外文文献及翻译---信息系统开发和数据库开发

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外文参考文献翻译-中文

外文参考文献翻译-中文

外⽂参考⽂献翻译-中⽂基于4G LTE技术的⾼速铁路移动通信系统KS Solanki教授,Kratika ChouhanUjjain⼯程学院,印度Madhya Pradesh的Ujjain摘要:随着时间发展,⾼速铁路(HSR)要求可靠的,安全的列车运⾏和乘客通信。

为了实现这个⽬标,HSR的系统需要更⾼的带宽和更短的响应时间,⽽且HSR的旧技术需要进⾏发展,开发新技术,改进现有的架构和控制成本。

为了满⾜这⼀要求,HSR采⽤了GSM的演进GSM-R技术,但它并不能满⾜客户的需求。

因此采⽤了新技术LTE-R,它提供了更⾼的带宽,并且在⾼速下提供了更⾼的客户满意度。

本⽂介绍了LTE-R,给出GSM-R与LTE-R之间的⽐较结果,并描述了在⾼速下哪种铁路移动通信系统更好。

关键词:⾼速铁路,LTE,GSM,通信和信令系统⼀介绍⾼速铁路需要提⾼对移动通信系统的要求。

随着这种改进,其⽹络架构和硬件设备必须适应⾼达500公⾥/⼩时的列车速度。

HSR还需要快速切换功能。

因此,为了解决这些问题,HSR 需要⼀种名为LTE-R的新技术,基于LTE-R的HSR提供⾼数据传输速率,更⾼带宽和低延迟。

LTE-R能够处理⽇益增长的业务量,确保乘客安全并提供实时多媒体信息。

随着列车速度的不断提⾼,可靠的宽带通信系统对于⾼铁移动通信⾄关重要。

HSR的应⽤服务质量(QOS)测量,包括如数据速率,误码率(BER)和传输延迟。

为了实现HSR的运营需求,需要⼀个能够与 LTE保持⼀致的能⼒的新系统,提供新的业务,但仍能够与GSM-R长时间共存。

HSR系统选择合适的⽆线通信系统时,需要考虑性能,服务,属性,频段和⼯业⽀持等问题。

4G LTE系统与第三代(3G)系统相⽐,它具有简单的扁平架构,⾼数据速率和低延迟。

在LTE的性能和成熟度⽔平上,LTE- railway(LTE-R)将可能成为下⼀代HSR通信系统。

⼆ LTE-R系统描述考虑LTE-R的频率和频谱使⽤,对为⾼速铁路(HSR)通信提供更⾼效的数据传输⾮常重要。

最新外文文献翻译格式范例

最新外文文献翻译格式范例

外文文献翻译格式范例本科毕业设计(外文翻译)外文参考文献译文及原文学院信息工程学院专业信息工程(电子信息工程方向)年级班别 2006级(4)班学号 3206003186学生姓名柯思怡指导教师 ______ 田妮莉 _ __2010年6月目录熟悉微软SQL Server (1)1Section A 引言 (1)2Section B 再谈数据库可伸缩性 (4)3Section C 数据库开发的特点 (7)Get Your Arms around Microsoft SQL Server (9)1Section A Introduction to SQL Server 2005 (9)2Section B Database Scalability Revisited (13)3Section C Features for Database Development (17)熟悉微软SQL Server1 Section A 引言SQL Server 2005 是微软SQL生产线上最值得期待的产品。

在经过了上百万个邮件,成百上千的规范说明,以及数十次修订后。

微软承诺SQL Server 2005 是最新的基于Windows数据库应用的数据库开发平台。

这节的内容将指出SQL Server 2005产品的一些的重要特征。

SQL Server 2005几乎覆盖OLTP及OLAP技术的所又内容。

微软公司的这个旗舰数据库产品几乎能覆盖所有的东西。

这个软件在经过五年多的制作后,成为一个与它任何一个前辈产品都完全不同的产品。

本节将介绍整个产品的大部分功能。

当人们去寻求其想要的一些功能和技术时,可以从中提取出重要的和最感新区的内容,包括SQL Server Engine 的一些蜕变的历史,以及各种各样的SQL Server 2005的版本,可伸缩性,有效性,大型数据库的维护以及商业智能等如下:●数据库引擎增强技术。

