非谓语动词---不定式
非谓语动词-不定式的用法
非谓语动词—不定式的用法不定式具有名词的特征，可在句中充当主语。
a. 不定式短语在句首做主语：例如：To say is one thing, to do is another .b. 用it做形式主语：例如：It is difficult to get so much money in such a short time.动名词doing 也可以做主语，但和不定式做主语主要有如下两个方面的区别：1．动名词做主语泛指意义较强；而不定式结构做主语多指具体的一次性动作。
例如：Reading novels is an enjoyment.To read this novel is an enjoyment.2．若叙述已经发生的事情多用动名词做主语；而叙述未发生的事情多用不定式做主语。
例如：Hosting the Olympics in 2000 has made Sydney better-known in the world..To host the Olympics in 2008 will make Beijing better-known in the world.需要注意的是有些时候不强调上面的区别，而强调表达前后的一致性，这在做题时需要灵活掌握和运用。
例如：眼见为实有两种表达方式，在含义上没有什么区别，只需注意前后的一致性。
Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.不定式做状语可以表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。
目的状语：“为了…”I’m saving up to buy a computer.To buy a computer, I’m savi ng up.另外，in order to 和so as to 也可以表示目的状语。
只是so as to 不可以用于句首。
如果使用否定式，则not一律放在to的前面。
例如：I wrote down his phone number in order not to /so as not to forget it.结果状语：He rushed to the airport only to find the plane had taken off.He opened his eyes only to find the world around him changed.We waited three hours only to be told to come again the next day.He lifted a stone only to have it dropped on his own feet.以上四个例句都是only to do 做结果状语，表示吃惊或失望。
非谓语动词——不定式
非谓语动词——不定式非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。
它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。
注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分。
II.基本知识一、不定式的构成动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。
有时可以不带to。
动词不定式在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分——主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用，可以有自己的宾语和状语。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，但是有时态和语态的变化。
常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。
1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。
当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).eg: He seemed to be tired.The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。
e.g. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.3. 不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done).e.g. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.eg. We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.二、不定式的用法：1. 动词不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。
高中非谓语动词--不定式课件(共144张PPT)
由此可见，连词在决定句子结构以及谓语动词和非谓语 动词的使用中起着关键的作用。
非谓语动词使用条件
一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有 连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。
opened (open) the door 1. The man took out the key, _________ and entered the room. reading (read) a book. 2. The man sat there, _________ Work (work) hard, and you will succeed. 3. _______ discussed (discuss) at the meeting 4. The question ___________ yesterday is of great importance. To improve 5. ___________(improve) his spoken English, Mr. Zhang goes to the English corner every Saturday.
非谓语动词讲解
Nonfinite Verbs
什么是非谓 语动词啊？
“非谓语非谓语”, 就是不是谓语的动词 呗!
那不是谓语 是什么呢？
。。。。 。。
2
概述：
1.谓语动词： 在句子中担任谓语的动词 实义动词
系动词
助动词 情态动词 2. 非谓语词： 是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以 作除谓语外的所有成分(通俗地说， 就是不能作谓语的动词变形）
判别用谓语动词或非谓语动词 Seeing
根据句子结构判断是非谓语动词还是谓语动词
一个句子（包括主句和从句）通常有一个谓语动词（and 可以并列连接两个谓语动词），分析句子: 如果句子中没有谓语动词，填上谓语动词（注意时态和语 态）， 如果句子中已经有谓语动词，则考虑用非谓语动词（注意 判别是动词不定式、现在分词、动名词还是过去分词）
非谓语动词1 --不定式
(5) can’t help 后接动名词表示禁不住做某事, 接不定式表示不能帮助做某事.
如：He couldn’t help crying when he heard the news.他听到这个消息时禁不住哭了. The medicine can’t help to get rid of your cold.这药不能帮你治好感冒.
句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.
It is + adj + for sb to do sth （是形容事物的性质的 ） It is + adj + of sb to do sth （是形容人的品质的 ）
It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.
2). 接动名词做宾语 常见动词有：
Do you mind passing me that dictionary? He admitted having broken the window.
避免错过少延期(avoid, miss, postpone) 建议完成多练习(advise, finish, practise) 喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy, imagine, can't help) 承认否定与嫉妒(admit, deny, envy) 逃避冒险莫原谅(escape, risk, excuse) 忍受保持不介意(stand, keep, mind)
非谓语动词-不定式
被动句里，主语补足语要还原to
She is often seen to walk to school by herself. 人们经常看到她独自步行上学。
The workers are made to work extra hours everyday. 工人们被迫每天加班。 但是：
Let the girl try it again.
