英国社会与文化 名词解释

1.American Civil War：

American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America between the southern states whose economy was heavily dependent on the use of slaves and northern states which supported the abolition of slavery. Eventually won by the northern states, the war resolved two fundamental issues. Slavery was completely abolished and America became not a collection of semi-independent states, but a single, indivisible nation.

美国南北战争是一场内战,曾在美国南部各州之间的经济严重依赖于使用的奴隶和北部各州支持废除奴隶制。最终被北方州、两个基本问题解决战争。完全废除奴隶制和美国成为不是一个收集的半独立州都要大,但一个单一的、不可分割的国家。

2.The Lost Generation: P 182

After World War I, many novelists produced a literature a literature of disillusionment. Ernest Hemingway and F.Scott Fitzgerald were the spokesmen for the Lost Generation, which refers to the young American writers caught up in the war and cut off from the old values yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization has gone mad.

第一次世界大战以后,许多小说家文学产生了文献虚假。欧内斯特·海明威与菲茨杰拉德是迷失的一代的发言人,指的是年轻的美国作家陷入战争和切断了从旧观念还不能屈服于新时代文明已经疯了。

3.American Constitution: P 132

The constitution is the basic law of the United States. For over two centuries, it has guided the development of government institution and has supplied the basis for the nation’s political stability, economic growth and social progress. There are two obvious characteristic in the Constitution. One is “checks and balances”. Another is that the Constitution specified exactly which power the central government had and which power was reserved for the state government.

宪法是《基本法》的美。两个多世纪,它指导政府机构的发展提供了依据,对国家的政治稳定、经济发展和社会进步。有两个明显的特征的宪法。一个是“检查和平衡”。另一个是宪法规定的到底是什么力量中央政府权力,这是留给国家政体。

4.Cold War: P 124

In the early postwar period, the Cold War was the most important political and diplomatic issue. It grew out of disagreements between the former Soviet Union and the United States. The United States wanted to spread its sphere of influence and restrict the former Soviet Union and Communism. Thus began the conflicts between the two camps of the superpowers.

在战后初期,冷战是最重要的政治和外交问题。这一问题上的分歧源于前苏联和美国。美国要传播它的影响和制约了前苏联和共产主义。从此两大阵营之间的冲突的超级大国之列。

5.Thanksgiving: P 169

Thanksgiving is celebrated in the U.S. on the fourth Thursday in November. For many Americans it is the most important holiday apart from Christmas. They held a big celebration to thank God

and the Native Americans for helping them survive the harsh winter and produce a bountiful harvest.

在美国是感恩节在每年十一月的第四个星期四。对许多美国人来说是最重要的节日除了圣诞节。他们举行了一个盛大的庆典向神感谢和美国印地安人帮助他们生存下来的严冬和产生丰富的收获。

6.British Labor Party：

British Labor Party is one of the two biggest parties in the UK, created by the trade union movement at the end of the 19th century. It believes that a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and that the government should redistribute the wealth between the rich and the poor. It also thinks that the government should provide a range of public services for all the people.

英国工党就是其中的两个最大的政党在英国,由工会运动19th末世纪。它相信一个社会应该是相对平等在经济方面,政府应该重新分配财富在富人和穷人之间。它也认为政府应该提供一系列的公共服务,为所有的人。

7.British Conservative Party：

British Conservative Party is one of the two biggest parties in the UK. It is basically the party of the individual, protecting the individual’s right to acquire wealth and to spend it as he or she wants. It advocates economic policies which are favorable to businessmen, such as low taxes.

英国保守党就是其中的两个最大的政党在英国。它基本上是个体的政党,保护个人的权利和获取财富花在他或她想要的。它提倡的经济政策,有利于商人,如低税。

monwealth of Nations: P 40-41

The Commonwealth `of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as symbolic head of the association. Most of these states are former colonies once governed as part of the British Empire. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have the opportunity to closely interact as equal after gaining independence. The primary purpose of the Commonwealth is to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members. 联邦的国家是一个独立的主权国家自愿协会,承认英国君主作为象征头部的协会。大部分的州管辖原殖民地曾经是大英帝国的一部分。它主要是一个组织在这两个国家有着不同的经济背景密切互动有机会平等取得独立后。联邦政府的主要目的是提倡民主、人权、促进两国的经济合作和发展在其成员。

9.Critical Realism: P 75

The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s. The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.

19th的批判现实主义的世纪活跃在1840年代和1850年代早期。关键的主要特点,描述了现