SQL Server 2005 对数据库引擎进行了许多改进,并引入了新的功能。

MVC框架中英文对照外文翻译文献

MVC框架中英文对照外文翻译文献

MVC框架中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)译⽂:Web 2.0下的Spring MVC框架摘要 - 当要建⽴丰富⽤户体验的WEB应⽤时,有⼤量的WED应⽤框架可以使⽤,却很少有该选择哪⼀种的指导。

WEB 2.0应⽤允许个体管理他们⾃⼰的在线⽹页,并能与其他在线⽤户和服务器共享。

这样分享需要访问控制器来实现。

然⽽,现有的访问控制器解决⽅案不是令⼈很满意。

因为在开放且由⽤户主导的WEB环境下,它满⾜不了⽤户的功能需求。

MVC框架是在所有的WEB开发框架中最受欢迎的。

模型-视图-控制器(MVC)是⼀种软件架构,如今被认为是⼀种体系结构在软件⼯程模式中使⽤。

该模式从⽤户界⾯(输⼊和演⽰)分离出了“领域逻辑”(基于⽤户的应⽤逻辑),它允许独⽴地开发,测试和维护每个分离的部分。

模型-视图-控制器(MVC)模型创建的应⽤分离为不同的层次应⽤,同时在每两者之间建⽴松散的耦合。

关键字 - Spring MVC, 结构, XStudio, SOA, 控制器I.绪论如何确切地定义⼀个⽹站为“WEB 2.0”的呢?关于这有着许多不同见解,使它很难精确地下⼀个确切的定论。

但当我们将所有的WEB开发框架过⼀遍之后它就会变得清晰了。

各种基于WEB开发的架构如下:●Ntier架构(Ntier Architecture)在软件⼯程中,多层架构(常被称为n-tier架构)是⼀种表⽰层,应⽤处理层和数据管理层在逻辑上分开处理的客户端-服务器架构。

例如,⼀个应⽤在⽤户与数据库之间使⽤中间件提供数据请求服务就⽤到了多层体系结构。

最为⼴泛应⽤的多层体系结构是三层架构。

N-tier 应⽤架构为开发者提供了⽤来创建了⼀个灵活且可复⽤的模型。

通过打破应⽤层次,开发者只需修改或添加⼀个特定的层,⽽不是要去重写⼀遍整个应⽤。

它需要有⼀个表⽰层,⼀个业务层或者数据访问层和⼀个数据层。

层(layer)和层(tier)之间的概念常常是可以互换的。

电子信息工程外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

电子信息工程外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

电子信息工程电路编程中的AT89C51单片机译文标题电路编程中的AT89C51单片机AT89C51 In-Circuit Programming 原文标题作者Robert W.Sparks等译名国籍美国斯帕克等W.罗伯特Atmel Corporation原文出处摘要本应用说明的是ATMEL公司AT89C51的电路可编程闪存的微控制器。

为在电路可编程AT89C51的应用提出了与应用程序相关的例子,它的修改要求支持在线编程。

这种方法显示在该应用程序中的AT89C51单片机可通过商业电话线远程改编。

本应用笔记中描述的电路,仅支持5伏电压下编程,需要使用一个AT89C51-XX-5。

标准A T89C51的需要12伏电压。

该应用程序的软件可从ATMEL下载。

总论当不在进行程序设计的时候,在电路设计中的AT89C51设计将变得透明化。

在编程期间必须重视EA/VPP这一脚。

在不使用外部程序存储器的应用程序中,这脚可能会永久接到VCC。

应用程序使用的外部程序存储器要求这一脚为低电平才能正常运行。

RST在编程期间必须为高电平。

应该提供一种方法使得电路通入电源以后,使RST代替主要的复位电路起到复位的作用。

在编程过程中,PSEN必须保持低电平,在正常运行期间绝不能使用。

ALE/ PRO在编程过程中输出低电平,在正常运行期间绝不能使用在编程过程中AT89C5I / 端口是用于模式应用程序,地址和数据选择的,可能要该控制器从应用的电路隔离。

