of this case study is to showcase the steps involved in the translation process and highlight the importance of accurate and clear translations for effective product communication.1. Project ScopeThe product instruction manual to be translated is for a household electronic device, specifically a smart vacuum cleaner. The original manual is written in Chinese and needs to be translated into English to cater to international users.2. Translation Process2.1 Identification of Key TermsThe first step in the translation process is to identify key terms and technical vocabulary used in the original manual. It is crucial to understand the specific terminology used in the field to ensure accurate translation.2.2 Translation StrategyA translation strategy is developed based on the target audience and the purpose of the product manual. In this case, the goal is to provide clear and concise instructions to English-speaking users. The translation strategy involves maintaining the same structure and order of information as the original manual while using appropriate English language conventions.2.3 Translation by Professional TranslatorA professional translator, fluent in both Chinese and English, is assigned to the project. The translator has expertise in the field of household electronic devices to ensure accurate translation of technical terms and concepts.2.4 Review and EditingFollowing the translation, the translated manual is reviewed and edited to ensure accuracy, consistency, and clarity. This step involves checking grammar, sentence structure, and overall readability.2.5 ProofreadingAfter the review and editing process, the translated manual undergoes a final round of proofreading to eliminate any remaining errors or inconsistencies. Attention is paid to language conventions, formatting, and punctuation to ensure a polished final product.3. Challenges and Solutions3.1 Technical TerminologyOne of the main challenges in this translation project was the technical terminology specific to the field of household electronic devices. To overcome this challenge, the translator conducted thorough research and consulted experts in the field to ensure accurate and precise translations.3.2 Cultural AdaptationAnother challenge was ensuring that the translated manual is culturally adapted for English-speaking users. This involved making necessary adjustments to idioms, cultural references, and examples used in the original manual to suit the target audience. The translator worked closely with the review team to ensure the manual is contextually appropriate and easily understood by the English-speaking users.3.3 Quality AssuranceTo ensure the highest quality of translation, multiple rounds of review and proofreading were conducted. This allowed for the identification and correction of any errors or inconsistencies in the translated manual. The project team also utilized translation software tools to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the translation process.4. ConclusionEffective translation of product instruction manuals is essential for providing clear and accurate information to users. This case study highlighted the various steps involved in translating a product instruction manual from Chinese to English. The use of a professional translator, attention to technical terminology, cultural adaptation, and quality assurance measures contribute to the successful translation of the manual, ultimately enhancing user experience and satisfaction.。
英语翻译的过程
确切理解单词意义的方法
翻译过程的理解同一般的阅读理解有区别： 英译汉过程中的理解，指解读原文以最大 程度地获取原文所蕴含的信息量。 方法： • 有效地扩大词汇量，减少理解中的“拦路虎”。 • 根据上下文语境和词语搭配进行判断 • 重视熟悉单词的一词多义现象。
课堂互动：判断哪个译文正确？
1. I was so angry that I couldn’t find my tongue.
Texts
理解是英汉翻译过程中的第一步，也是整个过程中 最关键的一步。译者能否准确地表达原文的思想内 容，关键在于是否准确理解了原文。因此，理解是 表达的基础，是表达的先决条件。没有正确的理解 就不可能有忠实的译文，当然也谈不上通畅、自然 的表达。
Question：How to accurately comprehend the original text? 例1：If it worked once, it can work twice.
I. Lead-in
Warming-up question:
Please tell us what is your own process of translation?
II. Explanations on the process of translation
The four basic processes in translating consist of (1) analysis of the source text, (2) transfer from source to target language, (3) restructuring in the target language, (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended audience.
