10英语语言学考试范围及题型

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英语语言学考研参考

语言学考试大纲一、考查目标语言学考试旨在科学、公平、有效地测试考生对语言基本知识和主要理论的掌握程度，确保英语专业硕士研究生的入学质量。

考生需要系统掌握语言学的基本理论、基本知识和语言学研究的基本方法，能够初步运用所学的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法分析判断分析与语言相关的理论问题和实际问题。

二、考试形式、试卷结构答题方式为闭卷、笔试。

三、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷共有五部分组成，满分为150分；第I、II、III部分为客观题，占试卷的7/15；第IV、V、部分为主观题，占试卷的8/15。

考试时间为180分钟。

四、试卷题型及分值I.正误判断题：20道小题，每小题1分，共20分；II.单词填空题：10道小题，每小题1分，共10分；III.单项选择题：40道小题，每小题1分，共40分；IV.简答题：共3-4道小题，共40分；V.论述题：2-3道小题，共40分。

五、考查要点I.考查要点：考查考生语言学基本概念和基本理论的认知程度。

要求考生对给定的陈述进行判断，确定其正确与否。

II.考查要点：考查考生对语言学基本概念和基本理论掌握的准确程度。

要求考生不仅能够理解所提供的内容，而且还能根据提示准确写出关键词。

III.考查要点：考查考生对语言学基本概念、基本理论的理解，也考察考生根据理论对语言现象进行分析的能力。

IV.考查要点：考查考生结合语言学理论对语言现象进行分析的能力。

V.考查要点：首先考查考生对对语言学理论的掌握情况，在此基础上考查考生根据语言学理论对语言学问题进行系统分析的能力。

六、考试范围1. 语言和语言学的基础知识关于语言：语言的定义、起源、特征、功能。

关于语言学：语言学的主要分支学科，宏观语言学。

语言学中一些重要的基本概念：描写与规定、共时与历时、语言和言语、能力与表现。

共济网2. 语音学及音系学知识语音学：语音的发生与感知、发音器官、语音的演变、语音标注、辅音、元音、语音的描写、协同发音。

音系学：音位理论和音位变体、音系规则、区别特征、音节、重音。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

语言学考试题及答案英语

语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。

答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。

答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。

答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。

答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。

答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。

答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。

(完整版)“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案(1)

各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。

祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function.12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.nguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists.nguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.Voicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.Voicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [ ], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p ], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics isfocused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [ ] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel.ually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "learned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed” and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.plete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?” __________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4. “Site” and “sight”, “meat” and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to Exercises Practice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. [ ]10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F。

英语专业语言学历年真题试卷汇编10_真题-无答案

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10(总分48,考试时间90分钟)1. 简答题1. In English, the phoneme/p/is pronounced differently in words such as pat, spat, or tap. Can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?（南开大学2010研)2. What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?（厦门大学2010研)Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.(四川大学2007研)3. rational4. moral5. regular6. political7. effective8. human9. relevant10. legal11. proportionate12. resistible13. (a)List the " bound" morphemes to be found in the following words; misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly(b)In which of the following examples should the " a" be treated as a bound morpheme: a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL（上海交大2005研)14. In English, the suffix "-able" as in "X + able" means "able to be X-ed.(1)Use an example to illustrate this rule.(2)What kind of words can function as "X"?In words like "unthinkable ," the suffix-able means more than " able to be X-ed. " Think of TWO more words of this type.（南京大学2007研)15. What can this rule mean in English grammar? {D}—(-id)/(t)—(北师大2004研)16. What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes?17. Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, usinga labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis.（1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable18. Distinguish between the two possible meanings of more beautiful flowers by means of IC analysis.(北二外2006研；北二外2008研)19. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?(西安交大2008研)Please rephrase the following sentences, to disambiguate them.20. Tom and Mary saw the mountains while they were flying over.21. Old men and women are hard to live with.22. They said she would go yesterday.23. The governor is a dirty street fighter.24. We deplore the shooting of the hunters.。

语言学试题及答案英文

语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。

答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。

3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。

答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。

6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。

答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。

8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题(3)Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题(5)五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分,第43小题6分,共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题(6)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题(7)五、论述题(每小题10分,共20分)1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题(8)语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题(9)语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in differentregional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of theSapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分)31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分)41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existedin Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialectsof English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted inits Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准:满分为10分,总论及四小点各占2分。