很抱歉让你久等了。
They seemed to be discussing something important.
他们似乎在讨论一些重要的事情。
作补语
形容词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词都可以做宾语补足语。 在被动句里，原来的宾语成了主语，补足语就成了主语补足语。 My parents allowed us to play in the stream. 我父母允许我们在小溪里玩耍。 We were not allowed to play in the stream. 我们不能在小溪里玩耍。 We would like you to come to our party. 我们希望你来参加我们的聚会。 I didn't expect there to be so many people in the market. 我没想到市场里会有这么多人。
作定语
不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next thing to do is to find a hotel.接下来要做的就是找到一家旅馆。 1. 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 2. 主谓关系： (be the first/second/last…to do)He is the first one to come. 3. 同位关系（说明所修饰名词的内容）we all have a chance to go to college. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，要有相应的介词 He found a good house to live in. Please give me a pen to write with. 但如果不定式修饰的是time, place, way等就可以省略介词 He has no place to live. Something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式作后置定语 Do you have anything to read？ 不定式短语作定语是一个难点，请注意不定式和被修饰词之间的关系： (1)表示将来的动作。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态；如 只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态。
非谓语动词-动词不定式
作宾补 在动词后用不定式作宾补。
1. 大多数及物动词后要用不定式作宾补。这类的动词： ask, want, invite, help, expect, prefer, tell, allow, advise, require等 (及物动词+sb.+to do sth)
She wants Tom to tell her truth. 她想让Tom告诉她真相。
2. 如果表语形容词是说明逻辑主语的性格特征，则用of sb. 常用的 形容词有：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, foolish, rude, (im)polite等。 It is very nice of you to help us. 你来帮助我们真是太好了。 It is impolite of him to say so. 他这样说是不礼貌的。
居里夫人是世界上第一位两次获诺贝尔奖的人。
Betty was the last to know the truth. Betty是最后一个知道这真相的人。
作定语 3. 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有 动宾关系。 注：不定式必须是及物动词（后面不 再有宾语）；如果不定式是不及物动 词，则后面要跟相应的介词。
I'm glad to see you.
我很高兴听见这件事。
很高兴见到你。
The book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。
The word is easy to remember. 这个单词很容易记。
The sofa is comfortable to sit on. 这个沙发坐起来很舒服 。
• 非谓语动词的否定式：把not放在非谓语动词之前
非谓语动词动词不定式讲解
• •
To learn an art is very hard. 学习一门艺术很难。 To master a foreign language calls for a great deal of memory work. 掌握一门外语需要大量的记忆。
ஐ 注 ：常用it作形式主语，将to do位于之后， 作真正主语，使句子保持平衡。
• It is necessary for you to get there on time.
按时到达那里是很必要的。 • It is impolite of you to speak to the teacห้องสมุดไป่ตู้er like that. • =You are impolite to speak to the teacher like that. 你那样对老师说话是很不礼貌的。
• It’s kind of you to help me.
2、作表语
不定式作表语表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”等，从时间概念上说含有将来 意义。 • Our duty is to help the young children to grow better. 我们的职责就是帮助孩子们更好的成长。
动词不定式
一、 动词不定式的基本构成
由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定形式由not+不定
式构成。
肯定式：to do sth.
否定式：not to do sth.