translatology术语
翻译学基本用语源语/译出语source language(SL)译语/译入语target language(TL)原作者SL author译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor文本text原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text译文target text, translation译本/译著translated text/translational work源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture 语境context笔译translation口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting同声传译simultaneous interpreting交替口译consecutive interpreting翻译原则translation principle标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translation process翻译程序/步骤translation procedures反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent形式对等formal equivalence功能对等functional equivalence动态对等dynamic equivalence等效equivalent effect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)理解understanding/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/reformulation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mistranslation伪译pseudo-translation异化foreignizing /source-oriented translation归化domesticating/naturalization/target-accommodating translation 词汇空缺lexical gap文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap直译literal translation/direct translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)加注法annotation夹注intratextual note脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commented translation释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borrowing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixture of methods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译back translation还原法finding the original原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shift of perspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness /idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)译者隐形translator’s invisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation/transmigration of souls信、达、雅(严复语)faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler奈达(Eugene A.) Nida机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn翻译学translatology/Translation Studies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanical translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation乱译/胡译excessively- free translation歪译(意义扭曲)distortion惯用法usage搭配collocation约定俗成convention 形合hypotaxis意合parataxis动态dymanic静态stative。
英语翻译的步骤The Procedures for Translation
4. Her bright red hat killed the quiet colour of her dress. 5.That killed him around here. 6. He is killing me. 7. The troops of the two countries are kept at arm‟s length. 8.If I want you I‟ll ask for you.
理解之后－－表达
How to give an exact representation after you have acquired accurate comprehension: 表达是理解的继续和升华，表达的好坏与理解 的深度，译文语言的熟练程度，翻译技巧的掌 握程度有关．
2. 2. 1 关键词的表达
The question before the house is one of awful moments to our country. 摆在全体代表面前的是关系到我国危急存亡的 重大问题。 The boys have their respective future dreams. 那几个少年对未来各有梦想。 The nursing of the sick ,said Nightingale, is a vocation as well as a profession. 南丁格尔说：看护患者不仅是一种职业，更是 天职。
准确理解是确切表达的前提，理解的诸多 方面如图所示。词义的选择
固定搭配、成语、短语、惯用词组 理解 歧义 矛盾修辞 逻辑关系 夸张 重复 平行结构 正确理解语言现象, 不仅要了解句子的字面意义，还要 了解句子的内涵意义。必须上下有联系地、全面地理解原 文的词汇含义、语法关系和逻辑修辞。不能孤立地看待一 句一词，因为同一个词或一个词组，在不同的上下文和不 同的语法结构中，往往有不同的含义。有时不同词义的词 却被认为是同义词，而同一词在不同的上下文中又产生了 不同的含义。 篇章 段落 词句
语用预设理论指导下的翻译过程中对原文的“理解”
语用预设理论指导下的翻译过程中对原文的“理解”摘要：语用预设理论最早由彼得·福西特(peter fawcett)引入翻译领域，强调语用预设对翻译的指导作用。
在翻译实践中对原文的理解是最基本也是最关键的一步。
本文试将语用预设定义为共同知识来指导翻译过程中对原文的理解。
关键词：语用预设，翻译过程；共同知识；理解中图分类号：h059文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-08-0-01一、引论预设是一种复杂的语言现象,在翻译实践中起着非常重要的指导作用。
语用预设可以引导译者更加彻底和全面地了解原文内容和背景。
语用预设因民族语言文化不同而存在差异。
因此，译者如果熟知源语和译语语用预设的异同，会有助于正确理解原文。
只有在作者和读者共享预设信息时，话语意义才能被顺利传递。
翻译过程（process of translation）是指正确理解原文并且创造性的将原文意思完整的用另一种语言再现的过程。
英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克（peter newmark），认为翻译过程分为理解（understanding）和表达(formulation)。
理解是翻译的基础和前提，是保证翻译质量的首要条件。
翻译中的理解应以忠实地表达原作的意义并尽可能再现原作的意图和风格为目的。
在阅读理解原文时，译者要理解原文的意图；原文的语言特点、形式、意义与风格；原文中的文化因素以及原文的读者。
本文运用语用预设理论作为指导，针对“理解”这一步骤进行分析。
二、对原文意图的理解在翻译实践活动中，译者根据作者的创作背景和意图来揣测原文的意思。
如何最大限度的贴近原作的意思是每个译员的不懈追求。
原文的作者与其作品有着密切的关系，原文的意图也就是作者创作的目的。
作品既是一种创新也是一种写照，通常情况下，作者是根据自身的世界观、人生观以及对周围社会的一种看法和寄托，虚拟在自身的作品当中。
可以说，作品中的主人公，或多或少的流露这作者本人的人生观和价值观。
英语句子如何翻译