如何做到这一点取决于应用程序输入端在编程过程中,控制器必须与应用电路的信号来源隔离。

带有三个输出状态的缓冲区在应用程序之间插入电路和控制器,同时在编程时缓冲区输出三种状态。

一个多路复用器用于信号源之间进行选择,适用于任何一方的应用电路或编程控制器电路的信号输出端如果应用的电路可以允许端口在编程过程中的状态变化,则不需要改变电路。

如果应电路的状态,必须事先在编程过程中的保持不变,可能在控制器和应用电路中插入锁存。

软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照

软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照

软件工程毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文学生姓名: 学号专业名称:软件工程译文标题(中英文):Qt Creator白皮书(Qt Creator Whitepaper)译文出处:Qt network 指导教师审阅签名: 外文译文正文:Qt Creator白皮书Qt Creator是一个完整的集成开发环境(IDE),用于创建Qt应用程序框架的应用。

Qt是专为应用程序和用户界面,一次开发和部署跨多个桌面和移动操作系统。

本文提供了一个推出的Qt Creator和提供Qt开发人员在应用开发生命周期的特点。

Qt Creator的简介Qt Creator的主要优点之一是它允许一个开发团队共享一个项目不同的开发平台(微软Windows?的Mac OS X?和Linux?)共同为开发和调试工具。

Qt Creator的主要目标是满足Qt开发人员正在寻找简单,易用性,生产力,可扩展性和开放的发展需要,而旨在降低进入新来乍到Qt的屏障。

Qt Creator 的主要功能,让开发商完成以下任务: , 快速,轻松地开始使用Qt应用开发项目向导,快速访问最近的项目和会议。

, 设计Qt物件为基础的应用与集成的编辑器的用户界面,Qt Designer中。

, 开发与应用的先进的C + +代码编辑器,提供新的强大的功能完成的代码片段,重构代码,查看文件的轮廓(即,象征着一个文件层次)。

, 建立,运行和部署Qt项目,目标多个桌面和移动平台,如微软Windows,Mac OS X中,Linux的,诺基亚的MeeGo,和Maemo。

, GNU和CDB使用Qt类结构的认识,增加了图形用户界面的调试器的调试。

, 使用代码分析工具,以检查你的应用程序中的内存管理问题。

, 应用程序部署到移动设备的MeeGo,为Symbian和Maemo设备创建应用程序安装包,可以在Ovi商店和其他渠道发布的。

, 轻松地访问信息集成的上下文敏感的Qt帮助系统。

管理信息系统外文翻译 (2)

管理信息系统外文翻译 (2)

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)题目翻译(1)题目管理信息系统翻译(2)题目数据库管理系统的介绍学院计算机学院专业姓名班级学号Management Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic de cision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but also make known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase iscounting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight n umbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularlythe personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s s ystem, and causing the administration technique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merelybig-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-sizebusiness also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communaldata network, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on,MIS supplied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’stechnique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past fewyears in the interest of the business.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralizedmessage concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.The Source Of Article: Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理,强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。

外文文献及翻译-库房管理系统(FMS)

外文文献及翻译-库房管理系统(FMS)

外文文献及翻译-库房管理系统(FMS)
概述
本文介绍了一种基于RFID技术的库房管理系统(FMS),该系统具有可拓展性和高效性,可以在多种环境下使用。

基于标签的追踪技术,该系统可以自动监测库房中的物品,从而提高了库存管理的效率。

除此之外,该系统还具有多重质量控制和安全措施,以确保库房中的物品得到有效的管理和保护。

系统组件
该系统由多个组件组成,主要包括RFID读写器、标签、传感器、数据库和用户界面等。

RFID读写器和标签用于监测库房中物品的位置和数量。

传感器则用于检测库房的环境条件,例如温度和湿度等。

数据库则用于储存和管理物品信息,同时提供数据分析和报告等功能。

用户界面则为用户提供了可视化和交互式的界面,以便于用户实时监测库房中的物品情况。

系统优势
相比传统的库房管理方式,该系统具有以下优势:
- 实时监测库房中物品的位置和数量。

- 减少了手动操作,提高了效率和准确性。

- 多重质量控制和安全措施确保库房中物品得到有效的管理和保护。

- 可拓展性高,可以适用于多种环境。

系统应用
该系统可以广泛应用于各种行业和场合,例如:
- 仓储和物流行业
- 医药和生物科学行业
- 工业制造业
- 客户服务和零售业
结论
库房管理系统(FMS)是一种基于RFID技术的高效管理系统,具有实时监测、质量控制和安全保护等优势。

