20XX考研英语：英译汉真题练习一.doc
【尚择优选】20XX年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
20XX年考研英语(一)真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandm ark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexercisep recioustohealth.”But_____someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhasl ittleinfluenceonphysicalfilnessLaughterdoes_____short-termchangesinth efunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,____heartrateandoxygenconsumpti onButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto____,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_ ____benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.____,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughter apparentlyaccomplishesthe____,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatetha tlaughter.muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp____theeffectsofpsychologic alstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof______ feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate.______oneclassicalth eoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted_______physicalreactions.I twasarguedattheendofthe19th centurythathumansdonotcry______theyaresadbu ttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso_______tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanfl ow_____muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsycholo gistFritz.1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6．[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance10．[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal11．[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at13．[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosi ng[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusi cdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenann ouncementofhisappointmentin20XX.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavo rable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-side dclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,istha tGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbe rt’sappointmentinthe Times,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairof theformidableconductorabouthim.”Asadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectoro fanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierr eBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsome Times readersasfaintprai se.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodon e.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,but itisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinte restingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomput eranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforlivepe rformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lov ingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses, dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperfor mancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20th century.Thererecordingsarec heap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythant oday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceoft helistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthus broughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenew musicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasb eenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanw hoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibran torganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpanding theorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicar etosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestor chestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorf eels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplan ationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvag ueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.With intwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancial ServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhat kindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldab outhisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesat AvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCE Opost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressur e,executiveswhodon’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessen vironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementsclo udtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewil lingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%f romayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiber umResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringlead ers.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconvention al.Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostatt ractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/Ferryseniorpa rtnerDennisCarey:”Ican’tthinkofasinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnot instructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly. EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.I twasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange. RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin20XXwithambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytoo kthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinanc ialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.“Thet raditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat’sbeenfundamentall yinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethose who’vestayedtoolong.”26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbe ing[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittingmaybespurredby[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans[A]approvedof.[B]attendedto.[C]huntedfor.[D]guardedagainst.29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.[D]it’ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.N olonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media–suchastelevisioncommercialsandpri ntadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalte rnativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”m ediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwi thitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondco nventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproduct s.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.But insomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia–f orinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefines uchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsp lacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,wh ichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtrave lproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&John son,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatprom otescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,t hepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’ma rketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithm ore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatp assionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuch moredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anasset orcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhom akenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,fo rinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusine ssesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycot tproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,th ecompany’sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearnin gcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefr omitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestra tedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsu mersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.31.Consumersmaycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare[A]obscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.[D]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature[A]asafebusinessenvironment.[B]randomcompetition.[C]strongusertraffic.[D]flexibilityinorganization.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.34.ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.