英语语言学linian试题及答案

英语语言学linian试题及答案英语语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？答案：语言学的主要分支包括语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、计算语言学等。

2. 请解释“语言习得”和“语言学习”的区别。

答案：语言习得是指儿童在成长过程中自然掌握母语的能力，而语言学习则是指在学校或其他正式环境中有意识地学习第二语言或外语。

3. 什么是语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”？答案：深层结构是指句子的内在意义和逻辑关系，而表层结构则是指句子的外在形式，即我们实际听到或说出的句子。

4. 请列举至少三种不同的语言变异现象。

答案：语言变异现象包括地域变异（方言）、社会变异（社会方言）、时间变异（历史方言）等。

5. 什么是转换生成语法？答案：转换生成语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的语言学理论，它认为所有人类语言都遵循一套普遍的语法规则，而这些规则可以通过转换规则从深层结构转换到表层结构。

6. 请解释“语码转换”和“语码混合”的概念。

答案：语码转换是指在不同语言或方言之间切换使用，而语码混合则是指在同一句话中混合使用两种或两种以上的语言或方言。

7. 语言学中“语料库”的作用是什么？答案：语料库是语言学研究中用来收集和分析自然语言数据的大型数据库，它可以帮助研究者进行语言模式、语言变化和语言使用等方面的研究。

8. 请简述“语言相对性假设”。

答案：语言相对性假设，也称为萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，认为一个人的思维方式受到其母语的影响，即语言的结构决定了思维的结构。

9. 什么是“语言的普遍语法”？答案：语言的普遍语法是指所有人类语言共有的一套基本语法规则，这些规则是语言能力的基础，由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。

10. 请解释“语境”在语言交际中的作用。

答案：语境是指语言交际发生的环境，包括物理环境、社会环境和心理环境等。

语境对语言的理解和使用有重要影响，它可以帮助解释语言的模糊性，提供语言交流的背景信息。

英语语言学概论复习题集

英语语言学概论复习题集一、选择题1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的结构C. 语言的社会功能D. 所有以上2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 化学3. 英语中的“语言学”一词来源于哪个希腊词？A. LogosB. PhoneC. GlossaD. Syntax4. 英语的音素有多少个？A. 20个B. 44个C. 100个D. 取决于方言5. 英语中的“辅音”和“元音”有何区别？A. 辅音是浊音，元音是清音B. 辅音是清音，元音是浊音C. 辅音可以单独发音，元音不可以D. 辅音不可以单独发音，元音可以二、填空题6. 语言学的主要研究对象是_________。

7. 语言学的三大分支包括语音学、语法学和_________。

8. 英语中的音素数量因_________而异。

9. 英语中的“辅音”和“元音”的区别在于_________。

10. 英语语言学中，“语用学”研究的是语言的_________。

三、简答题11. 请简述语言学的定义及其研究范围。

12. 描述语音学和音系学的区别。

13. 举例说明英语中的音节结构。

14. 解释什么是形态学，并简述其研究内容。

15. 什么是社会语言学？它研究哪些方面？四、论述题16. 论述英语语言学中“语义学”的重要性及其研究内容。

17. 描述英语中的词类系统，并解释它们各自的功能。

18. 论述英语语法的复杂性及其对学习者的影响。

19. 讨论英语作为国际语言对全球语言生态的影响。

20. 分析英语中的双关语现象及其在语言使用中的作用。

五、案例分析题21. 阅读以下对话，并分析其中的语用学现象。

- A: Can you pass the salt?- B: Sure, here you go.22. 观察以下句子，并讨论其语法结构：- The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.23. 分析以下广告语中的修辞手法：- Just do it.24. 考虑以下情景，讨论社会语言学在其中的应用：- 在一个多语言社区中，不同语言群体如何交流？25. 研究以下英语习语，并解释其在不同文化背景下的含义：- Break the ice.六、综合应用题26. 设计一个英语语言学的课程大纲，包括至少五个主要模块及其子主题。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

