英国社会与文化 名词解释
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语1. British Monarchy：英国君主制，指的是英国的君主制政府体制。
2. House of Commons：下议院，指的是英国主要立法机关之一，也是英国议会的两个部分之一。
3. House of Lords：上议院，指的是英国另外一个主要立法机关，也是英国议会的两个部分之一。
4. Prime Minister：首相，指的是英国执政党领导人，是英国内阁的首脑和政府的领导者。
5. Cabinet：内阁，指的是由首相挑选的政府部长组成的政府机构，决定英国政府的政策和行动。
6. Queen’s Speech：女王演讲，每年在英国的议会开幕时，由女王亲自发表的演讲。
7. Politics：政治，指的是社会维护社会稳定，调节社会关系，实现社会发展的活动过程。
8. Parliament：英国议会，是讨论和决定英国国家政策的高级立法机构，也是英国政府的最高权力机构。
9. Law：法律，规范国家内外秩序、保障国家和民族利益和权利的检测过程。
10. Constitution：宪法，是一国的政权体系以及公民权利和义务的根本法。
11. Human Rights：人权，指人们在代表国家的政府的保护下，享有的一系列的权利和自由。
12. Freedom of Expression：言论自由，指人民可以自由地表达自己的想法，不受任何形式压制。
13. National Identity：国家认同，指共同体中具有特定文化、语言、信仰等共同性的独特性，共同为国家特定历史、凝聚力和竞争力而努力。
14. Diversity：多样性，指的是不同文化、不同宗教、不同背景和不同选择等等，都在一起被尊重、受到容纳、并互相影响。
15. Multiculturalism：多元文化，指的是一个社会中的多种文化，有存在的多样性的社会。
16. Immigration：移民，指的是一个国家的人口在短时间内有显著的增长，或者将永久定居于其他国家的行为。
英语国家社会与文化
英语国家社会与文化
许多人想走出国门去看看世界各地的风景，尤其是心仪的英国，其社会和文化也被许多游客熟知，下面就介绍一下英国的社会和文化吧。
首先提到英国，人们就马上想起了历史悠久、自由民主的社会环境。
英国的社会现代化程度高，其民法体制更是世界顶尖。
同时英国的教育体系多分类，也是世界上非常优秀的。
此外，在英国，多数人都有着强烈的民族自豪感，十分重视传统仪式，比如穿上正装参加官方庆祝活动，不得不让人惊叹这里的文明程度之高。
英国的文化也是民众最引以自豪的内容之一，也是国内外游客游览的必选项目。
从古老的伦敦塔、大本钟、汉普郡宫，到英国浪漫的玫瑰花园，使许多游客流连忘返。
而英国的文学更是全世界公认的，比如莎士比亚的剧作和伊索的诗歌，也让我们大开眼界。
总之，以上两条内容可以轻松概括英国的社会和文化，它不仅丰富多彩，而且拥有悠久深厚的历史，一定是让诸位尽情了解和探索的好地方。
英国社会文化资料
德国解释学派的创始人、思想家伽达默尔将媒介和社会、文化的关系比喻成鱼和水的关系，也就是说，我们生活在媒介之中，媒介它影响着我们，影响着我们对社会文化的建构。
社会文化从广义层面来说包括物质文化、精神文化丶行为文化和制度文化。
媒介与社会：•传递信息•认识社会•建构社会意义、反思和过滤社会现实•形成社会共享的文化意义英国式的“自由”造就了相对别的国家或地区较为理想的媒介环境：英国人在获得新闻自由之前几百年就有了国民自由，13世纪就《大宪章》和议会这现代英国宪政的两大基石；英国人的自由传统是一种其他国家所不具备的特有的传统，其自由传统是由贵族开创的，是贵族阶级为维护封建权利与国王进行斗争以保障自身的利益；他们的自由是实际的、历史的。
在现代大众媒介诞生之前，英国人已经有了相对比较多元的市民社会和话语社区了。
在英国，媒介也好，文化也好，传播也好，只是一个研究对象，可以用社会学、哲学、经济学、政治学、心理学等等方法介入，其先进性和普适性不言自明。
英国传播思想的独特性及其生成过程，值得研究。
近20年来，英国人所面临的大面积、大规模的广播产业化、私有化和全球化的过程，使他们发现，媒介的功能发生了极大的变化，媒介和政府以及受众的关系也发生了极大的变化。
媒介生态（环境）的种种变化，直接或间接地严重影响着英国媒介以及媒介研究的发展历程。
在英国留学生活，自然免不了与英国当地人交往。
那么英国人的性格特点是怎样的，留学生们该如何与他们和睦相处呢？由于地理、历史、文化等方面的原因，世界上的各个民族形成了不同于其他民族的性格特点。
英国人也不例外，经过了几千年的社会变迁，他们形成了自己独特的思维和行为方式，有着与其它国家人民不同的品质和特点。
概括起来，大致英国人的性格特点有以下六个方面：1.大部分英国人具有与他人格格不入的孤傲特质。
孤傲(exclusiveness)是英国人最明显的性格特征，他们不愿意和别人多说话，从来不谈论自己，感情不外露，更不会喜形于色。
英国社会与文化课程教学大纲
英国社会与文化课程教学大纲
【课程代码】
【课程中文名称】英国社会与文化
【课程英文名称】British Culture and Society
【学分】1 学分
【总学时】 28 学时
【讲授学时】 28 学时
一、教学目标
本课程教学目标为通过介绍英国的政治、经济、法律、宗教、教育、以及社会民俗等方 面的概况，使学生对英国的政治、经济、历史、文化、社会等概况有较全面的了解和认识。 激发学生对欧洲文化的兴趣。了解中、西方文化的差异，提高学生跨文化交际敏感性和能力。 进而提高学生的文化素质和对世界文化知识的了解。加深学生对英语语言的理解。为今后研 究英国社会和文化或进入英国大学深造奠定良好的文化基础。
及另外 4 本参考书
1. The development of British education 2. Higher education in the UK
学生应了解
1. The information of elementary education, secondary education and higher education in Britain 2. The features of these forms of education 3. The idea of Open University in Britain 【参考学时】2 学时 【参考资料】
8. The British foreign trade 【参考学时】4 学时 【参考资料】
P29-74 Images of British and American Culture and Society (罗选民)
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
monwealth of Nations: 英联邦，包括英格兰，威尔士，苏
格兰，北爱尔兰和52个唯一的独立共和国或王国。
2.The United Kingdom: 英国，由英格兰，威尔士，苏格兰和北爱尔
兰组成。
3.British Isles: 不列颠群岛，由英国，爱尔兰，苏格兰，威尔士和
英格兰大部分其他岛屿组成。
4.English language: 英语，它是英国最主要的语言，在英联邦和其
他英语国家有广泛使用。
5.English literature : 英语文学，指的是用英语撰写的文学作品，
起源于英国，并被全世界传播。
6.British monarchy: 英国君主制，也称英国王室，是以女王或国王
为头的君主制，历史悠久。
7.British culture: 英国文化，指的是由英国及其前殖民地创造的文化，包括文学，艺术，表演艺术，音乐，电影，体育，宗教，历史，
建筑和社会习俗等。
8.British accent: 英国口音，指用英语讲话时，英国人所使用的口音，有不同的地区口音。
9.British cuisine: 英国菜肴，指由英国的食品、烹饪方法和历史习
惯组成的料理，融合欧洲，北美洲，中东和亚洲元素。
10.United Kingdom flag: 标志联合王国的国旗，也称为Union Jack，由英格兰，威尔士和苏格兰三块组成。
英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom
Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。
这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。
这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。
英语国家概况 第8章 英国社会与文化
Cash Benefits5）改革reformsIn the late 1990s a working-families tax credit（税务减免）replaced income support for low-paid working households with children; the government introduced a national minimum wage;the government also introduced a children’s tax credit toprovide additional support to low-and middle-income families.5）改革：在20世纪90年代后期，提出工薪家庭税收减免政策，来取代对低收入家庭孩子的收入支持，政府还出台了国家最低工资标准。
政府还出台了一个儿童税收减免，以向中低收入家庭提供更多的支持。