被动式：to be done 完成式：to have done
二、动词不定式的句法功能
1.作主语
不定式在句子中作主语，相当于名词或代词的作用。
职责。
• It is a great enjoyment to spend our holiday in the mountains. 在山上度过我们的假日真是一个莫大的享受。
非谓语动词-不定式
非谓语动词-不定式一．动词不定式：不定式具有n 、adj、adv的特征,可作除谓语外任何句子成分。
否定式：not to do .（一）主动被动一般式：to do to be done进行式：to be doing /完成式：to have done to have been done完成进行式：to have been doing /例句：1. He seems to know a lot. （to do所表动作与谓语动词同时或之后发生）2. The boy pretended to be working hard. （谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，to be doing所表动作正在发生）3. I happened to have seen the film.（to have done所表动作发生在谓语动词或特定时间之前）4. They are quite happy to have been cooperating harmoniously with us till now.(to have been doing所表动作在谓语动词所表动作之前一直在进行)（二）不定式的句法功能：1. 作主语：常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，多表具体动作，尤指某一次动作。
常用句式有：1) It+be+名词+to do2) It takes sb.+some time+to do3) It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do2. 作表语：具体指某次动作：Your task today is to wash the curtains .3. 作宾语：1) 多为固定搭配：给予、买得起试图、尝试管理、处理假装敢于计划希望意图、打算同意拒绝期望承诺、答应需要教授帮助安排决定失败提供准备选择2) make up one’s mind to dowould like / love to dowould prefer to do ...3) 形式宾语：如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，常见词：+ it +宾补+ to do .Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.to do前有时可与疑问词连用：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.4) 句型：过去常做不得不做应该做愿意做准备、愿意做be sure / glad / happy / afraid +to do be sorry / anxious / eager +to do5) 省略to 的句型：为什么不做？不能做只能做最好做宁愿做而不做4. 作补语：1) 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want wishasktellorder beg permit help advise persuade allowpreparecauseforcecall onwait forinviteencourageexpectforbidgetintendlikelovepreferremindrequireteachwarndepend on此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.2) 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to （主动省略to 被动还原to）：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.※五看：三让：二听：一感觉：3) 作主语补足语的句型：said reportedsb + be believed considered + to be doneknown found to have been donesupposed thoughtIt is said that he has gone abroad .= He is said to have gone abroad .He was later discovered to have been a spy.4）thinkconsiderbelievesupposefeel ...+ to be 作宾语补足语或主语补足语findimagineproveappointjudge 例：People considered him to be a great leader .He imagines himself to be an able man .5. 作定语：1) 若不定式所修饰词是不定式的地点、工具，不定式后要有相应介词：He didn’t have a house to live in . 若修饰的词为：time、way、place，不定式后省略介词: He didn’t have place to live .2) 若不定式作定语与所修饰词形成被动关系（动宾关系），可用to do 也可用to be done ：Have you got anything to send ? （执行者为句子主语）to be sent ? （执行者是其他人）3) 用不定式作定语的情况：①表将来：The car to be bought is for his sister .②修饰被序数词、最高级或no ，all ，any 限定的中心词且为主动关系：He was the best man to do the job .③用来修饰抽象名词：能力机会主意事实借口承诺答案回复企图信仰方式理由时刻时光☆某些名词的同根词常跟to do ，因而也跟to do ，如：计划提议决定拒绝失败警告焦虑渴望愿望准备就绪例：我没有去观光的机会我不相信他会来访的承诺他没有去那里的计划他没有计划去那里6.作状语：1) 目的状语：He worked day and night to get the money. 若强调目的性，也可加in order to （可在句首）/ so as to（只在句中），此两结构在剧中时，不用都好隔开。
非谓语动词---不定式的用法
不定式作非谓语动词一、不定式的定义及构成：不定式是一种非限定性动词，即在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词。
肯定形式：to + 动词原形否定形式：not to + 动词原形被动形式：to be + done（动词过去分词）期中to为不定式符号，本身无意义。
二、不定式的时态和语态不定式虽没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序，主动、被动形式。
具体形式如下表1) 不定式的一般式动词不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词所表示的动作同事发生或在其后发生。
We try to finish the task on time. 我们试图及时完成任务。
I hope to see you next week. 我希望下周能见到你。
2）动词不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作一般与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生He seems to be following us. 他好像正在跟着我们。
3）不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前I’m so sorry to have given you so much trouble.很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。
4）动词不定式的被动形式○1动词不定式的一般式被动语态通常表示将来的动作。
The flowers need to be watered. 这些花需要浇水了。
○2不定式的完成式被动语态表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
The room seems to have been tidied up already. 这个房子似乎已经整理过了。
三、不定式的用法1）作主语动词不定式作主语，相当于名词或代词的作用To learn an art well is very hard. 学好一门艺术很难。
★动词不定式作主语往往用形式主语it代替，然后不定式置于句尾。
上面的句子可改写为It is very hard to learn an art well.2) 作宾语动词不定式一般作动词或介词的宾语I really want to watch the football match.He has no idea of how to answer this question.3) 作宾语补足语○1后接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, beg, like, love, would like, order, teach, want, allow, encourage, wish等。
非谓语动词(non-finite verbs)
在英语中，不做句子谓语，而具有谓语外其他语法功能的动词中，叫“非谓语动词”非谓语动词包括：动词不定式（the Infinitive）动名词（the Gerund）现在分词（the Present Participle）过去分词（the Past Participle）Ⅰ。