语言学考试范围

名词解释5个共25分(范围: 音位变体, 窄式标音, 混合法,缩写法, 词根, 词干, 同音异义, 同形异义, 言语行为, 言外之意, 言后行为)二, 填空(17分)三, 判断(10分)四,语音描述(辅音和元音个3个, 每个3分,共18分)五, 上下义关系画图(5分)六, 音标划分图(5分)七, 句子歧义划分(10分)语言学导论考试题型和复习范围:一. 名词解释 5个共25分(范围: 音位变体,窄式标音,混合法,缩写法,词根, 词干, 同音异义, 同形异义, 言语行为, 言外之意, 言后行为)二, 填空 (17分)三, 判断 (10分)四,语音描述 (辅音和元音各3个, 每个3分,共18分)五, 上下义关系画图 (5分)六, 音标划分图 (5分)七, 句子歧义划分 (10分)八, 回答问题 (一道共10分)名词解释：1. Allophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.Allophone(音位变体):any of the different forms of a phoneme.2. narrow transcription (窄式标音)： the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic details.表示用一个以上的符号标出一个音位，并用特殊的字母和变音符号表示话语的非区别特征(non-distinctive feature)3. A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.E.G.: smog—smoke + fog; motel—motor + hotel; camcorder—camera + recorder混成法(blending)：is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by jointing part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by jointing the initial parts of the two words.E.G.: smoke + fog---smog; boat + hotel---boatel.通过将第一个词的词首和第二个词的词尾混合成词，或是将两个词的词首相加而成。

自考英语语言学试题及答案

自考英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language is known as:A. SociologyB. LinguisticsC. PsychologyD. Anthropology答案：B2. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of language?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B3. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：B4. The process of a language changing over time is called:A. Language acquisitionB. Language evolutionC. Language shiftD. Language decay答案：B5. In linguistics, what is the term for the study of the meaning of words in a sentence?A. SemanticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Pragmatics答案：A6. What is the name for the systematic use of variations in pitch, tone, and rhythm in spoken language?A. PhonologyB. IntonationC. AccentD. Dialect答案：B7. The study of language in relation to culture is known as:A. SociolinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. Cultural linguisticsD. Ethnolinguistics答案：A8. Which of the following is not a component of a phoneme?A. Voice onset timeB. Place of articulationC. Stress patternD. Manner of articulation答案：C9. The use of language in specific social situations is the focus of:A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A10. What is the term for a group of words that form acomplete thought?A. ClauseB. PhraseC. SentenceD. Lexeme答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The __________ is the systematic study of language sounds.答案：Phonetics12. In linguistics, the term __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.答案：Morpheme13. The study of language in relation to the brain and cognitive processes is known as __________.答案：Neurolinguistics14. __________ is the branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of sentences.答案：Syntax15. A language that develops among a group of people who frequently communicate is known as a __________.答案：Dialect16. The study of language change over time is known as__________.答案：Diachronic linguistics17. The __________ is the study of the way language is used by a particular community or group.答案：Sociolinguistics18. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning is called a __________.答案：Phoneme19. The study of language universals, which are features common to all human languages, is known as __________.答案：Universal grammar20. The process of a child acquiring the ability to understand and use a language is called __________.答案：Language acquisition三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between a dialect and a language.答案：A dialect is a variety of a language that is characterized by its specific phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, and is typically associated with a particular geographical region or social group. A language, on the other hand, is a complex and distinct system of communication used by a community of people, which may include multiple dialects. While dialects are mutually intelligible to some degree within a language community, languages are often not mutually intelligible and require translation.22. Describe the concept of language death.答案：Language death occurs when a language ceases to be spoken by a community and has no fluent speakers left. This can happen for various reasons, including the displacement of a community, the assimilation into a dominant culture, or the shift to a more widely used language for economic or social reasons. Language death can lead to a loss of cultural heritage and diversity, as languages are often closely tied to the identity and traditions of the communities that speak them.23. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and what are its implications for linguistics?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the theory that the structure of a language determines the way its speakers perceive and conceptual。