[D]Popularityofownedmedia.Text4It’snosurprisethatJenniferSenior’sinsightful,provocativemagazinec overstory,“IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,”isarousingmuchchatter–nothing getspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthana completelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingtha tchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtorede finehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymome nt-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Even thoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Se niorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbeso urcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardly theonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostories aboutnewlyadoptive–andnewlysingle–momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual“J enniferAnistonispregnant”news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonec elebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderth atadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportki tten-killing?Itdoesn’tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparents totheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderifth eyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemess agethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslythei rmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyan dPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemo therslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsareles shappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshock there,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;ye ttohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It’shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbec auseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthataba byisnotahaircut.Butit’sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekof stress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren’tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inth esamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel”mightmakeuslookjusta littlebitlikeJenniferAniston.36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight[B]enjoymentinprogress[C]happinessinretrospect[D]lastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youa rerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromt helistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandG havebeencor rectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmas thehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandam edicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinE nglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philo sophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericanc ollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEn glish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatest ohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldpos ses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlookl ike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenr ead”-theyformasortofsocialglue.[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforw hichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.Thisispartlyb ecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswantt ostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor’sdegre esin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers. So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavethepr ofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]Onereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancu tacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducatio nsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschoo ls.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardu ndergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmus tstudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessional qualification.[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmer icanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmon eyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefo urfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearcht ookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeint oaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmeric anprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,a rguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecial izationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.”Sodisciplinesacquireamonop olynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionofthep roducersofknowledge.[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterth ewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.”Otherwise,academicswi llcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.”Academicinquiry,atleastinsom efields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”Yetquitehowth athappens,MrMenanddosenotsay.[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookT heMarketplaceofIdeas:Reforma ndResistanceintheAmericanUniversity shouldbereadbyeverystudentthinking ofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.Forsom ethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,ap rofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegment sintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(1 0points)Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacter andoutercircumstances,thebook AsaManThinkingbyJamesAllen isanin-depthex plorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecaus ewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnat ure.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthattho ughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanoth er.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionas theconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrol throughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquest ion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccor dwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”Ac hievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdo n’t“get”successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.\PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonot makeaperson,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectoftho seinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatt hetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetof circumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumst ancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldnev erhaveprogressed.Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthe bestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerkno ws,aperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindiv idual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourp resentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontain edinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayo flimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Writealettertoafriendofyoursto1)recommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesand2)givereasonsforyourrecommendationYourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2er“LIMING”instead.Donotwritertheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160---200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressa y,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainit’sintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)20XX年考研英语(一)真题参考答案1-5，ACDBA6-10CADCB11-15BCACA16-20BCADB21-25DBCAA26-30CCBDB31-35CCBDB36-40CBCCC41-45BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
20XX年考研英语翻译真题译文及解析.doc
既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，那么我们不得不考虑我们是否在构建能够确保我们获得这种能力的力量。
得分重点：
原因状语从句，whether引导的宾语从句，定语从句
50、We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling。
结构分析：
主句//We are thus led to distinguish, 插入语//within the broad educational process定语从句// which we have been so far considering, 主句的宾语/a more formal kind of education –定语从句的宾语/that of direct tuition or schooling。
词义推敲：
distinguish区分，区别
the broad educational process宽泛的教育进程
so far到目前(现在)为止，直至目前(现在)
that 在此处代指“教育”
direct tuition直接教导
schooling学校教育
参考译文：
因此，我们可以在上文所述及(目前为止已经考虑到地)的宽泛的教育进程中，区分出一种更加正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。
得分重点：
插入语，定语从句，后置插入语。
英译汉考研英语一级真题