英语句子如何翻译When it comes to translating English sentences, there are a few key points to keep in mind in order to ensure accuracy and clarity. Whether you are a beginner or an advanced learner, understanding the principles of English sentence translation is crucial for effective communication. In this document, we will explore some common strategies and techniques for translating English sentences into another language.First and foremost, it is important to grasp the meaning and context of the original English sentence. This involves analyzing the structure, grammar, and vocabulary used in the sentence. By understanding the nuances of the original sentence, you will be better equipped to convey the same meaning in the target language.Next, consider the cultural and linguistic differences between English and the target language. Certain expressions, idioms, and cultural references may not have direct equivalents in the target language. It is essential to adapt the translation to ensure that it is appropriate and understandable within the cultural context of the target audience.In addition, pay attention to the grammatical structure of the English sentence. This includes identifying the subject, verb, and object, as well as any modifiers or qualifiers. Understanding the grammatical components of the sentence will help you to accurately convey the same structure in the target language.Furthermore, consider the tone and style of the original English sentence. Is it formal or informal? Is it a question, statement, or command? These factors will influence the way in which the sentence is translated, as the tone and style may vary in the target language.Another important consideration is to be mindful of the nuances and connotations of the words used in the original English sentence. Certain words may have multiple meanings or subtle undertones that need to be carefully considered in the translation process.It is also helpful to consult reliable language resources, such as dictionaries, grammar guides, and language forums, to aid in the translation process. These resources can provide valuable insights and alternative translations that may be useful in capturing the full meaning of the original English sentence.In conclusion, translating English sentences requires careful attention to the meaning, structure, cultural context, grammar, tone, and nuances of the original sentence. By approaching the translation process with these considerations in mind, you can effectively convey the intended meaning in the target language. Remember to continuously practice and refine your translation skills in order to become a proficient and confident English sentence translator.。
乔治斯坦纳及其对翻译的阐释学解读
乔治斯坦纳及其对翻译的阐释学解读George Steiner was born in 1929 in Paris, France. As a prolific author, essayist, literacy critic, and philosopher, he has written extensively about the relationship between language, literature and society, particularly in light of modern history, and the impact of the Holocaust with his field primarily in comparative literature and his work as critic has tended toward exploring cultural and philosophical issues, particularly dealing with translation and the nature of language and literature.乔治斯坦纳1929年⽣于法国巴黎，著作等⾝，在⽂学创造、语⾔评论和哲学⽅⾯均有很深造诣。
他主要的研究领域为⽐较⽂学，写了⼤量关于在现代历史背景下语⾔、⽂学和社会关系，以及是⼤屠杀的社会影响⽅⾯的⽂章。
在⽂学批评上，他的视⾓延伸向了⽂化与哲学，在翻译，语⾔和⽂学的本质问题上的观点独树⼀帜。
The word “hermeneutics” originates in old Greek and its Latin spelling is “hermeneuein”, meaning to understand. In the Middle Ages, it developed into hermeneutics of theology, as it applied to the interpretation of the decrees of God and records of antiquity. Through the reformation of the Renaissance, hermeneutics, applied for semantic explanations in rhetoric and poetics, evolved into a methodology contributed by the German Romantics, Schleiermacher (1786-1834) and Dilthey (1833-1911) who interpreted various texts of historical records in their work.Hermeneutics⼀词来源于古希腊，拉丁语的拼法为hermeneuein，意义为理解。
02.翻译的过程
2 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动1 ：翻译句子（参考译文）
2.My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring.