在20世纪中期1）在20世纪中期，英国地方政府营造了简易住宅（包括公共房产）1980年2）1980年“购买权”法律的出现，很多租户变成了业主居住者。
21世纪开端3）21世纪开端，当地政府对房屋的占有率几乎减半。
1）教育国务大臣全面负责英格兰的教育，并对议会、教育部和科学部负责2）在苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰，教育部门由部长领导，并对区议会负责。
初、中级教育是地方政府的责任。
地方教育机构雇佣教师，并提供教育经费。
少数的学校由自愿者经营，多具备宗教性质。
也有一小部分是私营的。
3）初级教育是免费的，从5岁到11岁是义务教育。
地方教育机构通过各种组织形式，为11到19岁的孩子提供中等教育，中等教育是免费的，义务教育到16岁。
1）除了公立学校，一小部分私立学校（常被称为“公学”）为1到20岁的孩子提供教育。
2）在英国，那些私立学校常被称为“公学”。
3）这些学校的教育资金来源于学费和私人募捐。
4）其中的大部分学生来自富裕家庭，并非常愿意继续到名牌大学深造。
《英国社会与文化(英)》-课程教学大纲
《英国社会与文化（英）》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：17002302课程名称：英国社会与文化（英）英文名称：The Society and Culture of the UK课程类别：通识必修课学时：32学分：2适用对象: 国际商学院财务管理中外联合培养项目考核方式：考试先修课程：商务英语阅读II，商务英语写作II二、课程简介《英国社会与文化》（英）专门针对广东财经大学国际商学院财务管理中外联合培养项目二年级学生开设的大学英语系列改革课程之一。
该课程作为学生赴英国学习之前开设的桥梁课程，旨在帮助学生深入了解英国的历史地理、政治经济、风土人情、民族特性、思维模式、传统习俗和价值观念；该课程同时注重以启发、讨论和训练等形式，培养学生的批判性思维以及独立思考、深度分析、解决问题的能力，在提高学生英语综合运用能力的同时，也强化其跨文化交际意识和国际视野，扫除在中西方交流中的文化障碍, 满足学生今后出国留学或在国际交流中的需要。
同时，在教学过程中融入思想政治教育，引导学生批判地学习西方文化，增强学生的民族文化认同感和自信心，不仅学会用英语看世界，更学会用英语讲好中国故事。
该课程持续 16 周，每周 2 节课，共 32 学时。
教学采取以学生为中心, 教师讲授为引导，学生阅读与主题讨论为辅助的模式；将面授与机助学习，课内讲授和课后自主学习紧密结合起来。
本课程的教学评估包括形成性评估和终结性评估。
"The Society and Culture of the UK" (English) is one of the series of reform courses in College English for sophomores in the experimental class of training Chinese and foreign talents in financial management of Guangdong Universityof Finance and Economics. As a bridge course for students before they go to Britain to study, the course aims to help them understand the history and geography, politics and economy, customs, national characteristics, thinkingpatterns, traditions and values of Britain. It also pays attention to cultivating critical thinking, independent thinking, in-depth analysis and problem solving in the form of inspiration, discussion and training. The course can not only improve comprehensive ability of using English, but also strengthen their awareness of cross-cultural communication and international vision, remove cultural barriers in the communication between China and the West, so that it can meet the needs of students studying abroad or in international exchanges in the future.The course lasts a semester, 2 classes a week, 32 hours in total. The teaching mode is student-centered, teacher-guided and student-assisted reading and topic discussion. It combines face-to-face teaching with computer-assisted learning, in-class teaching and after-class autonomous learning. The teaching evaluation of this course includes formative assessment and summative assessment.三、课程性质与教学目的《英国社会与文化》（英）是一门通识必修课，其主要目的是介绍英国的地理概貌、政治制度、经济概况、文化传统、体育娱乐、宗教信仰及社会生活等方面的基本知识。
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语在英语国家的社会和文化中，有许多重要的术语被广泛使用和讨论。
这些术语反映了英语国家的独特价值观和方式。
以下是一些在英语国家社会和文化中常见的重要术语。
1. 自由（Freedom）: 自由是英语国家社会和文化中非常重要的价值观。
它包括个人自由、言论自由、宗教自由和政治自由等。
人们坚信，每个人都有权利追求幸福和自我实现，而不受限制或压制。
2. 平等（Equality）: 平等是另一个重要的价值观，意味着每个人都应该被平等对待，不受财富、种族、性别、宗教或其他身份特征的歧视。
英语国家注重提供平等的机会和待遇，以确保社会的公正性和包容性。
3. 多元文化主义（Multiculturalism）: 多元文化主义指的是英语国家社会中不同文化、种族和宗教群体的共存和接纳。
这意味着人们不仅尊重和容忍其他文化的差异，还重视文化多样性对社会的贡献和丰富。
4. 民主（Democracy）: 民主是英语国家非常重视的政治制度。
它鼓励所有公民参与决策过程，通过选举来选择政府和领导人。
民主也意味着尊重个人权利和基本自由，同时保护少数群体的利益。
5. 社交礼仪（Etiquette）: 社交礼仪是英语国家文化的一部分，强调个人与他人的尊重和礼貌。
这包括正式的礼节、表达感谢和给予对他人的尊重。
6. 幽默（Humor）: 幽默在英语国家文化中是非常重要的。
幽默被视为生活中的一种积极态度，人们经常使用幽默来缓解紧张的局势和改善人际关系。
8. 教育（Education）: 教育在英语国家非常重要，被认为是达到个人成功和社会发展的关键。
英语国家致力于提供高质量的教育，以便培养学生的技能和知识，并帮助他们实现自己的潜力。
9. 家庭（Family）: 家庭是英语国家的核心，被视为最重要的社会单位。
家庭关系通常非常亲密，家庭成员之间的相互支持和彼此照顾被视为非常重要。
10. 慈善（Charity）: 在英语国家，慈善事业是社会文化的重要组成部分。
英语国家社会与文化
A Brief Introduction to The United Kingdom我们正在研究的这个国家的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这也是一个复杂的名字，对于一个在许多方面都很复杂的国家。
大多数人都知道它，是因为它的庞大的海外帝国的称号使他在国家上扮演着重要的角色，但是在第二次世界大战之后的数年，这一切都结束了。
然而，人们知道的那些有关英国（他们可能称它为英国或者，错误的称为大不列颠）的事情，可能跟大多数真正的英国人是如果过自己的生活的事情没有多大的联系。
一方面，现在，帝国的时代已经过去很久了，只有老人们把帝国作为他们生活有一些意义的一件事留在记忆里。
英国不再是一个帝国，尽管其过去帝国的影响可能体现在各方各面;而不是仅仅体现在与曾经是这个帝国的一部分并且建立起一个松散（自愿）的称之为英联邦国家的组织保持联系的50或更多的国家之间的密切关系。
但是今天在英国国际关系中，更重要的是欧洲联盟。
自从1973年始，英国成为了它的成员。
考虑到当代的英国，强调它在欧盟中扮演的角色，比起英联邦的一部分，要有用得多了。
作为7国集团成员的大型发达经济体，它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家。
另外一个明显旧帝国的影响在于组成英国人口本身。
在20世纪50年代和60年代这段时间，受到鼓励来自这些英联邦国家的移民，导致了一个二十个人中就有一个非欧洲人的人口种族。