该系统可以广泛应用于多种行业和场合,是一种值得推广的库房管理方式。

外文文献查找方法及翻译要求

外文文献查找方法及翻译要求

文献查找:根据自己课题到知网或类似的数据库网站查找,有相关英文文章可以进行下载之后翻译。

如果不能下载,网站的中英文摘要一般都可以看到,根据英文关键词到谷歌搜索里面搜相关的英文文章。

要求的翻译原文不一定是专业的科技文章,只要内容相关,难度跟篇幅合适都可以拿来用。

如果想翻译专业的英文文献,可以通过谷歌的学术搜索网站/schhp?hl=zh-CN,给出的链接比较多,多数是链接到数据库上,没有账号不能下载,但是有些时候搜索出来的条目会有PDF链接,直接点击就能下载下来。

还可以通过维基百科查找相关词条的英文解释,/wiki/Main_Page,但无论英文还是中文都要符合模板中的格式要求,如果英文原文不能编辑,可以不作处理。

英译中:翻译一段检查一段,中文语言一定要通顺,不要有漏译。

不知道的单词一定要查,不要猜。

另一个是,同一个单词在文章里多次出现,每次翻译的时候都要用同样的单词翻译,不能原文同一个单词,在译文里出现的时候是不同的单词。

格式和原文要完全一样,原文有表格,就在译文里也画表格,原文是图片,译文也是图片,原文图片里文字的位置和译文图片里文字的位置要一致。

还有,整个文章统一字体。

查词顺序:先查英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页,理解英文单词的意思,然后用翻译软件英译中翻译,用翻译软件翻译出来的中文单词,用百度查中文单词的意思,如果查到的中文单词的意思和英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页的英文单词的解释是一致,翻译软件翻译的是正确的,如果不一致,翻译软件翻译的是错的!翻译工具:1) 在线词典有道词典:/爱词霸:/responsibly/用爱词霸的词典选项。

注:以上两个在线词典的准确率相对较高,可用于查词组译法,灵格斯字典,360上下载,到软件管家里找就可以,这里技术类名词多一些。

爱词霸英中互译翻译软件:/尽量不使用GOOGLE翻译软件。

可参考:GOOGLE翻译软件: /#ja|zh-CN|%0D%0A GOOGLE翻译软件总有翻译错的时候,所以,用GOOGLE翻译软件要注意!牛津字典,或者英语国语词典,灵格斯字典下载一个,自己下载一个吧!注意!!必须有英语国语词典,网上的!。

信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计

信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计

附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day,employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, theanalyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory.Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a datadictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to t he hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures.Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下,计算机把数据处理成信息。

计算机科学与技术 外文翻译 英文文献 中英对照

计算机科学与技术 外文翻译 英文文献 中英对照

附件1:外文资料翻译译文大容量存储器由于计算机主存储器的易失性和容量的限制, 大多数的计算机都有附加的称为大容量存储系统的存储设备, 包括有磁盘、CD 和磁带。

相对于主存储器,大的容量储存系统的优点是易失性小,容量大,低成本, 并且在许多情况下, 为了归档的需要可以把储存介质从计算机上移开。

术语联机和脱机通常分别用于描述连接于和没有连接于计算机的设备。

联机意味着,设备或信息已经与计算机连接,计算机不需要人的干预,脱机意味着设备或信息与机器相连前需要人的干预,或许需要将这个设备接通电源,或许包含有该信息的介质需要插到某机械装置里。