【译文】听了这话，她笑了，双 唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨 的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，脉
5
返回章重点 退出
课堂互动1 ：翻译句子（参考译文）
5．Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, “and what is the use of a book,” thought Alice, “without pictures or conversation?” 【译文】爱丽丝无所事事，跟姐姐一起闲坐岸边，开
始感到厌倦了。姐姐正在看书，她瞥了一两眼，但 是那书上并没有图画或对话。爱丽丝想，一本书中 如果没有图画或是对话，那它又有什么用呢？
小节结束 6
返回章重点 退出
课堂互动2 ：翻译句子（参考译文）
1.He excels others in every expect.
【译文】他在各方面都优于他人。
2. I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the everlastingness.
翻译的过程
一、正确理解 (Comprehensive Reading)
理解就是透彻地了解、懂得、掌握原文 所表达的内容和实质，包括词义、句义、段义、 语义。没有对原文的全面理解，翻译就无从下手； 理解不深不透，译文就不忠不顺。理解必须通览 待译文的全文，熟悉全文风貌，掌握内容大意， 摸清所涉及的具体人物、事件、背景，搞懂语言 现象，辨明逻辑关系。
5
准确理解是确切表达的前提，理解的诸多 方面如图所示。词义的选择
固定搭配、成语、短语、惯用词组 理解 歧义 矛盾修辞 逻辑关系 夸张 重复 平行结构 正确理解语言现象, 不仅要了解句子的字面意义，还要 了解句子的内涵意义。必须上下有联系地、全面地理解原 文的词汇含义、语法关系和逻辑修辞。不能孤立地看待一 句一词，因为同一个词或一个词组，在不同的上下文和不 同的语法结构中，往往有不同的含义。有时不同词义的词 却被认为是同义词，而同一词在不同的上下文中又产生了 不同的含义。 6 篇章 段落 词句
下述段落的主题句则在其中间： 10) She says while the demand for IT executives has dipped somewhat in the past few months, companies are still desperately seeking CIO candidates. Such demand has inflated CIO pay packages to between $1.5 and $3 million a year, on par with salaries of chief financial officers and chief operating officers. But even when they do pay such sums for these sought-after executives, some companies still don't seem to understand the logic of giving full play to the potential of the role. "In Asia, the title is being adopted but not all its functions," says Jason. "Many companies just pay lip-service to the importance of technology and don't let CIOs do their jobs. It's meaningless for a company to have a CIO then."
2018年宁波大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2018年宁波大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语互译（2×20＝40分）说明：本部分共20个词语，汉语和英语各10个，或选自国内外时事新闻，或选自翻译理论术语。
请将汉语词语翻译为英语，英语词语翻译为汉语。
1. 脸部识别技术【答案】face recognition technology2. 美国总统对中国的国事访问【答案】a state visit to China by the president of the United States3. 供给侧改革【答案】supply-side reform4. 国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划【答案】the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China5. 激发创新活力【答案】stimulate innovation vitality6. 社会主义核心价值观【答案】the core values of socialism7. 不忘初心【答案】stay true to the mission8. 房地产市场【答案】real estate market9. 经济全球化【答案】economic globalization10. 