英语语言学试题及答案

英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of writingD. A unit of grammar答案：A2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PsychologyD. Syntax答案：C3. The process of changing the form of a word to express different grammatical relationships is called:A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：A4. In English, the word "mouse" is an example of:A. A countable nounB. An uncountable nounC. A proper nounD. An article答案：A5. The study of meaning in language is known as:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A6. The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning ina language is called:A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. SyllableD. Word答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that studies the social aspects of language is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational linguistics答案：A8. The use of language in context is studied in:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is known as:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The systematic arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences is the study of:A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as a____________.答案：Morpheme3. The branch of linguistics that deals with the structure of words is ____________.答案：Morphology4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is called ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as ____________.答案：Language acquisition6. The study of the rules governing the formation of sentences in a language is ____________.答案：Syntax7. The branch of linguistics that examines the psychological aspects of language is ____________.答案：Psycholinguistics8. The study of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences is known as ____________.答案：Semantics9. The branch of linguistics concerned with the relationship between language and culture is ____________.答案：Anthropological linguistics10. The study of how language is processed in the brain is called ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, while an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of aword.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language,including how words and phrases are arranged to create well-formed sentences.3. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understandingof language?答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how languagevaries according to social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity, and how these variations affect communication and social interaction.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the way context influences the interpretation of meaning. It helps us understand how speakers convey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge.2. Explain the concept of language universals and give examples.答案：Language universals refer to the structural and functional features that are common to all human languages. Examples include the presence of nouns and verbs, the use ofword order to convey meaning, and the ability to form questions and negations.。

语言方面考试题及答案

语言方面考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是“语言”的英文翻译？A. LanguageB. LiteratureC. CommunicationD. Expression答案：A2. “语言学”是一门研究语言的科学，它的英文是：A. LinguisticsB. PhilologyC. PhoneticsD. Lexicography答案：A3. 在语言学中，“音素”是指：A. 语音的最小单位B. 语言的最小单位C. 语义的最小单位D. 语法的最小单位答案：A4. 以下哪个词不是动词？A. 走B. 跳C. 跑D. 书5. “语法”是研究语言中词的：A. 意义B. 结构C. 使用D. 发展答案：B6. 下列哪个选项是“同义词”的正确定义？A. 意义相反的词B. 意义相近的词C. 形式相同的词D. 来源相同的词答案：B7. “词汇”在语言学中通常指的是：A. 语言的规则B. 语言的发音C. 语言的词汇量D. 语言的书写答案：C8. “语义学”是研究语言的：A. 声音B. 意义C. 形式D. 语法答案：B9. “句法”是研究句子的：B. 结构C. 发音D. 词汇答案：B10. “修辞学”主要研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的书写C. 语言的表达方式D. 语言的规则答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。

答案：词汇学2. 语言的三个基本功能是表达、______和交际。

答案：描述3. 在语言学中，“语用学”是研究语言在特定语境中的______。

答案：使用4. “方言”是指一个语言内部的______。

答案：变体5. “双语”是指一个人能够流利地使用______种语言。

答案：两6. “翻译”是指将一种语言的文本转换为______语言的文本。

答案：另一种7. “语音学”是语言学的一个分支，它研究的是语言的______。

英语语言学及英文写作考试大纲

英语语言学及英文写作考试大纲
“英语语言学及英文写作”考试大纲考试范围：语音学、音系学、形
态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、语言与社会、语言与文化、语言习得、
第二语言习得等普通语言学的分支学科以及英文议论文、图表作文写作知
识要点：普通语言学的研究对象、范围及方法；音素及其分类；发音部位
与发音方法；音位的概念、识别；常见英语音位规则；词素的概念及分类；传统句法理论、结构主义句法理论、形式主义句法理论及功能主义句法理
论中的基本概念、范畴、短语结构规则、转换规则；不同的语义观；词义；意义分析方法；语境概念；言语行为理论；会话原则；关联理论；语言与
社会的关系；语言的变体；语言与文化的关系；语言习得的基本理论；第
二语言习得的基本概念和理论；英文议论文、图表作文写作规范。