大量储存器系统的主要缺点是他们典型地需要机械的运动因此需要较多的时间,因为主存储器的所有工作都由电子器件实现。

1. 磁盘今天,我们使用得最多的一种大量存储器是磁盘,在那里有薄的可以旋转的盘片,盘片上有磁介质以储存数据。

盘片的上面和(或)下面安装有读/写磁头,当盘片旋转时,每个磁头都遍历一圈,它被叫作磁道,围绕着磁盘的上下两个表面。

通过重新定位的读/写磁头,不同的同心圆磁道可以被访问。

通常,一个磁盘存储系统由若干个安装在同一根轴上的盘片组成,盘片之间有足够的距离,使得磁头可以在盘片之间滑动。

在一个磁盘中,所有的磁头是一起移动的。

因此,当磁头移动到新的位置时,新的一组磁道可以存取了。

每一组磁道称为一个柱面。

因为一个磁道能包含的信息可能比我们一次操作所需要得多,所以每个磁道划分成若干个弧区,称为扇区,记录在每个扇区上的信息是连续的二进制位串。

传统的磁盘上每个磁道分为同样数目的扇区,而每个扇区也包含同样数目的二进制位。

(所以,盘片中心的储存的二进制位的密度要比靠近盘片边缘的大)。

因此,一个磁盘存储器系统有许多个别的磁区, 每个扇区都可以作为独立的二进制位串存取,盘片表面上的磁道数目和每个磁道上的扇区数目对于不同的磁盘系统可能都不相同。

磁区大小一般是不超过几个KB; 512 个字节或1024 个字节。

毕业论文外文文献翻译

毕业论文外文文献翻译
学号:20090127712009012771
2013届本科生毕业论文英文参考文献翻译
Oracle虚拟机服务器软件虚拟化在一个64位
Linux环境的性能和可扩展性
(译文)
学院(系):
信息工程
专业年级:
学生姓名:
指导教师:
合作指导教师:
完成日期:
2013年6月
Oracle虚拟机服务器软件虚拟化在一个64位Linux环境的性能和可扩展性
benefits, however, this has not been without its attendantproblems and anomalies, such as performance tuning anderratic performance metrics, unresponsive virtualized systems,crashed virtualized servers, misconfigured virtual hostingplatforms, amongst others. The focus of this research was theanalysis of the performance of the Oracle VM servervirtualization platform against that of the bare-metal serverenvironment. The scalability and its support for high volumetransactions were also analyzed using 30 and 50 active usersfor the performance evaluation. Swingbench and LMbench,two open suite benchmark tools were utilized in measuringperformance. Scalability was also measured using Swingbench.Evidential results gathered from Swingbench revealed 4% and8% overhead for 30 and 50 active users respectively in theperformance evaluation of Oracle database in a single OracleVM. Correspondingly, performance metric法

数据库外文参考文献及翻译

数据库外文参考文献及翻译

数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库外文参考文献及翻译SQL ALL-IN-ONE DESK REFERENCE FOR DUMMIESData Files and DatabasesI. Irreducible complexityAny software system that performs a useful function is going to be complex. The more valuable the function, the more complex its implementation will be. Regardless of how the data is stored, the complexity remains. The only question is where that complexity resides. Any non-trivial computer application has two major components: the program the data. Although an application’s level of complexity depends on the task to be performed, developers have some control over the location of that complexity. The complexity may reside primarily in the program part of the overall system, or it may reside in the data part.Operations on the data can be fast. Because the programinteracts directly with the data, with no DBMS in the middle, well-designed applications can run as fast as the hardware permits. What could be better? A data organization that minimizes storage requirements and at the same time maximizes speed of operation seems like the best of all possible worlds. But wait a minute . Flat file systems came into use in the 1940s. We have known about them for a long time, and yet today they have been almost entirely replaced by database s ystems. What’s up with that? Perhaps it is the not-so-beneficial consequences。

电子信息工程外文翻译参考文献

电子信息工程外文翻译参考文献

电子信息工程外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文:利用修改后的迈克耳孙干涉仪进行长度测量的初步结果摘要:基于飞秒加速器的装置,该装置建造在上海应用物理研究所(SINAP),最近一个经修改后的远红外迈克耳孙干涉仪通过光学自相关方法,已经被用来测量电子光束的长度。