他们自己，其父母，或者祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，仅举出这几个最有代表性的国家和地区。
这将引入什么是本章节关于英国的关键主题：因为是大多数，或所有的国家，是不可能用简单的话语来概括英国人民。
很多人想到了英国，就想到了英国的绅士。
但是，这仅仅是一种刻板印象，在当今，对于绝大多数英国人来说都是不适用的，而且并不具有正确性。
英国是一个国家，只有一种护照，和一个拥有主权的政府，但是像它的名字一样，它是由不同的元素组成的。
它包括一个单一民族国家内的四个部分：由大不列颠岛组成的英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士，和与大不列颠岛邻近的爱尔兰岛上的一个省，北爱尔兰，组成一个完整的国家。
英国社会与文化_英国教育制度
英国社会与文化_英国教育制度
英国社会和文化的特征受英国宪法法律和经济状况的影响，它将文化和英国基础教育制度作为一种社会结构的基础。
英国的教育制度基于技术和职业技能、语言、历史和文化的研究，以及培养学生及其他人的思维和感情能力。
这也是英国人习惯于以自身文化和习俗为基础的原因之一英国教育系统的基本框架是模仿爱德华八世的家庭兴建的，他即使大多数英国家庭的教育制度，将英国排在欧洲良知。
在英国，教育分为三个层次：小学、中学和大学。
小学教育通常包括四个阶段，分别是幼儿园（4-5岁）、小学（5-11岁）、初中（11-14岁）和高中（14-16岁）。
学生根据自己的实力进行分班，也可以选择辅导课程。
小学教育的重点是基础理论和实践技能的锻炼，以便培养孩子的理解能力和解决问题的技能。
从国家制定的标准材料上看，中学教育的目的是为学生们的将来成功建桥梁，使他们能够发挥最大的潜能，以实现充分发展。
中学教育主要以提高学生综合素养、统筹能力、社会责任感和社会文化的能力为目标，并培养学生全面发展的技能与素养。
大学教育提供了更多的可能性，使学生能够深入探索他们的兴趣，以适应不断变化的世界。
英国社会文化 重点名词解释汇总
Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regard as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.The Easter RisingIn order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces, one such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. The rebels occupied Dublin's Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.Home RuleIreland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. "Home Rule" refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.The Bill of Rights of 1689In 1688, King James II's daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.The Constitution Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions.The functions of ParliamentThe functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.The House of LordsThe House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat of their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them. The formation of the government651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holds amajority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister.The electoral campaignBefore a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcasts” on the television. The parties also try to attract and criticize the opponents’ policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.ModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWⅡ. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf. Comprehensive schools Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in British today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities subjects and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.Britain and the EUBritain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 which is now called the EU. Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial. At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation ispossible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.Britain and the United States The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War 2, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britain’s “special relationship” with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the “special relationship”.The CommonwealthIn the author’s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for cooperation and as a sort of support network.Quality papers They belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.TabloidsA tabloid is a small format newspaper with colour photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people .They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality paper.ParliamentThe word parliament comes from the verb “to parley”, that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.Parliament has a number of different functions.