动词不定式：动词不定式有两种，带“to”和不带“to（动词原型）”，有人称之为“光秃不定式”，在大多数情况下不定式都带to，动词不定式由“to+动词原型”，这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义，不定式具有名词，形容词，或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态。
一：1。
不定式做主语：eg : To over come the problem is very difficult不定式做主语，往往用it做形式主语，真正的主语不定式放置句子后面：eg : It‟s so nice to hear your voice.但是，用不定式做主语的句子中还有一个不定式做表语时，不能用it‟s…to…的句型eg : To teach is to learn.比较“it‟s for sb和it‟s of sb1)for sb句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如”easy, hard, difficult, impossible”等2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如”good, kind, nice, clever, foolish”等3)用介词for或者of后面的逻辑主语做句子的主格，用介词前边的形容词做表语，造这个句子，如果通顺用of，不通则用for2．不定式做表语：不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语eg : My dream is to be a teacher.3．不定式做宾语1）有些及物动词用不定式做宾语，结构为“动词+不定式”P2892）有些动词除了可以用不定式做宾语，还用些不定式做补语，即“动词+宾语+不定式”结构eg : I like to keep everything tidy.I like you to keep everything tidy.3）有些动词或动词词组可以用“动词+疑问词+不定式”的结构：eg : I want to know how to solve the problem.4）如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用“ it ”做形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语4．不定式做补语1）有些动词+宾语+不定式P291eg : Father will not allow us to play on the street.2）有些动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去eg : We believe him (to be) quilty (adj.)我们相信他是有罪的We know him to be fool. (n.) (to be不能省)3）有些动词可以跟”there + to be的结构eg : We didn‟t expect there to be so many people.You wouldn‟t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧？5．不定式做定语不定式做宾语，通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。
非谓语动词，不定式
非谓语动词—现在分词
作表语 1. The issue of female crime is pressing for our serious consideration. 妇女犯罪凾待我们的认真思考。 2. The fact that many animals are used in medical research is sickening. 许多动物被用于医学实验的事实令人恶心。 3. Playing computer games is time-consuming. 打电子游戏耗费时间。
作同位语 1. His ambition, conquering the whole world, has never been fulfilled. 他征服整个世界的野心始终没有得逞。 2. Kent is not satisfied with his present job， teaching English at a middle school. 肯特对现有的工作—在中学教英语感到不满意。
非谓语动词—不定式
不定式的用法： 作主语 1. To set up a space station costs a huge sum of taxpayers’ money. 建立太空站花费大量纳税人的钱。 2 How to solve the heavy traffic problem is a thorny issue for our government. 如何解决严重的交通问题对于政府而言是个棘手的问题。 作宾语 1. In this essay, I aim to analyze the reasons why some people prefer to be single. 在本文，我试图分析一些人选择单身的原因。 2. Some poor students manage to pay their tuition by taking a part-time job. 一些贫穷学生通过做兼职来支付他们的学费。
英语非谓语
非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do2、动词的ing : doing3、动词的过去分词：done。
其中不定式表示目的和将来;动词的ing表示主动和进行；过去分词表示被动和完成。
非谓语动词三种形式在句中充当不同的成分，表达不同的意义，具体如下表：非谓语动词的时态和语态：一般式：不定式：主动to do ，被动to be done ; ing 形式：主动doing ，被动being done ;过去分词：被动done完成式：不定式：主动to have done ，被动to have been done;ing 形式：主动having done，被动having been done进行式：不定式to be doing1、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式：not + (to) do 如：(1)作主语：动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
(2)作表语：动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别。
如：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
(3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等；③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?(4)作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema．他有很多工作要做，所以没去电影院。
非谓语动词——动词不定式
校园英语 / 基础教育非谓语动词——动词不定式甘肃省白银市第八中学/魏立娟在英语中，不能作句子谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有3种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。
现将动词不定式的用法总结如下：动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时不能带to。
它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但它具有名词、形容词、副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语，它可以有自己的宾语和状语，并和其一起构成不定式短语，不定式的否定形式是在to前加not。
Please tell Tom to come here on time tomorrow.The doctor asked her not to eat too much meat.一、不定式作主语To keep the environment clean is our duty.在日常英语中，特别是当主语较长而谓语较短时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语——动词不定式放在句子后面，避免头重脚轻。
It is good for our health to drink more water every day.二、不定式作宾语常用在及物动词 want，begin，decide，forget，hope，like，learn等的后面。
I want to buy a computer.He decided to give up smoking.不定式后面有宾语补足语时，可用先行词it作形式宾语，把真正的不定式宾语后置。
动词后能接复合宾语的有： think，find， believe， suppose， make等。
由于宾语和宾补有逻辑上的主谓关系，所以有时候将宾语和宾补换成从句的形式。
He found it difficult to learn English well.=He found that it’s difficult to learn English well.三、不定式作宾语补足语1.动词 ask，tell，want，teach，allow等后跟带to的动词不定式作宾补。
非谓语动词(不定式)
3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同 时发生。 He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