英译汉考研英语一级真题翻译讲究信、达、雅，第一步的“信”就是，你要“精准”地知道每个单词的意思，不行以模棱两可，所以再经过全文翻译这一遍，下文是我为你细心编辑整理的英译汉考研英语一级真题，盼望对你有所关心，更多内容，请点击相关栏目查看，感谢!英译汉考研英语一级真题1It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abidingclaims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet, when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.【参考译文】然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然想到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和制造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.【参考译文】无论地方多么简陋不堪，寻求一片静谧圣土是人类特有的需求，而动物需要的仅是仅是避难栖息之地。
考研英语（一）完整真题及答案解析
考研英语（一）完整真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility(敏感性) to developing the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually __14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that others are there to help ___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin(后叶催产素), oftencalled"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite介词辨析。
20xx年考研英语一试卷真题(后附答案详解)
20xx年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding"yes!"_____（1）helping you feel close and_____（2）to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a_____（3）of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you_____（4）getting sick this winter.In a recent study_____（5）over 400 healthyadults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____（6）the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____（7）to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____（8）with a cold,and the researchers_____（9）that the stress-reducing effects ofhugging_____（10）about 32 percent of that beneficialeffect._____（11）among those who got a cold,the ones who feltgreater social support and received more frequent hugs had lesssevere_____（12）."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_____（13）risk for colds that's usually_____（14）with stress,"notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie,Hugging"isa marker of intimacy and help_____（15）the feeling that othersare there to help_____（16）difficulty."Some experts_____（17）the stress-reducing,health-relatedbenefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called"thebonding hormone"_____（18）it promotes attachment inrelationships,including that between mothers and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part ofthe brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.Butsome of it_____（19）in the brain,where it_____（20）mood,behavior and physiology.1.A．Besides B．Unlike C．Throughout D．Despite2.A．equal B．restricted C．connected D．inferior3.A．view B．Host C．lesson D．choice4.A．avoid B．forget C．recall D．keep5.A．collecting B．affecting C．guiding D．involving6.A．on B．in C．at D．of7.A．devoted B．attracted C．lost D．exposed8.A．along B．across C．down D．out9.A．imagined B．denied C．doubted D．calculated10.A．served B．Restored C．explained D．required11.A．Thus B．Still C．Rather D．Even12.A．defeats B．symptoms C．errors D．tests13.A．Highlighted B．increased C．controlled D．minimized14.A．Presented B．equipped C．associated D．compared15.A．assess B．Generate C．moderate D．record16.A．in the name of B．in the form of C．in the face of D．in the way of17.A．attribute B．commit C．transfer D．return18.A．unless B．because C．though D．until19.A．remains B．emerges C．vanishes D．decreases20.A．experiences B．combines C．justifies D．influencesSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions beloweach text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWERSHEET.（40 points）Text 1First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.Last year,the Transportation SecurityAdministration(TSA)found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time theytried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.It is not yet clear how muchmore effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is sticker shock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bringthe price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.21.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A]explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B]stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C]highlight the necessity of upgrading majorU.S.airports.[D]emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22.Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A]New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B]The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C]An increase in the number of travellers.[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word“expedited”(Liner 4,P ara.5)is closet in meaning to[A]quieter.[B]cheaper.[C]wider.[D]faster.24.One problem with the PreCheck program is[A]a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B]its wrongly-directed implementation.[C]the government’s reluctance to back it.[D]an unreasonable price for enrollment.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Less Screening for More Safety[B]PreCheck–a Belated Solution[C]Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D]Underused PreCheck LanesText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,”wrote Queen Liliuokalani,Hawaii's last reigning monarch,in 1897.Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.Sadly,all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT),a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea,a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko,that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerfultelescopes.Rested in the Pacific Ocean,Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere,where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land anda painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes,they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to theislands'inhabitants.Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history,too,with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are,where we come from and where we are going.Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies,as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.The TMT site was chosen to minimize thetelescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea,old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragra ph 1 indicates[A]her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D]her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A]its geographical features.[B]its protective surroundings.[C]its religious implications.[D]its existing infrastructure.28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A]it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B]it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C]their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D]they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A]is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D]will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.30.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A]severe criticism.[B]passive acceptance.[C]slight hesitancy.[D]full approval.Text 3Robert F.Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures“everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”With Britain voting to leave the European Union,and GDP already predicted to slow as a result,it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century.Many argue that it is a flawed concept.It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.By most recent measures,the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world,with record low unemployment and high growth figures.If everything was going so well,then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit,despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question.Across the 163 countries measured,the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth istranslated into meaningful improvements for itscitizens.Rather than just focusing on GDP,over 40 different sets of criteria from health,education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education,major economies have continued to decline.Yet this isn’t the case with all countries.Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society,income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn:When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success,the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations,as a measure,it is no longer enough.It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or educationoutcomes–all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31.Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34.In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35.Which of the following is the best for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being,a UK lesson[B]GDP figures,a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Robert F.Kennedy,a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit,the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge inMr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and“unsettled”issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and“nasty.”But underanti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging ameeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is notan“official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their const ituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access foraverage people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the s truggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The underlined sentence(Para.1)most probably shows that the court[A]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C]was contemptuous of McDonn ell’s conduct.[D]refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37.According to Paragraph 4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A]concrete returns for gift-givers.[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C]leaking secrets intentionally.[D]breaking contracts officially.38.The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are[A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A]awaken the conscience of officials.[B]guarantee fair play in official access.[C]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D]inspire hopes in average people.40.The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）[A]The first published sketch,"A Dinner at Polar Walk"brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine From then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name"Boz" in The Evening Chronicle,earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers,as it is generally known today,secured Dickens's fame.There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars,and the plump,spectacled hero,Samuel Pickwick,because a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared,a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments,as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour,who had originated the idea for the story.With characteristic confidence,Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.After the first installment,Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt,was not faithful enough to his prose.Seymour made the change,went into his backyard,and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide.Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.The comic novel,The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and,to many people,the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.A moralist,satirist,and social reformer,Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison,Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.He taught himselfshorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.At the same time,Dickens,who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him,especially anything comic or odd,submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F]Dickens was born in Portsmouth,on England's southern coast.His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay office--a respectable position,but with little social status.His paternal grandparents,a steward and a housekeeper,possessed even less status,having been servants,and Dickens later concealed their background.Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.Yet two years before Dicken's birth,his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe,never to return.The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,a shoe-polish factory,where the other working boys mocked him as"the young gentleman."His father was then imprisoned for debt.The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and became his deepest secret.He could not confide them even to his wife,although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G]After Pickwick,Dickens plunged into a bleaker world.In Oliver Twist,he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London.Nicholas Nickleby,his next novel,combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick.The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position ofEnglish as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. (47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.SectionⅣWriting51 directionsYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city.Please give reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the answer sheet.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address。
20xx年考研英语一试卷真题
20xx年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding"yes!"_____（1）helping you feel close and_____（2）to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a_____（3）of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you_____（4）getting sick this winter.In a recent study_____（5）over 400 healthyadults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____（6）the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____（7）to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____（8）with a cold,and the researchers_____（9）that the stress-reducing effects ofhugging_____（10）about 32 percent of that beneficialeffect._____（11）among those who got a cold,the ones who feltgreater social support and received more frequent hugs had lesssevere_____（12）."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_____（13）risk for colds that's usually_____（14）with stress,"notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie,Hugging"isa marker of intimacy and help_____（15）the feeling that othersare there to help_____（16）difficulty."Some experts_____（17）the stress-reducing,health-relatedbenefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called"thebonding hormone"_____（18）it promotes attachment inrelationships,including that between mothers and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part ofthe brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.Butsome of it_____（19）in the brain,where it_____（20）mood,behavior and physiology.1.A．Besides B．Unlike C．Throughout D．Despite2.A．equal B．restricted C．connected D．inferior3.A．view B．Host C．lesson D．choice4.A．avoid B．forget C．recall D．keep5.A．collecting B．affecting C．guiding D．involving6.A．on B．in C．at D．of7.A．devoted B．attracted C．lost D．exposed8.A．along B．across C．down D．out9.A．imagined B．denied C．doubted D．calculated10.A．served B．Restored C．explained D．required11.A．Thus B．Still C．Rather D．Even12.A．defeats B．symptoms C．errors D．tests13.A．Highlighted B．increased C．controlled D．minimized14.A．Presented B．equipped C．associated D．compared15.A．assess B．Generate C．moderate D．record16.A．in the name of B．in the form of C．in the face of D．in the way of17.A．attribute B．commit C．transfer D．return18.A．unless B．because C．though D．until19.A．remains B．emerges C．vanishes D．decreases20.A．experiences B．combines C．justifies D．influencesSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions beloweach text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWERSHEET.（40 points）Text 1First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some major U.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.Last year,the Transportation SecurityAdministration(TSA)found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time theytried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.It is not yet clear how muchmore effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is sticker shock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bringthe price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.21.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A]explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B]stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C]highlight the necessity of upgrading majorU.S.airports.[D]emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22.Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A]New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B]The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C]An increase in the number of travellers.