①First and foremost, it passes laws. Another important function is that itprovides the means of carrying on the work of government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. ②Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. ③There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change or overturn established conventions or even prolong its own life without consulting the electorate. However, it doesn’t assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. These three institutions must all agree to pass any given legislation.The Role of the Monarchy Today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state….House of Lords is below the queen, it consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal House of Commons consists of about 650 Members of Parliament elected by the people to represent them.The Political PartiesThere are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the nineteenth century. As a socialist party, they believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the government acts as a “redistributive” agent: transferring wealth from richer to poorer by means of tax.The Conservative party is the party that spent most time in power.The Liberal Democrats are the third biggest party, and to some extent may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.Trend: move to the “right”, “public”to wards “private” “social” towards “individual”.。
英国社会文化名词解释简答题
英国社会文化名词解释简答题一：名词解释：1、英国宪法：British ConstitutionBritain doesn’t have a constitution written down in a single document. The constitution flows from 6 sources:1) The Royal Prerogatives 皇家特权2) *Statute Laws成文法, They are Acts of Parliament and subordinatelegislation made under powers conferred by Parliament. They are a large amount of ‘unwritten’law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources3) *Common Laws 普通法, 判例法4) *Conventions 习惯法It is one of the main components of the BritishConstitution. It refers to the Bills which have been passed by courts.5) Authoritative Opinions 权威意见6) European Union Laws 欧盟法2、英国议会：British ParliamentThe Parliament is made up of three elements: The Crown (the Queen); The House of Lords；The House of Commons. The real centre of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. It is the supreme law making institution in Britian. The Parliament has other functions: such as control and criticize the executive government; control the raising and the spending of money.3、BBCBBC is the short for British Broadcasting Corporation. The company was founded in 1922. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff. Its main responsibility is to providepublic service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. The main channels are TV/radio channels ,public service, BBC 1 & BBC 2. It is the principal public service broadcaster in the United Kingdom, with its headquarters at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. TV/radio channels.4、下议院The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the most powerful and important element in UK. It is the real center of British political life. There are three main functions, make laws; control and criticize the executive government; control the raising and spending of money . Every member of Parliament is elected by a constituency. The people who gets most votes deserve to be elected. There are 650 members in Common house. There are known as members of Congress.5、上议院The House of LordsIt exercises the supreme judicial power. It is an important part of Parliament. The Lords acts as a revising chamber for legislation and its work complements the business of the Commons. It must pass all financial legislation sent to it from the House of Commons, and can delay other Bills for only one year. It has a special judicial function. There are about 1160 members. Members are mostly appointed by the Queen, a fixed number are elected internally and a limited number of Church of England archbishops and bishops sit in the House. Most of them are hereditary peers of the realm. Some of them are non-hereditary peers.6、内阁The CabinetThe British cabinet is the highest organ of State Administration. The prime minister is the head of government,the cabinet is the leading center of the government. The Cabinet is composed of the chiefs of the most important ministries and departments. It consists of The Minister of Defense, the Foreign Secretary and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. It is appointed by the Queen with the advice of the PM. The most senior members of the Cabinet are the Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary. There has never been a set number for posts within the Cabinet. The most common figure for a Cabinet is 22. They are called the Cabinet Ministers.