软实力【答案】soft power11. translation process【答案】翻译过程12. functional equivalence【答案】功能对等13. source language【答案】源语14. communicative translation 【答案】交际翻译15. target text【答案】目标语16. domestication【答案】归化17. informative text type【答案】信息文本类型18. literary translation【答案】文学翻译19. translator’s subjectivity【答案】译者主体性20. the invisibility of the translator【答案】译者的隐形二、英汉篇章翻译（1×60＝60分）Middle-aged, unemployed, single and my money spent, I’m an utter failure in comparison to many of my college peers.I graduated from an elite university in the 1980s. My class of approximately 1550 has generated a Nobel Prize winner, a Pulitzer Prize winner, a World Bank chief, a few ambassadors, at least one current governor and several mayors. I know former classmates who are university presidents, college professors, CEOs and so on.What a load of over-achievers!Meanwhile, the rest of us remain uncelebrated, absent from the public eye, not courted by private bankers, nosy paparazzi (狗仔队), respected charities, luxury real estate agents or art auction houses.Post-graduate achievement is usually measured in degrees earned and awarded, class rankings, corporate titles, magazine covers and social media popularity, and money made. At elite institutions’ alumni gatherings, the bar for storytelling is set high, with summary biographies of our most luminous graduates shared in hushed murmurs. How can we compare ourselves to our peer’s stupendously visible achievements and not think ourselves failures?In the 1800s, Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard (克尔凯郭尔) addressed the same question with his own story: “The Lily in the Field and the Bird of the Air”. Init, Kierkegaard describes a little bird that loves to gossip to its friend the lily. The bird, he writes, has a bad habit of saying “all sorts of things, true and untrue, about o ther places where lilies far more splendid were found in great abundance”. The listening lily, in turn, becomes troubled. Seeing its own unsplendid existence in comparison to the bird’s fantastic tales of other and better lilies, the lily begins to doubt whether it deserves to call itself a lily at all.In the distress of comparison, the troubled person may go at last so far that in view of the difference he forgets that he is a man. In despair, he conceives himself so different from other men, that he even conceives he is different from what is meant by being a man, just as the lily was so inconspicuous that it was questionable if it was really a lily.In other words, it’s not just painful to doubt. T o measure success in any way but from the inside is to rock the foundations of your identity.Most of us are already busy enough trying to get by. We are busy with the practical tasks of everyday living, doing and redoing, learning and changing, and sometimes staying the course. We might compare our performance on an examination, or a recent grant proposal; but to compare ourselves against others in the totality of being a successful adult is odious and futile.Many of us are not the kind of successful that’s easy to see. Many of us who have enjoyed financial success were extremely fortune, but perhaps not so lucky in love. Many of us understand now that no matter how hard you work or how brilliant y ou might be, luck has far more to do with “success” than one mightimagine.【参考译文】中年，失业，单身，破产，我与许多大学同学们相比是一个完完全全的失败者。