考试要求：准确理解并掌握相关的基本概念、原理，并能够运用到实
际语言现象的分析之中；能用英语撰写议论文、图表作文。

考试题型：名词解释；填空；判断；辨析；实际语言分析；定题作文、材料作文。

内容分配：英语语言学占100分，英文作文占50分。

参考书目1．戴炜栋.2002.《简明语言学教程》上海：上海外语教育
出版社2.胡壮麟.2001.语言学教程.北京：北京大学出版社。

英语语言学考试重点题型

第一章Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de SaussureⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.第二章1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. V oicedC. vowelD. consonantal3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6.The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones第三章1. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “mother wit”refers to inborn wit. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.8. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes9. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A.WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences10. “-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.第四章Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to forma complete statement, question or command.3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.6._______ relation is a kind of relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure.7. The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by making successive binary cutting is called _______.1. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory6. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical7. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite8. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational9._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structure第五章1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.2. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.3. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.4. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.5. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.6. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.7. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.8. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.True or False1. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.2. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.3. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reducemeaning to observable contexts.4. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.5. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.6. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Of the following pairs of sentences, say whether a entails b in each case.a: John is a bachelor. b: John is a man.a: Eliza plays the fiddle. b: Someone plays a musical instrument.a: I’ve done my homework. b: I haven’t brushed my teeth.a: Some of the students came to my party. b: Not all of the students came to my party.a: Mary owns three canaries. b: Mary owns a canary.a: John picked a tulip. b: John didn’t pick a rose.第六章1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.13. _________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes _______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of _________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an ___________.17.The meaning of a sentence is _______, and decontextualized.18. ________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. ________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A _________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21. An __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed insaying something.22. A _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century.32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantityIII.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A 32.C 33.D。

10英语语言学考试范围及题型

10英语语言学考试范围及题型题型：Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.(2′*10=20)1. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.A. arbitraryB. non-arbitraryC. logicalD. non-productiveII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for′*10=10)production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.ⅢBrief-explanation (4%×5=20%)Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.1.blendingⅣDirections: Choose the right terms or names to fill in the following linguistic statements, each word can be used only once.1._____ proposed the distinction of langue and parole in his Course in General Linguistics.ⅤQuestion-answering (Brief: 5%×4=20%; Detailed: 10%×2=20% ) 或(5%×4=20%; Case Analysis: 10%×2=20% )19. Name the six independent branches within the area of linguistics.出题范围：详见各章重点（含课本及复习练习题）Chapter 9概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1. validity, reliability2. global error, local error分析（简答或实例分析）1. Grammatical Syllabus, Situational Syllabus, Communicative Syllabus2. interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer讨论Teacher’s correct attitude towards errorChapter 8概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1. motivation2. Krashen’s input hypothesis仔细阅读P236-239并完成练习1、3Chapter 7概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）nguage change (lexical change, syntactic change)2. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis2.social dialects分析（简答或实例分析）1. woman’s dialect’s features2. Describe two linguistic features of Black English. Chapter 6概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1. Speech Act Theory (locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act)2. pragmatics分析（简答或实例分析）1. Grice’s Cooperative maxims2. conversational implicatures3. Austin’s Speech Act TheoryP172练习Chapter 5概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1. meronymy, hyponymy2.polysemy, homonymy3.Synonymy,antonymy4. Ogden and Richards’ semantic triangle5. semantics分析（简答或实例分析）1. tautology’s role2. Predication Analysis3. Component Analysis4.Presupposition5. Ambiguity of meaning6. semantic relationsP150练习; P159练习2Chapter 4概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1. deep structure, surface structure2.Chomsky’s TG3.Syntax分析（简答或实例分析）1. IC analysis2. tree diagramChapter 3概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1. Morpheme (free morpheme, bound morpheme) (inflectional morpheme, derivative morpheme)2.lexeme分析（简答或实例分析）1. Word formation(compounding, conversion, deviation, borrowing, backformation, neologism, abbreviation含clipping, blending, initial, acronym)P150练习; P159练习2Chapter 2概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1. phonetics, phonology, phoneme2.narrow transcription, broad transcription (diacritics)3. allophone4.minimal pair (set)5. complementary distribution6.Suprasegmental features7.intonation, tone分析（简答或实例分析）1. minimal pair2.sound patterns3.intonation’s functionsP59练习2; P65练习1、2; P67练习1、2Chapter 1概念（名词解释、选择填空或判断正误）1.six independent branches within the area of linguistics (micro-scope, macro-scope)2. arbitrariness3. language functions (general functions, meta-functions)4. linguistics5. synchronic, diachronic分析（简答或实例分析）1. Word formation(compounding, conversion, deviation, borrowing, backformation, neologism, abbreviation含clipping, blending, initial, acronym)P7练习2; P10练习2 Please explain the primacy of human language over animal communication. P18练习1。