相比较于之前常规的迈克耳孙干涉仪,我们使用一个空心回射器而不是一个平面反射镜的反射镜。

本文将为大家介绍实验设置和长度测量的结果。

关键词:飞秒线性加速器,长度串,干涉仪,空心回射器1 介绍最近关于电子脉冲压缩的实验产生高峰值电流和亮度飞秒电子串。

关于短束源自于高质量光束的潜在应用要求这方面一起了广泛兴趣。

高质量的核物理加速器,自由电子激光器驱动加速器,下一代线性对撞机,第四代光源都需要短时间光束脉冲。

同时,在进程中对诊断的短电子串的研究也起了重要作用。

有几种已经使用或正在开发的方法去测量短电子串的长度。

这些一般分为两类:频域方法和时域方法。

众所周知,在时域测量长度的方法中使用条纹相机,条纹相机已经证实是限于串长度超过200 fs ,此外,条纹相机昂贵并且测量系统复杂。

相对于时域测量方法,频域测量使用相干过渡辐射(CTR )从金属箔在测量飞秒脉冲的短电子中已经显现出前景。

本文我们首先从短电子串方面给出了基于一代的高强度相干渡越辐射的理论和试验研究,然后讨论该方法基于相干渡越辐射测量束飞秒的长度,并从改进电子实验装置给出了串长度测量的结果。

最后,我们分析了空气湿度对串长度测量的影响,并且阐释了对未来研究的计划。

2 理论背景2.1 相干渡越辐射源自于相对论性电子串辐射如同步加速器辐射跃迁辐射等,本质上有较广的范围,如果辐射的波长短于电子串长度,这个阶段的辐射电子不同于彼此,所以辐射是不连贯的。

另一方面,如果波长较长的串长度,辐射是连贯的并且辐射强度的平方成正比每串数字电子。

光谱强度发出一束N 粒子:11()()(1)()|()|tot I NI N N I f λλλλ=+- (2-1)这里1()I λ是靠单电子辐射的强度,()f λ是串形成因素,这是傅里叶变换的规范化的电子密度分布()S Z 。

外文文献和翻译_信息系统开发和数据库开发

外文文献和翻译_信息系统开发和数据库开发

信息系统开发和数据库开发在许多组织中,数据库开发是从企业数据建模开始的,企业数据建模确定了组织数据库的范围和一般内容。

这一步骤通常发生在一个组织进行信息系统规划的过程中,它的目的是为组织数据创建一个整体的描述或解释,而不是设计一个特定的数据库。

一个特定的数据库为一个或多个信息系统提供数据,而企业数据模型(可能包含许多数据库)描述了由组织维护的数据的范围。

在企业数据建模时,你审查当前的系统,分析需要支持的业务领域的本质,描述需要进一步抽象的数据,并且规划一个或多个数据库开发项目。

图1显示松谷家具公司的企业数据模型的一个部分。

1.1 信息系统体系结构如图1所示,高级的数据模型仅仅是总体信息系统体系结构(ISA)一个部分或一个组织信息系统的蓝图。

在信息系统规划期间,你可以建立一个企业数据模型作为整个信息系统体系结构的一部分。

根据Zachman(1987)、Sowa和Zachman(1992)的观点,一个信息系统体系结构由以下6个关键部分组成:数据(如图1所示,但是也有其他的表示方法)。

操纵数据的处理(着系可以用数据流图、带方法的对象模型或者其他符号表示)。

网络,它在组织内并在组织与它的主要业务伙伴之间传输数据(它可以通过网络连接和拓扑图来显示)。

人,人执行处理并且是数据和信息的来源和接收者(人在过程模型中显示为数据的发送者和接收者)。

执行过程的事件和时间点(它们可以用状态转换图和其他的方式来显示)。

事件的原因和数据处理的规则(经常以文本形式显示,但是也存在一些用于规划的图表工具,如决策表)。

1.2 信息工程信息系统的规划者按照信息系统规划的特定方法开发出信息系统的体系结构。

信息工程是一种正式的和流行的方法。

信息工程是一种面向数据的创建和维护信息系统的方法。

因为信息工程是面向数据的,所以当你开始理解数据库是怎样被标识和定义时,信息工程的一种简洁的解释是非常有帮助的。

信息工程遵循自顶向下规划的方法,其中,特定的信息系统从对信息需求的广泛理解中推导出来(例如,我们需要关于顾客、产品、供应商、销售员和加工中心的数据),而不是合并许多详尽的信息请求(如一个订单输入屏幕或按照地域报告的销售汇总)。