一、作主语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 • easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; • the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. • 听到你的声音真高兴。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. • 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
六、作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句： Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
非谓语动词-不定式
非谓语动词--动词不定式1)I plan to attend the meeting.我计划参加这次会议。
2)I am sorry to have kept you waiting.很抱歉让你久等了。
3)They are said to be working hard.据说他们工作得很努力。
4)He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。
5)These clothes are to be washed as soon as possible.6)He is disappointed not to go swimming this afternoon.（二）用法1. To help each other is good.It is good to help each other_____________________________________________2. My job is to drive them to the power station every day.Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants’ children. To see is to believe.______________________________________________3. She wishes to be a musician.I am determined to give up smokingI don’t think it right to do it that way._____________________________________________4. Tell the children to play outside.I saw a little girl run across the street_________________________________5. Have you got anything to eatBut she gave up the chance to go abroad.Who was the last one to leave the classroom last nightIs this the best way to help him__________________________________6. We went there to see our grandparents.I am very sorry to hear that.She hurried home only to find her father dead.To look at the picture, you would like it._____________________________________(三）句型1. It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest.It is very kind of you to help him every day._______________________________________________________________________________________________2.疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式结构，它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语。
非谓语动词--动词不定式
←非谓语动词------动词不定式（1）在英语中，不能做句子谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词，非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词（含现在分词和过去分词）。
另外，动名词和现在分词统称为“ing形式”。
←动词不定式←1.定义：动词不定式与动词-ing,过去分词一样，是动词的非谓语形式。
他与动词原形同形，但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”,动词不定式存在不带to的情况。
← 2.不定式的形式：动词不定式有主动、被动两种语态，也有一般式、进行式、完成式等时态：←另外，请注意不定式与原形和现在式的区别(以be, have, go为例)：← 3. 不定式的时态：不定式虽没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序，即不定式仍有自己的时态。
不定式的时态包括一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。
←1）不定式的一般式：←表示的动作或状态通常发生在主句谓语动作之后或与主句谓语动作同时发生。
←我们想天黑前到家，但结果没有像计划那样。
←We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite turned out as planned.←(to get home发生在want之后)←他已经决定要给她一些钱。
He has decided to give her some money.←看电影时，我听见坐在我后面的那对夫妇一直在小声说话。
←I heard the couple behind me whisper all the time while seeing the film. (whisper与here同时发生)←2）动词不定式的进行式：表示正在进行，与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。
←当我路过的时候，怀特先生和他的妻子碰巧正在吵架。
←Mr. White and his wife happened to be quarreling when I passed by.←当妈妈打开门时，这个女孩假装正在学习。
非谓语动词(不定式)
非谓语动词---不定式：在句子中充当除谓语以外句子成分的动词形式。
三种形式：不定式，动名词，分词（现在分词和过去分词）非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。
不定式作用：(主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语)1 做主语，谓语用单数，通常后置。
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to doIt is very hard to finish the work in ten m inutes2 做宾语（通常接不定式的动词：want, try, hope, w ish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, dec ide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等）We plan to pay a visitA特殊疑问词+to do当名词用。
I don’t know what to do.B 不定式做宾语时，有宾语补足语时，通常用it代替。
I find it nec essary to learn a foreign language.C 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语I have no choic e but to stay hereD 在hope, think, w ant, plan, expect, mean, intend等后的不定式完成式表示“本来打算做，而实际没能实现, 但是mean 和intend的过去式+不定式的一般式也能表示未实现的愿望。
）We meant to have stopped him from doing suc h a thing.3 做宾语补足语(用做宾语补足语的动词有ask, tell, order, w ant, get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, w ish, warn, expect, prefer, enc ourage)He w ants me to be c areful.A feel, hear, listen to, have, let, make, notic e, see, w atc h, observe, look at 后面的不定式去掉to,但变成被动语态需要加上to.I see the boy fall off tree. / the boy is seen to fall off the tree.4 做定语I have a lot of work to do.A当名词被first, last, second, 以及only等词修饰，用不定式做定语。
非谓语动词 -不定式
非谓语动词-不定式原形动词前加to,构成动词不定式。
不定式不作谓语，属非谓语动词。