二：解答题1、英国教育体系British EducationThe oldest schools in UK are Oxford and Cambridge. It has comprehensive schools, grammar school ,public school.The comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. They select its intake without considering their students’ academic background. They provide a general education that people can learn everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cook ing. Actually private schools are called independent schools .they are actually private schools. They are funded by a combination of endowments, tuition fees and other non-governmental funding. They are long established and have gained a high academic standard as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. Boy’s public schools include such schools as Eton and Harrow. Girl’s famous public schools Roedean. Public schools are not part of national educational system and are restricted to the students whose parents are competitively rich.2、Does it mean that the Queen is “a useless relic of a bygone age” ? The queen represents the British Sovereign .It canbe seen as having two roles: Head of State, and 'Head of the Nation'.As Head of State, The Queen undertakes political duties which have developed over one thousand years of history.There are also inward duties: To appoint a new Prime Minister; To summon, prorogue and dissolve Parliament; To sign acts of Parliament,; To hold meetings with the Prime Minister. To serve as the commander-in-chief of the Armed forces and the Supreme governor the Church of England.The Queen has long been regarded with considerable respect and affection by her people! Most probably its real importance lies in its effect on public attitudes.“Although she has almost no power, she counts a lot just by being there.”She is above party politics, serving as a symbol of national unity, & “lending dignity & significance to all things done in her name”. So it is not a useless relic of a bygone age.3、君主立宪制Constitutional MonarchyIt is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten constitution. It is one in which theMonarch respects the Constitution. In the Glorious Revolution (1688),William and Mary became the joint rulers of Britain, and the constitutionalMonarchy began. The bill of Rights passed by the Parliament in 1689 afterthe Glorious Revolution. The bill marked the beginning of the BritishConstitutional Monarchy.4、两大政党The Conservative Party the Labour PartyThe Conservative Party is the major right-wing party in Britain ;It is supported by middle or up classes such as landowners, businessmen and nobles; and represent the interests of the monopoly bourgeoisie and aristocracies, support free enterprise and opposed to nationalization and to extending social services ;Beliefs:Government: central control, a strong legal system—more police, school discipline;Free-market: lower taxes;Welfare provision: cleaner hospitals;Nationalism: controlled immigration;the Labour Party is the principal left party in England, Scotland and Wales since the 1920s , and represent the interests of the working class as against the interests of the employers, in favor of nationalization as key industries;Beliefs:Government: work together, nationally and internationally; (more opportunity, more growth: trade deals, help offered to poor countries, to stimulate domestic economy );take action, not to let recession run its course ;New measures: banking reforming, policing, crime reduction, public services, etc.Fairness: fair chances for all; fair rules;。
英国社会与文化lecture_3-精品文档
The Canterbury Tales
Vivid and ironic portrayal of characters
The very perfect gentle Knight– a mercenary solider The nun– a sensual woman who enjoys the pleasure of the senses The wife of Bath—who has five husbands
British Society and Culture
Lecture Three Literature and Arts ======================================================= ====================================
The formation of the Old English
Pre-Roman-Conquest—Celts and Britons: Gaelic and Celtic. The Roman Conquest since 43 AD: Latin The Roman departure in 407 A. D.—the invasion of Anglo, Saxon and Jute: Icelandic, Viking, Danish, Germanic influences.