[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word“expedited”(Liner 4,P ara.5)is closet in meaning to[A]quieter.[B]cheaper.[C]wider.[D]faster.24.One problem with the PreCheck program is[A]a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B]its wrongly-directed implementation.[C]the government’s reluctance to back it.[D]an unreasonable price for enrollment.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Less Screening for More Safety[B]PreCheck–a Belated Solution[C]Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D]Underused PreCheck LanesText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,”wrote Queen Liliuokalani,Hawaii's last reigning monarch,in 1897.Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.Sadly,all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT),a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea,a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko,that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerfultelescopes.Rested in the Pacific Ocean,Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere,where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land anda painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes,they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to theislands'inhabitants.Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history,too,with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are,where we come from and where we are going.Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies,as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.The TMT site was chosen to minimize thetelescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea,old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragra ph 1 indicates[A]her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D]her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A]its geographical features.[B]its protective surroundings.[C]its religious implications.[D]its existing infrastructure.28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A]it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B]it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C]their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D]they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A]is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D]will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.30.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A]severe criticism.[B]passive acceptance.[C]slight hesitancy.[D]full approval.Text 3Robert F.Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures“everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”With Britain voting to leave the European Union,and GDP already predicted to slow as a result,it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century.Many argue that it is a flawed concept.It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.By most recent measures,the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world,with record low unemployment and high growth figures.If everything was going so well,then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit,despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question.Across the 163 countries measured,the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth istranslated into meaningful improvements for itscitizens.Rather than just focusing on GDP,over 40 different sets of criteria from health,education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education,major economies have continued to decline.Yet this isn’t the case with all countries.Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society,income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn:When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success,the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations,as a measure,it is no longer enough.It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or educationoutcomes–all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31.Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34.In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35.Which of the following is the best for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being,a UK lesson[B]GDP figures,a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Robert F.Kennedy,a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit,the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge inMr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his“official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on“specific”and“unsettled”issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is“distasteful”and“nasty.”But underanti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging ameeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is notan“official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery.“The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,“assumes that public officials will hear from their const ituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types of access foraverage people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the s truggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The underlined sentence(Para.1)most probably shows that the court[A]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C]was contemptuous of McDonn ell’s conduct.[D]refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37.According to Paragraph 4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A]concrete returns for gift-givers.[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C]leaking secrets intentionally.[D]breaking contracts officially.38.The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are[A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A]awaken the conscience of officials.[B]guarantee fair play in official access.[C]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D]inspire hopes in average people.40.The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）[A]The first published sketch,"A Dinner at Polar Walk"brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine From then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name"Boz" in The Evening Chronicle,earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers,as it is generally known today,secured Dickens's fame.There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars,and the plump,spectacled hero,Samuel Pickwick,because a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared,a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments,as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour,who had originated the idea for the story.With characteristic confidence,Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.After the first installment,Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt,was not faithful enough to his prose.Seymour made the change,went into his backyard,and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide.Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.The comic novel,The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and,to many people,the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.A moralist,satirist,and social reformer,Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison,Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.He taught himselfshorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.At the same time,Dickens,who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him,especially anything comic or odd,submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F]Dickens was born in Portsmouth,on England's southern coast.His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay office--a respectable position,but with little social status.His paternal grandparents,a steward and a housekeeper,possessed even less status,having been servants,and Dickens later concealed their background.Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.Yet two years before Dicken's birth,his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe,never to return.The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,a shoe-polish factory,where the other working boys mocked him as"the young gentleman."His father was then imprisoned for debt.The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and became his deepest secret.He could not confide them even to his wife,although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G]After Pickwick,Dickens plunged into a bleaker world.In Oliver Twist,he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London.Nicholas Nickleby,his next novel,combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick.The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position ofEnglish as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. (47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.SectionⅣWriting51 directionsYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city.Please give reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the answer sheet.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address。