第一节不定式的时态和语态 一 不定式的时态 1 时态的构成(1) 一般是的使用范围○1 不定式所示动作或状态与谓语动词所示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生或存 在，用一般式：I ’m glad to see you.I saw her enter the room just now.○2 不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之后，也用一般式： My uncle asked me to see him this summer.I ’m glad to take my younger sister to the countryside. (2) 完成式的使用范围不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之前，用完成式： I ’m glad to have seen your mother yesterday.He is said to have written a novel about the Long March(长征). (3) 进行式的使用范围当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时，不等式动词所示动作正在进行时，用进行时： They seemed to be talking about you.You are said to be writing a paper on pollution. 二 不定式的被动语态1 被动语态的两种时态不定式被动语态常用于两种时态，一种是一般式被动语态，一种是完成时被动语 皇帝下令织这种神奇的布These students want to be sent work in our company.这些学生想要分到我们公司工作(2) 完成式举例：He is said to have been killed. The assistant seemed to have been fired. 2 被动语态的用法在下列情况下不定式要用被动语态：(1) 当句子的主语是这个不定式所示动作的承受者时：The girl is to be taken to the Summer Palace. The book is said to be put into English.(2) 当不定式所修饰的名词是此不等式的逻辑宾语，且句中又无它的逻辑主语时： He wanted the letter to be typed at once.Are you going to the meeting to be held this afternoon?(3) 当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，且不定式本身又带有一个宾语时： She is too nervous to be told such bad news. I ’m glad to be given a gold ring. (4) 当句子的主语和表语是指同一人（物），不定式修饰这个表语名词，且与这个名词有动宾关系时：He is a man to be trusted. 但也可用主动式：This is a nice place to visit.(5) 不定式作定语，且与所修饰的名词有动宾关系时：The plan to be made is a five-year plan.注意：不定式动作是相关名词的执行者还是承受者，对这个不定式用主动还是 被动语态关系很大，试比较下列各组句子:It ’s a good thing to be elected a model worker.被选为模范工人是好事 It ’s a good thing to elect him a model worker.选他当模范工人是好事Have you anything to be done this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事要人做？ Have you anything to do this afternoon?今天下午你有什么事情要自己做？ 三 不定式的主动态代替被动态在下列情况下，不定式可用主动态代替被动态：1 当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词（代词）有主谓关系时：He has nothing to eat . I ’ll give you a book to read. I have a lot of papers to type.Would you bring me a bench to sit down? 2 当不定式在“主语+表语（形容词）”结构中作状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时：This test is easy to recite.The washing –machine is too expensive for me to buy. 3 当不定式修饰there(here) be 引导的句子中的主语时： There are two tractors to repair.Here is a baby to take care of.当然也可用被动态：There is nothing to fear(to be feared).句中不定式如有逻辑主语，则只用主动语态：There is nothing for us to fear.4 to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主动语态：The house is to let.房子要出租I’m to blame. 我要受责备的第二节不定式的语法功能一作主语1 直接用作主语：To get to the palace with just a flower is to say “I’m poor.”How to get rid of (清除)these things is a big problem.2 用it代替不定式作形式主语：It’s bad manners to be rude to people.It made us very happy to hear from him.How would it be to start tomorrow?It was decided to bring the matter up at the meeting.已决定把这件事提交会议讨论1，2 两种形式可以互换：It made us very excited to hear of his success.=To hear of his success made us very excited.但如果不定式短语在疑问句或感叹句中作主语，则只能用it作形式主语：To watch the TV play is very interesting.(改为一般问句)Is it very interesting to watch the TV play?To get to the station took me two hours.(特殊问句)How long did it take you to the station?To lose this necklace was a pity.(感叹句)What a pity it was to lose this necklace!二作宾语1 可用不定式直接作宾语的动词want, like, wish, hate, prefer, continue, refuse, mange, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend, begin, decide, learn, agree, care, choose, determine,expect, afford等2 需用it代不等式作宾语的动词: find, make, think, consider, feel等：He found it important to study the situation in Russia.This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry工农业to develop very quickly.I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour.Do you consider it better not to go. I feel my duty to say that you are wrong.3 不能直接用不定式作宾语的动词：单词know需在不定式前加连接代词或副词：They knew how to weave cloth. I know when to start.We don’t know where to go. They don’t know whether to stay or not.Nobody knew what to do next. Does he know which to take?但why不能用于此句型，不说：I don’t know why to do it.有些动词根据意思的需要，也可在不等式前加连接代词或连接副词：The computer will then tell what to do.I’ve forgot which way to takeThe students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.Everyone wanted to learn how to make silk.You must remember when to begin.4 不能接不定式作宾语的动词：enjoy, finish, suggest, excuse, pardon, give up, avoid,advise, can’t help, delay, escape, miss, imagine, mind, keep, practice, consider等三作宾补1 可接不定式作宾补的动词：（1）love, teach, ask, get, tell, invite, force, oblige, beg, allow, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, forbid, lead, trouble,summon, 等。
非谓语动词(不定式)
Listen! I heard her singing in the next room.