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译者是代表原作者把原作 M(message) 用 TL(target language)重新表达出 重新应该对原作理解得最深刻, 最透彻,只有这样,才能把体现在原文 来. 因而译者应该对原作理解得最深刻, 最透彻,只有这样, 最深刻 中的原始思想完整无误地表达出来.译者对原文的理解稍有差错, 中的原始思想完整无误地表达出来.译者对原文的理解稍有差错,译文就不可能 思想完整无误地表达出来 准确无误, 甚至会差之毫厘失之千里. 理解非常重要. 如果对原文不理解, 准确无误, 甚至会差之毫厘失之千里.因此, 因此, 理解非常重要. 如果对原文不理解, 或理解得不对,一切就无从谈起. 或理解得不对,一切就无从谈起. 1.理解要准确透彻 . 正确理解原文,不能停留在表层意义上,要透过表层,进入深层, 正确理解原文,不能停留在表层意义上,要透过表层,进入深层,也就是通 过现象抓住本质. 大凡语言表达一种思想总要使用一些词语, 采取某种表现手法, 过现象抓住本质. 大凡语言表达一种思想总要使用一些词语, 采取某种表现手法, 使用这些词语和表现手法的目的,就是为了表达某种思想. 使用这些词语和表现手法的目的,就是为了表达某种思想.所谓理解就是要懂得 作者表达的思想内容.如果仅仅看懂字面意思 表层 而不知道它到底表示什么 表层), 作者表达的思想内容.如果仅仅看懂字面意思(表层 ,而不知道它到底表示什么 意思(深层 , 就不能算是理解了. 意思 深层), 深层 就不能算是理解了. 如有一篇杂文题为 持螯把盏话无肠" 这里 无 "持螯把盏话无肠" . " '是指 肠"指的是什么?"把盏"又是什么意思 "无肠' 是指"螃蟹""把盏"是"举 指的是什么 "把盏"又是什么意思?"无肠' 是指"螃蟹""把盏 ' ' 把盏" 着酒杯" 如果不懂得这一点,就是没有理解.有时,字面上看是一个意思, . 着酒杯" 如果不懂得这一点,就是没有理解.有时,字面上看是一个意思,而 实际上指的是另一种意思.译者若看不出它的内在含义,暗含意义或弦外之音, 实际上指的是另一种意思.译者若看不出它的内在含义,暗含意义或弦外之音, 译出来的东西译文读者就更无法懂得其真正含义了. 译出来的东西译文读者就更无法懂得其真正含义了.如: (1) It seems to me what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander. . A:我觉得煮鹅用什么酱油,煮公鹅也要用什么酱油. :我觉得煮鹅用什么酱油,煮公鹅也要用什么酱油. B:我认为应该一视同仁. :我认为应该一视同仁. 上例译者若不懂得其内在含义, 上例译者若不懂得其内在含义,很可能译成译文 A.这样,读者就会感到莫 .这样, 名其妙,不知所云.译者若能透过表层理解深层意义, 名其妙,不知所云.译者若能透过表层理解深层意义,就可能译成译文 B,从而 , 把原意清楚准确地表达出来. 把原意清楚准确地表达出来. 2.理解要靠上下文 . 认真阅读上下文,也就是要在一定的语言环境中才能理解得深刻透彻. 认真阅读上下文,也就是要在一定的语言环境中才能理解得深刻透彻.从语 言学的观点看,孤立的一个单词,一个短语,一个句子看不出它是什么意思, 言学的观点看,孤立的一个单词,一个短语,一个句子看不出它是什么意思,必
II. Basic translation procedures:
翻译的全过程:翻译的过程大体可概括为理解,表达和校核三个阶段. 翻译的全过程:翻译的过程大体可概括为理解,表达和校核三个阶段.理 解是翻译的第一步,也是翻译全过程中最基本的一步. 解是翻译的第一步,也是翻译全过程中最基本的一步.正确的理解有助于正确的 表达, 而正确的理解取决于译者能否对原作进行深入细致的语法分析, 语义分析, 表达, 而正确的理解取决于译者能否对原作进行深入细致的语法分析, 语义分析, 语体分析和语篇分析.表达是翻译的第二步, 语体分析和语篇分析.表达是翻译的第二步,是译者把自己所理解的内容用译入 语准确而又自然地传递给译入语接受者的阶段. 校核阶段是理解和表达上存在的 语准确而又自然地传递给译入语接受者的阶段. 问题进行最后的处理的阶段. 问题进行最后的处理的阶段.
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须在语言环境中, 确定它的意义. 须在语言环境中,有一定的上下文才能 确定它的意义.如: They were Zhou's welcoming party. 这句话就看不出是什么意思.首先, 指的是什么? 又是谁? 这句话就看不出是什么意思.首先,不知道 they 指的是什么?Zhou 又是谁?也 就看不出是什么意思 是指欢迎宴会还是有什么别的意思.请看看上下文: 不知道 welcoming party 是指欢迎宴会还是有什么别的意思.请看看上下文: A few minutes before Kissinger boarded the aircraft, four senior Chinese officials entered the plane. They were Zhou's welcoming party; they had been in the capital for three days, but had remained in seclusion. 