Old English Literature
c.a., the 10th century, Beowulf Author: anonymous Setting: Scandinavian Date of writing: betweeห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ the 8th and the 11the century
英语国家社会与文化课件英国课件
英语国家社会与文化课件英国课件对于英国社会和文化的介绍，我们可以从以下几个方面进行展开：1. 地理位置英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，海岸线长约12,429公里，主要由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国拥有丰富的自然资源和文化遗产，如大本钟、伦敦塔桥、巨石阵等。
2. 政治体制英国是一个君主立宪制国家，女王是国家元首，但实权属于议会。
议会分为上议院和下议院，其中上议院由贵族组成，下议院由选举产生。
英国政治体制稳定，政府机构完备。
3. 民族文化英国是多元文化的国家，有英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个主要民族。
不同的民族有着不同的语言、文化和传统习俗，如苏格兰人的高地舞、爱尔兰的圣帕特里克节等。
同时，英国也是著名的文化名国，有世界著名的莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学大师，以及古堡、博物馆和美术馆等丰富的文化资源。
4. 社会制度英国社会制度较为稳定，有完备的社会保障制度和医疗保健体系。
英国的教育制度也很完善，有优秀的大学和高等教育机构，如牛津大学、剑桥大学等。
5. 风俗习惯英国人对礼仪和规矩比较重视，在社交之中要注意面对对方微笑，并且敬酒等表达敬意的形式也十分重要。
在用餐时不吹食物、不说话，也要注意使用适当的餐具和方式。
英国的饮食文化也十分丰富，如英式早餐、茶文化等。
6. 体育文化英国人热爱体育，切尔西和曼联是足球俱乐部中较为著名的两支。
此外，英国还有板球、橄榄球、拳击等传统运动项目，在奥运会中也有不俗表现。
7. 经济发展英国是世界上最发达的经济体之一，金融、服务业和制造业是其主要产业。
伦敦是欧洲最重要的金融中心之一，也是世界上最多公司总部的城市之一。
总之，英国是一个历史悠久、文化繁荣、发达稳定的国家，其奇特的文化和历史令人向往。
英国社会与文化名词解释
英国社会与文化名词解释1.American Civil War：American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America between the southern states whose economy was heavily dependent on the use of slaves and northern states which supported the abolition of slavery. Eventually won by the northern states, the war resolved two fundamental issues. Slavery was completely abolished and America became not a collection of semi-independent states, but a single, indivisible nation.美国南北战争是一场内战,曾在美国南部各州之间的经济严重依赖于使用的奴隶和北部各州支持废除奴隶制。
最终被北方州、两个基本问题解决战争。
完全废除奴隶制和美国成为不是一个收集的半独立州都要大,但一个单一的、不可分割的国家。
2.The Lost Generation: P 182After World War I, many novelists produced a literature a literature of disillusionment. Ernest Hemingway and F.Scott Fitzgerald were the spokesmen for the Lost Generation, which refers to the young American writers caught up in the war and cut off from the old values yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization has gone mad.第一次世界大战以后,许多小说家文学产生了文献虚假。
英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释
1. American IndiansAmerican Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to the Americas from Asia about 25 000 years ago. They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World. But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2. the Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting fortheir freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governmemts was to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3. Ggeorge WashingtonGeorge Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4. Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5. Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6. the Articles of ConfederationAfter the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress. Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force anystate to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7. the Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8. Eli WhitneyEli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier. He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part. This contributed to the American system of massproduction.9. service industriesService industries are industries that sell a service rather than make a product. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants. Aas more and more people are employed iin service industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10. stockWhen starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it . Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lose money. Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11. Mattin Luther Ling,JrMartin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”. King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12. Counter CultureIn the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles. They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life. The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward socialmores,marriage,career,and success.13.Now:With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963,Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of th e Women’s Liberation Movement. In her book,she compared the American family,or the American society as a whole,to a “comfortable concentration camp”,where women were discriminated against and oppressed. In 1996,she helped to found the national Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization,NOW battle for “equal rights in parnership with men.14.white-collar crimesWhite-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud,false advertising,corporate price fixing,bribery,embezzlement,industrial pollution,tax evasion and so on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overrlook white-collar crimes.In fact,white-collarcrimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies.Some sociologists aargue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.15. the abuse of power by governmentPeople believe that public organizations in the United States sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people. Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability. Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal. The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts. All these acts show the abuse of power by government.16. Richard NixonRichard Buxib was the former President of the United states… Iin the early 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.17. the PrairiesThe prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba lie east of the Rockies. The prairies are flat and featureless and have a harsh continental climate. They are called the breadbasket of Canada becaussse the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The praairies are also rich in energy resources.18. central CanadaCentral Canada, Ontario and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled. They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provincees. They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal.19. The Canadian Charter of Rights and FreedomsThe canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which was introduced in 1982, expressed the idea thaat any ethnic, racial and religious groups which wanted to retain their cultural identity would be supported by the federal government. This promise was further strengthened and explained in the 1988 Multiculturalism Act.20. Structures of governmeentCanada’s systerm of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain,Canada is a monarchy. The official head of state is the Queen, but she is rep resented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada. Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories. The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”,to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.21. Immigration Act 1976The Immigration Act 1976 encouraged Asian immigration, offering passports to those with capital and entrepreneurial skills.Would-be immigrants with more than $250 000(Cdn )to invest in businesses that will create jobs and wealth wer welcomed to settle in Canada. This created a new category of ”entrepreneurial immigrants”.22.The Canadian MosaicCanada is a nation of immigrants. When Canada is described as a mosaic, it meaans that each if the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their oldd customs, languages and traditions, because there is no particular concept of an overarching Canadian identity..This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.23. “the First Nnations”The First Nations are the native tribes of aboriginal people who lived in Canada before the European explorers settled. They were officially referred to as “the First Nations”because they are the original inhabitants of the country, and becau se there is not one single group or culture----there are many”nations”,or tribes, which have different languages,customs and beliefs.24. migrant workersMany big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.25. Samuel SlaterIn 1793,Samuel Slater built the first factory in the United States ---a cotton cloth factory in Pawtuckket,Rhode Island.He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The success of his factory started a process ofchange that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.。
英国社会与文化
英国社会与文化英国是一个历史悠久、文化繁荣的国家，拥有丰富多样的社会与文化景观。
本篇文档将介绍一些关于英国社会和文化的重要方面。
1. 英国的社会结构英国社会结构由四个主要的阶层组成：贵族阶层、上层中产阶级、下层中产阶级和工人阶级。
这种社会结构基于家庭背景、教育和就业等因素。
贵族阶层通常是由皇室成员和贵族血统的人组成，他们在政府和社会的各个领域发挥着重要作用。
上层中产阶级通常是财富和地位较高的人，他们在商务、金融和媒体等行业占据着重要地位。
下层中产阶级包括一些专业人士和中等收入家庭。
工人阶级是英国社会中最底层的人群，他们在服务业和制造业等行业从事体力劳动。
2. 英国的价值观和习俗英国人有着独特的价值观和习俗，其中最重要的是礼貌和谦逊。
英国人注重个人隐私和个人空间，尊重他人的意见和观点。
在社交场合，他们通常会排队、握手并进行适当的寒暄。
英国人喜欢喝茶，并且将其视为一种社交活动。
他们也喜欢观看足球比赛和参加音乐节或戏剧表演等文化活动。
3. 英国的语言和文学英语是英国的官方语言，也是全球使用最广泛的语言之一。
英国有着悠久的文学传统，从莎士比亚到狄更斯再到现代作家，英国文学一直占据着世界文学的重要地位。
一些著名的英国文学作品包括《哈利·波特》系列、《简·爱》和《1984》等。
4. 英国的节日和庆典英国有许多重要的节日和庆典，其中最著名的是圣诞节和复活节。
在圣诞节期间，家庭成员会相聚一起庆祝，并交换礼物。
复活节则是基督教的重要节日，人们会举行各种庆祝活动，如彩蛋砸碎和游行等。
在英国还有一些独特的庆典，如威斯敏斯特大礼拜仪式和爱丁堡国际艺术节等。
5. 英国的食物和饮料英国的食物和饮料具有自己的特色。
英国早餐以培根、鸡蛋、烤面包和熏肉为主要食材。
晚餐通常包括烤肉、蔬菜和煮土豆。
英国人喜欢喝茶和啤酒，并且有一些独特的饮料，如英式红茶和威士忌。
6. 英国的艺术和音乐英国是艺术和音乐的重要中心之一。
[教育]英国社会与文化lectu
![[教育]英国社会与文化lectu](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b610f3dba98271fe910ef9cb.png)
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Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)
Contribution to the middle English (1) Wide range of linguistic sources (2) Helped to form a London-based
standard language
The School for Scandal (1777)
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The Rise of the Novel
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719) Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones:
A Foundling (1749) Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
[教育]英国社会与文化 lectu
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Literature: 4 major periods
Old English Literature –before the Norman Conquest (1066)
Medieval Literature (before the English Renaissance beginning from the 15th century)
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Characteristics of Romanticism in Britain
A rejection of the rules of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality.
A deepened high appreciation of the beauties of nature. Belief in the emotion and imagination rather than reason