2. 我经常听见她在隔壁房间唱歌。 （省to的不定式）
I often heard her sing in the next room.
注意：
具有这种用法的动词是感官动词。 （即：一感、二听、四看） 一发现： find
二、不定式的特点：
1、动词不定式没有人称和数的变化 。 2、在句子中不能单独作谓语。 3、它具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语 或状语，并与之构成不定式短语。 4、不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的特 征，因此在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语 补足语、状语、表语和定语。
找出句子中的不定式, 并说出它们在句中 的作用：
非谓语动词的概念
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成 分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词,它不受人 称和数的限制。
非 谓 语 动 词
动词不定式
动名词
现在分词
分词
过去分词
不定式
讨论一下： 我们需要掌握不定式的哪些知识点？
1. 不定式的形式 2. 不定式的特点 3. 不定式在句中的作用
1. He asked you to clean the room just now. 2. I saw him run on the playground.
(同义句)
② It is\ was +形容词(for\of sb. )to do sth.
(of：描述人的品质；for：描述某事)
(练习：后面)
用 of\for填空
1. It’s clever __ of him to say so. 2. It is impossible __ for you to finish it. 3. It was wrong __ of you to tell a lie. 4. It was careless ___ of you to make so many mistakes in the exam. 5. It is silly傻瓜 of __ her to do such a thing. 6. It is important ___ for you to learn English well.
非谓语动词(不定式)
中考非谓语动词一、动词不定式（重点）1、结构及特征：动词不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，有时可以不带to。
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分——主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语，所以我们又称之为非谓语形式。
动词不定式仍保留动词的特点，即它可以有自己的宾语和状语。
2、动词不定式的用法：动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。
1）作主语例如：To learn English well is not easy. 或It is not easy to learn English well.[说明]动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式表示的动作执行者，可以用for\of+sb.It is + adj.+ for\of sb. to do sth.2）作表语My wish is to become a teacher.3）作宾语Most of us like to watch football matches.4）作宾语补足语He told me to be here on time.5）作定语I have nothing to say about that thing.6）作状语He stopped to have a look.[说明] 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形构成例如：He asked me not to make such a mistake.3、不定式的否定形式：Tell him not to shut the window…典型例题Tell him ___ the window.A. to shut notB. not to shutC. to not shutD. not shut答案：B. tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.4、动词不定式与疑问词连用：疑问词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how,why等后面可以按动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。
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非谓语动词一不定式原形动词前加to，构成动词不定式。
不定式不做谓语，属非谓语动词。
第一节不定式的时态和语态一、不定式的时态1、时态的构成不定式常用的时态有：一般式，完成式和进行式。
其构成见表（以do为例）：2、时态的用法（1）一般式的使用范围①不定式所示动作或状态与谓语动词所示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生或存在，用一般式，如：I am glad to see you.高兴见到你。
I saw her enter the room just now.。
我刚见他进房间去了。
②不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之后，也用一般式，如：My uncle asked me to see him this summer.我叔叔要我今夏去看他。
I am glad to take my younger sister to the countryside.我很高兴下星期天带我妹妹到乡下去。
（2）完成式的使用范围不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之前，用完成式，如：I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.我很高兴昨天见到你母亲。
He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.据说他写了一本关于长征的小说。
I regret to have been with you for so many years.我遗憾和你呆在一起这么多年。
（3）进行式的使用范围当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时，不定式动词所示动作正在进行时，用进行式，如：They seemed to be talking about you.他们好像是在谈论你。
The two workers pretended to be working hard.这两个骗子假装在拼命工作。
You are said to be writing a paper on pollution.据说你正在写篇关于污染的论文。
二、不定式的被动语态1、被动语态的两种时态不定式被动语态常用于两种时态，一种是一般式被动语态，一种是完成式被动语态，其构成见表（以do为例）：These students want to be sent to work in our company.这些学生想要分到我们公司工作。
（2）完成式举例：He is said to have been killed.据说他已被杀害了。
The assistant seemed to have been fired .这位助手好像被解雇了。
三、不定式的主动语态代替被动语态在下列情况下，不定式可用主语语态代替被动语态：1、当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词（代词）有主谓关系，如：He has nothing to eat.他没有什么东西好吃。