20XX年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案(海文版)第2页-考研.doc
2017年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案（海文版）第2页-考研“2017年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案（海文版）”发布，更多2017考研答案、2017考研真题等信息，请关注考研网或搜索公众微信号“考研”!Text2“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,”w roteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii’slastreigningmonarch,in1897.Starwatchers wereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHa waiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastrono myinHawaiitoday.Protestshaveeruptedover constructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(T MT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevol utionizehumanity’sviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMT’splannedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvol canoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,t hatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheaven s.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld’smostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtele scopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothi ngnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansan denvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenc easdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulremi nderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelong stoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbigg ertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceistheonly wayofunderstandingtheworld.Theydidnotal waysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea’sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheisland’sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofth epast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withroots goingbacktothedawnofcivilization.Thesame curiositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonth atfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii’sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploret heheavens.Callstodisassemblealltelescopeso nMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentther eignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiia nculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsabou twhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewea regoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestar ryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknow ourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.Theastronomycommunityismakingcompro misestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTs itewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchae ologicalandenvironmentalimpact.Tolimitthe numberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswi llberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandthei rsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.Thereisnoreas onwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaun aKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.26.QueenLiliuokalani’sremarkinParagraph1indicates[A]itsconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy.[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety.[C]theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes.[D]herappreciationofstarwatchers’featsinhertime.【答案】[B]theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety.27.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto[A]itsgeographicalfeatures[B]itsprotectivesurroundings.[C]itsreligiousimplications.[D]itsexistinginfrastructure.【答案】[A]itsgeographicalfeatures28.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause[A]itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife.[B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory.[C]theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival.[D]theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea.【答案】[B]itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory.29.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday’sastronomy[A]isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians.[B]helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld.[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture.[D]willeventuallysoftenHawaiians’hostility.【答案】[C]mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture.30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof[A]severecriticism.[B]passiveacceptance.[C]slighthesitancy.[D]fullapproval. 【答案】[D]fullapproval.。
20xx年考研英语真题与翻译
20xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding“yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns outthat hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it ornot, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter. “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for coldsthat's usually 14 with stress,”notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology atCarnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that othersare there to help 16 difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging tothe release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone”18 it promotesattachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newbornbabies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some ofit is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20mood, behavior and physiology.拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案也许是响亮的“是的”。
考研英语模拟翻译—英译汉试题以及答案
考研英语模拟翻译—英译汉试题以及答案一、考研英语翻译英译汉1． It is better to take your time at this job than to hurry and make mistakes．A．最好的工作要慢慢找，不要太着急。
B．工作中不要太急，免得出错。
C．干这活最好要慢点不要匆忙，免得出错。
D．最好要多花点时间在工作上，免得忙中出错。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”和“take yore time”。
“It is better to do sth. than to do sth. ”这个句型表示是两件事情的比较，“最好采取……，而不是……”选项A理解出错，选项B没有把这种比较的意思表达出来，选项D 没有翻译出“this job”。
知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。
B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。
C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。
D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。
该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。
选项D对句型理解有误。
选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。
知识模块：英译汉3． us of the overcharge on your account and we have contacted the store on your behalf and are awaiting their reply.A) 承蒙告知您受到恶意透支的指控，我们已经派代表与商店联系并正在等待回音。
全国硕士研究生入学统考试英语试题与答案
考试难度：难度适中，注重考查考生的英语综合 运用能力
考试特点：注重实际应用能力的考查，如 阅读理解部分注重对文章整体理解和细节 把握的考查，听力部分注重对听力技巧和 语言运用能力的考查
考试建议：建议考生在备考过程中注重英语基础 知识的巩固和英语实际应用能力的提高，多进行 模拟练习和真题演练
注重基础知识：在复习过程中，注重基础知识的学习和掌握，尤其是词汇 和语法知识。
多做模拟试题：通过做模拟试题，了解考试形式和难度，找出自己的薄弱 环节，有针对性地进行复习。
保持积极心态：在复习过程中，保持积极的心态，相信自己能够取得好成 绩。
知识点梳理与巩固
词汇和语法：重点掌握高频词汇和常用语法结构
考试目的
选拔优秀人才：通过考试选拔具有潜力和才华的考生进入更高层次 的教育机构深造
促进教育公平：确保考试内容和标准全国统一，避免地域差异对考 生竞争造成不公平现象
推动学科发展：通过考试引导考生深入学习和掌握相关学科知识， 促进学科的发展和进步
选拔人才的重要途径：全国硕士研究生入学统考试是选拔优秀人才 的重要途径之一，对于个人和国家的未来发展都具有重要意义
模拟试题与答案
模拟试题一
内容：一篇关于环保的文章
题目：阅读理解
答案：根据文章内容，选择 最佳答案
分析：对文章进行结构分析， 理解文章主旨
模拟试题二
题目内容：阅读 理解、完形填空、 翻译等
题目难度：与考 研英语难度相当
题目数量：100 道左右
题目分值：每道 题目分值不同， 总分为100分
模拟试题三
阅读理解：提高阅读速度和理解能力，注重文章结构和细节 翻译和写作：加强翻译技巧和写作表达能力，注重语言表达的准确性 和流畅性 听力理解：提高听力速度和理解能力，注重语音和语调的辨识
20XX年考研《英语一》阅读真题(文字版)第4页-考研.doc