英国社会与文化
英国文化浅谈英国位于欧洲西部、大西洋的大不列颠群岛上，东濒北海，西临大西洋。
由于独特的地理环境，让英国的历史发展充满了传奇色彩也因此造就了英国富有特色的文化。
现选取政治、科技、教育、艺术几个方面概述。
一、政治文化英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家，它的政府体系（即所谓西敏制）直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制，包括加拿大、印度、澳大利亚和牙买加等英联邦成员国。
英国没有成文的宪法，但宪法惯例（constitutional conventions）具有宪法的作用；各种成文法和普通法共同组成了所谓的英国宪法。
英吉利民族是一个理性的民族，他们重视经验，不惟书、不为理，只为实，相信实践的理性超越于抽象的理论，所以他们在不断的政治实践中发展、修正着自己的政治理论，譬如洛克，正是对实践精神的信奉，而不是像法国人那样迷恋于理想的世界，所以每一步都是脚踏实地。
加上英国人强大的传统——保守主义，独特的社会结构——贵族社会以及英国风度的贵族精神，所以，就注定了英国的政治发展是一个妥协、渐进的政治过程。
二、科技文化英国是近代工业革命的发祥地，并哺育出一大批世界著名的科学家，如牛顿、达尔文、麦克斯韦、瓦特和法拉第等以经典力学体系、进化论、电磁学、电力的使用和蒸汽机等方面的杰出成就，奠定了近代科学和现代科学坚实的基础，为世界科学技术众多领域的发展做出了举世瞩目的贡献。
直至今天，英国仍然是世界上最重要的科技强国之一。
英国的研究领域范围很宽，从对极地的研究，到热带病研究、全球气候变化研究等，都有英国人的研究工作和优势。
据英国研究报告表明，目前英国在生物科学、临床前研究、临床研究、环境科学领域的研究水平居世界第二位，数学研究、物理和工程研究居世界第四位。
总体上说，英国的科学研究，总体布局富有前瞻性，适应需要开展交叉学科研究，研究队伍精干，历史积累厚实，学术气氛浓郁开放。
按英国人自己的话说，就是以世界1%的人口，参与了世界5%的研究课题，贡献了世界9%的论文，并拥有12%的科学论文引用率。
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1.American Civil War：American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America between the southern states whose economy was heavily dependent on the use of slaves and northern states which supported the abolition of slavery. Eventually won by the northern states, the war resolved two fundamental issues. Slavery was completely abolished and America became not a collection of semi-independent states, but a single, indivisible nation.美国南北战争是一场内战,曾在美国南部各州之间的经济严重依赖于使用的奴隶和北部各州支持废除奴隶制。
最终被北方州、两个基本问题解决战争。
完全废除奴隶制和美国成为不是一个收集的半独立州都要大,但一个单一的、不可分割的国家。
2.The Lost Generation: P 182After World War I, many novelists produced a literature a literature of disillusionment. Ernest Hemingway and F.Scott Fitzgerald were the spokesmen for the Lost Generation, which refers to the young American writers caught up in the war and cut off from the old values yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization has gone mad.第一次世界大战以后,许多小说家文学产生了文献虚假。
欧内斯特·海明威与菲茨杰拉德是迷失的一代的发言人,指的是年轻的美国作家陷入战争和切断了从旧观念还不能屈服于新时代文明已经疯了。
3.American Constitution: P 132The constitution is the basic law of the United States. For over two centuries, it has guided the development of government institution and has supplied the basis for the nation’s political stability, economic growth and social progress. There are two obvious characteristic in the Constitution. One is “checks and balances”. Another is that the Constitution specified exactly which power the central government had and which power was reserved for the state government.宪法是《基本法》的美。
两个多世纪,它指导政府机构的发展提供了依据,对国家的政治稳定、经济发展和社会进步。
有两个明显的特征的宪法。
一个是“检查和平衡”。
另一个是宪法规定的到底是什么力量中央政府权力,这是留给国家政体。
4.Cold War: P 124In the early postwar period, the Cold War was the most important political and diplomatic issue. It grew out of disagreements between the former Soviet Union and the United States. The United States wanted to spread its sphere of influence and restrict the former Soviet Union and Communism. Thus began the conflicts between the two camps of the superpowers.在战后初期,冷战是最重要的政治和外交问题。
这一问题上的分歧源于前苏联和美国。
美国要传播它的影响和制约了前苏联和共产主义。
从此两大阵营之间的冲突的超级大国之列。
5.Thanksgiving: P 169Thanksgiving is celebrated in the U.S. on the fourth Thursday in November. For many Americans it is the most important holiday apart from Christmas. They held a big celebration to thank Godand the Native Americans for helping them survive the harsh winter and produce a bountiful harvest.在美国是感恩节在每年十一月的第四个星期四。
对许多美国人来说是最重要的节日除了圣诞节。
他们举行了一个盛大的庆典向神感谢和美国印地安人帮助他们生存下来的严冬和产生丰富的收获。
6.British Labor Party：British Labor Party is one of the two biggest parties in the UK, created by the trade union movement at the end of the 19th century. It believes that a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and that the government should redistribute the wealth between the rich and the poor. It also thinks that the government should provide a range of public services for all the people.英国工党就是其中的两个最大的政党在英国,由工会运动19th末世纪。
它相信一个社会应该是相对平等在经济方面,政府应该重新分配财富在富人和穷人之间。
它也认为政府应该提供一系列的公共服务,为所有的人。
7.British Conservative Party：British Conservative Party is one of the two biggest parties in the UK. It is basically the party of the individual, protecting the individual’s right to acquire wealth and to spend it as he or she wants. It advocates economic policies which are favorable to businessmen, such as low taxes.英国保守党就是其中的两个最大的政党在英国。
它基本上是个体的政党,保护个人的权利和获取财富花在他或她想要的。
它提倡的经济政策,有利于商人,如低税。
monwealth of Nations: P 40-41The Commonwealth `of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as symbolic head of the association. Most of these states are former colonies once governed as part of the British Empire. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have the opportunity to closely interact as equal after gaining independence. The primary purpose of the Commonwealth is to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members. 联邦的国家是一个独立的主权国家自愿协会,承认英国君主作为象征头部的协会。
大部分的州管辖原殖民地曾经是大英帝国的一部分。
它主要是一个组织在这两个国家有着不同的经济背景密切互动有机会平等取得独立后。
联邦政府的主要目的是提倡民主、人权、促进两国的经济合作和发展在其成员。
9.Critical Realism: P 75The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s. The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.19th的批判现实主义的世纪活跃在1840年代和1850年代早期。