I will give you a book to read.我将给你一本书读。
I have a lot of papers to type.我有许多文件要打。
Would you bring me a bench to sit on? 给我拿条凳子来坐好吗？Please lend me a pen to write with.请借支钢笔给我用用。
2、当不定式在“主语+表语（形容词）”结构中作状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时，如：This text is easy to recite.这课很容易背。
The washing-machine is too expensive for me to buy.这台洗衣机对我来说太贵了，买不起。
3、当不定式修饰there (here) be引导的句子中的主语时，如：There are two tractors to repair.有两台拖拉机要修理。
Here is baby to take care of.有个婴孩要人照顾。
当然也可用被动语态，如：There is nothing to fear(to be feared ).没有什么好怕的。
句中不定式如有逻辑主语，则只能用主动语态，如：There is nothing for us to fear.我们没有什么可怕的。
4、to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主动语态，如：The house is to let.房子要出租。
I am to blame .我要受责的。
第二节不定式的语法功能一、做主语（1）直接用作主语，如：How to get rid of these things is a big problem.如何清除这些东西是个大问题。
Not to have a correct political point of view is like having nor soul.没有正确的政治观点，等于没有灵魂。
（2）用it代替不定式作形式主语，如：It is good to see all my teachers and friends again.又能见到老师和朋友有多好。
It is bad manners to be rude to people.对人粗鲁是不礼貌的。
It is important for us to keep the balance of nature。
对我们来说保持自然界的平衡是很重要的。
How much did it cost you to send the telegram?发这封电报花了你多少钱？It made us very happy to hear from him.收到他的信使我很高兴。
二、作宾语1、可用不定式直接作宾语的动词Want,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continune,refuse,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,promise,mean, pretend,begin,decide,learn,agree,care,choose,determine,expect,afford等动词可直接接不定式作宾语，如：The crops begin to grow.庄嫁开始生长。
Jenney tried to explain.詹妮试图解释。
The boy pretended to have finished it.男孩假装做完了它。
He decided to do some experiments to test Aristotle is theory.他决定做实验来证明亚里士多德的理论。
He wanted to have a cup of tea.他想喝下午茶。
2、需要it代不定式作宾语的动词find, make, think, consider ,feel等动词不能直接接不定式做宾语，需要it代不定式作形式宾语，如：He found it important to study the situation in China他发现研究中国的形势很重要。
This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop very quickly.这就使得工农业必须迅速发展。
I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour.我认为半小时到达那儿是不可能的。
I feel it my duty to say that you are wrong.我觉得我有责任说你是错的。
三、作宾补1、不定式作宾补(1)John asked me to help him with his lessons this evening.约翰请我今晚帮他复习功课。
He ordered the hunter to bow before his hat.他命令猎人在他的帽子前鞠躬。
（2）make ,have ,let等使役动词以及see ,watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, hear, listen to 等感官动词可接不定式作其宾语的补语，但在主动语态中，不定式中的to应省略去，如：I can let you have one ticket.我能让你得到一张票。
It made her feel better.这使她感到好多了。
Listen to me read the text.听我读课文。
但在被动语态中，这个to不能省，如：The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.人们看到这个小孩突然从树上掉下来。
Was the thief noticed to leave the house? 有人看见贼离开这幢房子吗？四、作状语①作目的状语，如：In those days people seldom did experiments to test their ideas.在那个时候人们很少做实验来检验他们的想法。
She did all she could to save him.她尽自己所能来救他。
To master a language, words and grammatical rules are not enough.要掌握一门语言，光单词和语法规则是不够的。
②作结果状语（表示意料之外的结果），如：They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头砸自己的脚。
③作原因状语，：在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。
如：I’m sorry to hear your grandma is ill.听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。
I’m surprised to see you here .在这里见到你，真让我感到吃惊四、作表语不定式作表语很普遍，如：Her wish is to become a nurse.她的志愿是当个护士。
So all the driver could do was to go back home.司机能干的就是回家。
To him the most important thing is to save lives.对他来说，最重要的事就是救命。
注意：在很多情况下，不定式作表语可转换为做主语，如：His job is to raise pigs.= To raise pigs is his job.养猪是他的工作。
五、作定语1.不定式作定语与它所修饰的名词存在下列三种关系：①动宾关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑宾语，如：Has the visitor had anything to eat? 来访者吃了东西了吗？The cadre told me that he had an important meeting to attend.这个干部告诉我他有个重要的会议要参加。