语言学名词解释-推荐下载

Chapter 6: Pragmatics

1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.

2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05)

3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.

4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context. (03).

6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05)

7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable. (06F)

8. performatives: Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.

9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

10. illocutionary act: The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F)

11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.

Chapter 7: Language Change

1. historical linguistics: A subfield of linguistics that study language change.

2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03)

3. blending: A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.

5. borrowing: When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.

6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation.

7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.

8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.

Chapter 8: Language And Society

2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05)

3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.

4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.

5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.

6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the

type of situation.

7. idiolect : A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)

10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..

11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation

in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.

12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.

13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.

14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there

are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal

and frozen.

15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.