2018年考研《英语一》阅读真题（文字版）第4页-考研“2018年考研《英语一》阅读真题（文字版）”考后发布，更多2018考研答案、2018考研真题等信息，请关注考研网或搜索公众微信号“万题库考研”!Text4TheU.S.PostalService(USPS)continuestoble edredink.Itreportedanetlossof$5.6billionforf iscal2016,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshav eexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmoretha n$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyfor employeehealthandretirementcosts.Therear emanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSP Sisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalc hangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemand foritsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classma il,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanag ementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewrealityAndinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunions togreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS’sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwh ateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspect softhestatusquotheydependongetprotected. Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislati onhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostal Serviceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---De mocrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theu nionsandthesystem’sheaviestusers—hasfinal lyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.Legislationi smovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUS PSanestimated$28.6billionoverfiveyears,whi chcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothers urvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcom efromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincre aseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedica re.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinanc ialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealt hcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplai ntbytheUSPSanditsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillha vetogetthroughtheSenate–wheresomeoneisb oundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bar eminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalService afloat,notcomprehensivereform.There’snochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS, amajoromissionconsideringthatpersonnelac countsfor80percentoftheagency’scosts.Alsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminat ingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sen sechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwould savetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspec ial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleasti ntheHouse.Theemergingconsensusaroundth ebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrighten edaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-term collapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey’regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostal systemforthe21stcentury.36.ThefinancialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby[A].itsunbalancedbudget.[B].itsrigidmanagement.[C].thecostfortechnicalupgrading.[D].thewithdrawalofbanksupport.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto[A].theinterferencefrominterestgroups.[B].theinadequatefundingfromCongress.[C].theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.[D].theincompetenceofpostalunions.38.Thelong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby [A].removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.[B].makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.[C].adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.[D].attractingmorefirst-classmailusers.39.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith[A]respect.[B]tolerance.[C]discontent.[D]gratitude.40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A].TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays[B].ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese[C].TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure[D].ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aid。
最新历年考研英译汉全真试题及详解word版本
Unit 8 （20XX年）In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments，allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.（71）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（72）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips. computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell-television，and digital age will have arrived.According to BT s futurologist，Ian Pearson，these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1000years），when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.（73）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds or key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developmentswill be in medicine，including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By l inking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck，”he says.（74）But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:“ It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research，Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will，for example，cause problems in2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.（75）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result inthe breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Unit 8 翻译题解：71）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, / and cars with pollution monitors thatwill disable them / when they offend.第二、句子的结构是：1）主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars...2）两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。
考研英语翻译试题真题.doc
考研英语翻译试题真题历年考研英语翻译试题真题(一览)Section VII Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)1. 去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。
2. 他在科研上取得的成就要比预期的大。
3. 我们现在必须做的是把情况作一番仔细的调查。
4. 很难说哪个方案更为切实可行。
5. 昨晚如果他来了，问题也许已得到解决。
翻译Section VII: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)1. The good crop last year was due to the improvement of farm management and favorable weather condition.2. The success he has achieved in scientific research is greater than expected.3. What we must do now is to make a careful investigation of the situation.4. It’s hard to say which plan is more practicable.5. If he had come yesterday evening, the question might have been solved.Section VIII English-Chinese TranslationTranslate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated. (20 points)It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards.(1) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities.(2) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit.(3) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do.(4) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders”with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now. I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”(5) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university.(6) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.(7) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about.(8) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.翻译Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)1. 如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
20xx年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析(1)
20xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the soci al cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really wo rks. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionable26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Team sters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget ispatrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.Part CThe most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III Writing2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, andYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
20xx年考研英语(一)真题试卷(8页经典方便打印版)
2011考研英语（一）真题试卷SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have__5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution wa s to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of tho se in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” th en we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.旅途之“余”。
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situations.
【参考译文】
①玩视频游戏鼓励孩子的即刻满足。
②连续数小时看带有预录笑声的电视节目，只会使孩子以消极的方式处理信息。
③同时，长时间通过耳机听节奏单调的音乐鼓励孩子待在自己封闭的天地里，而不是去做其他的尝试。
④所有这些行为会阻止重要的交流与思考技能的提高，并且使孩子很难发展持久的注意力，而这将是未来他们从事的众多工作所需要的。
⑤他们应该知道如何处理挫折、压力和不称职感。
⑥他们还应该学习如何解决问题和化解冲突，学习开动脑筋和批判性思维的方法。
⑦家庭讨论可以帮助孩子练习，并且帮助他们将这些技能应用到日常生活当中。
“搭配记忆法”对我们记忆单词、攻克翻译题有很大的帮助，但任何巧妙的方法都需要在长久的练习中熟能生巧，希望大家在以后的复习过程中，能按照这种方法把真题吃透，学英语贵在积累，三天打鱼两天晒网的学习方式要不得，只要坚持下去，终有一天，你的英语会变得很不一样！。