这样我们明白了, they 是指四位中国高级官员, 是指四位中国高级官员, Zhou 就是周恩来, 就是周恩来 welcoming 周恩来, 这样我们明白了, party 是周总理派来迎接基辛格的人员.这句话便可译成:他们是周总理派来专 是周总理派来迎接基辛格的人员.这句话便可译成: 话便可译成 程迎接他的人员.又如: 程迎接他的人员.又如:They believe that there has been overemphasis on the "number game"of increasing the number of words a person can "run through" " per minute. "number game"是指什么 是不是"数字游戏"?通过上下文可以看出,这里 是指什么?是不是 通过上下文可以看出, 是指什么 是不是"数字游戏" 通过上下文可以看出 指的是"字数竞赛" 也就是看看阅读时一分钟内谁阅读的字数最多.可译成: , 指的是"字数竞赛" 也就是看看阅读时一分钟内谁阅读的字数最多.可译成: 他们认为人们过于强调了字数,也就是增加每分钟一个人能阅读的单词数. 他们认为人们过于强调了字数,也就是增加每分钟一个人能阅读的单词数. 3. 理解要靠广博知识 理解原文就是要懂,而且要懂得深懂得透,不能满足于明白每一句话, 理解原文就是要懂,而且要懂得深懂得透,不能满足于明白每一句话,每一 个词的含义,而要真正懂得这段话表达的是什么意思. 个词的含义,而要真正懂得这段话表达的是什么意思.因此,译者必须具有广博 知识,对于作者所谈到的题材,所讨论的问题,要熟悉,要内行. 知识,对于作者所谈到的题材,所讨论的问题,要熟悉,要内行.我们常常有这 样的体验, 由于缺乏某方面的知识, 看了或听了别人用汉语对这个问题的讲述后, 样的体验, 由于缺乏某方面的知识, 看了或听了别人用汉语对这个问题的讲述后, 或听了别人用汉语对这个问题的讲述后 还是不明白.汉语是我们的本族语,我们不懂显然不是因为语言方面的障碍, 还是不明白.汉语是我们的本族语,我们不懂显然不是因为语言方面的障碍,而 是由于我们知识欠缺.所以,如果翻译经济方面的材料, 是由于我们知识欠缺.所以,如果翻译经济方面的材料, 就要具备一定经济学 方面的知识; 翻译新闻题材, 就要对国内外时事了如指掌; 翻译某个专业的文章, 方面的知识; 翻译新闻题材, 就要对国内外时事了如指掌; 翻译某个专业的文章,
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必须是这个专业的行家. 讨论的题材是门外汉,就搞不好翻译. 必须是这个专业的行家.如果对于原文 讨论的题材是门外汉,就搞不好翻译. 因为译者自己都不懂,翻译出来的东西译文读者就更不可能懂.翻译文学作品, 因为译者自己都不懂,翻译出来的东西译文读者就更不可能懂.翻译文学作品, 除了具有一定的文学修养外,还要有广阔的知识面.有志于搞文学翻译的人, 除了具有一定的文学修养外,还要有广阔的知识面.有志于搞文学翻译的人,要 尽可能多积累一些有关本国和作者所在国的历史,地理,风土人情,自然风貌, 尽可能多积累一些有关本国和作者所在国的历史,地理,风土人情,自然风貌, 人情 文化传统等方面的知识.另外,还要对这篇作品的时代背景, 文化传统等方面的知识.另外,还要对这篇作品的时代背景,作者的生平及其艺 术风格有所了解.总之,知识越广博,理解就更彻底,对翻译就越有好处 术风格有所了解.总之,知识越广博,理解就更彻底,对翻译就越有好处.有些 老翻译家常常是一边翻译,一边对该书作者进行研究: 老翻译家常常是一边翻译,一边对该书作者进行研究:等他翻译了这个作者的几 部作品之后,也就成为研究这个作家的专家了.这种精神是值得我们学习的. 部作品之后,也就成为研究这个作家的专家了.这种精神是值得我们学习的. 由此可见,理解非常重要.如果对原文不理解,或理解错误,或理解肤浅, 由此可见,理解非常重要.如果对原文不理解,或理解错误,或理解肤浅, 一知半解,一切都无从谈起.翻译中有相当一部分错误, 一知半解,一切都无从谈起.翻译中有相当一部分错误,以及许多译文出现费解 或不知所云的现象,都是因为译者对原文不甚理解,或理解错误引起的.因此, 或不知所云的现象,都是因为译者对原文不甚理解,或理解错误引起的.因此, 理解是前提,没有这个前提,翻译就无法进行. 理解是前提,没有这个前提,翻译就无法进行.
Being Positive
Being positive is really just being true to your human nature. Your basic nature is to act, and not be acted upon. That's true, despite widely accepted theories of determinism used to explain human nature. Determinism says, that you don't really choose anything, that what you call choices, are nothing more than automatic responses to outside conditions or stimuli. When you are positive, you don't deny that genetics, upbringing and environment make a difference. But you see them as influences only. A positive person exercises free will, the freedom to choose the response that best applies to your values. In that way you gain control of your circumstances, rather than being controlled by them.