【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统的管理

【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统的管理
基本上每一台计算机都能连接到网络中,一台计算机要么是客户端,要么就是服务器。服务器更具强大和区别性,因为它存储了网络中其他机器需要使用的数据。个人计算机的客户端在需要数据的时候随时都可以访问服务器。网络中既是服务器又是客户端的计算机称作点对点网络。
传播媒体必须经过仔细选择,平衡每个媒体的优点和缺点,这个选择决定网络的速度。改变一个已经安装好的网络媒体通常非常昂贵。最实用的传播媒体是电缆,光纤,广播,光,红外线。
本科生毕业设计(论文)外文资料译文
(2009届)
论文题目
基于Javamail的邮件收发系统
学生姓名
学号
专业
计算机科学与技术
班级
指导教师
职称
讲师、副教授
填表日期
2008年 12月 10 日
信息科学与工程学院教务科制
外文资料翻译(译文不少于2000汉字)
1.所译外文资料:信息系统的管理Managing Information Systems
数据共享是网络的重要应用之一。网络可以共享交易数据,搜索和查询数据,信息,公告板,日历,团队和个人信息数据,备份等。在交易的时候,连接一个公司的电脑的中央数据库包括现有库存信息和出售的数据信息。如果数据被储存在一个中央数据库中,搜查结果便可从中获取。电子邮件的发送已经成为同事之间最常用的信息共享的方式之一。
自从信号在空中传输后,广播,光以及红外线作为传播媒体已经不需要电缆。
传输能力,即一个传播媒体一次性传输的数据量,在不同的媒体中,材料不同,安装时付出的劳动不同,传输的能力有很大的区别。传播媒体有时候被合并,代替远地域之间的高速传播媒体,速度虽慢,但是成本低,在一幢大楼中进行信息传播。
连接设备包括网络连接卡NICS,或者在计算机和网络间进行传输和信号传递的局域网LAN卡。其他常用的设备连接不同的网络,特别是当一个网络使用不用的传输媒体的时候。使用一个对很多用户都开放的系统很重要,比如windows/NT,Office2000,Novell,UNIX.

ASP.NET2.0数据库外文文献及翻译和参考文献-英语论文

ASP.NET2.0数据库外文文献及翻译和参考文献-英语论文

2.0数据库外文文献及翻译和参考文献-英语论文 2.0数据库外文文献及翻译和参考文献参考文献[1] Matthew 高级程序设计[M].人民邮电出版社,2009.[2] 张领项目开发全程实录[M].清华大学出版社,2008.[3] 陈季实例指南与高级应用[M].中国铁道出版社,2008.[4] 郑霞2.0编程技术与实例[M].人民邮电出版社,2009.[5] 李俊民.精通SQL(结构化查询语言详解)[M].人民邮电出版社,2009.[6] 刘辉 .零基础学SQL Server 2005[M].机械工业出版社,2007.[7] 齐文海.ASP与SQL Server站点开发实用教程[M].机械工业出版社,2008.[8] 唐学忠.原文请找SQL Server 2000数据库教程[M]. 电子工业出版社,2005.[9] 王珊、萨师煊.数据库系统概论(第四版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.[10] Mani work Management Principles and Practive. Higher Education Press,2005,12VS2005中开发 2.0数据库程序一、简介在2005年11月7日,微软正式发行了.NET 2.0(包括 2.0),Visual Studio 2005和SQL Server 2005。

所有这些部件均被设计为可并肩独立工作。

也就是说,版本1.x和版本2.0可以安装在同一台机器上;你可以既有Visual 2002/2003和Visual Studio 2005,同时又有SQL Server 2000和SQL Server 2005。

而且,微软还在发行Visual Studio 2005和SQL Server 2005的一个 Express式的SKU。

注意,该Express版并不拥有专业版所有的特征。

2.0除了支持1.x风格的数据存取外,自身也包括一些新的数据源控件-它们使得访问和修改数据库数据极为轻松。

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译计算机科学与技术微软VisualStudio中英文对照

毕业设计论文外文文献翻译计算机科学与技术微软VisualStudio中英文对照

外文文献翻译(2012届)学生姓名学号********专业班级计算机科学与技术08-5班指导教师微软Visual Studio1微软Visual StudioVisual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境,Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序,也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。

Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE(inteqrated development environment),它可以用来开发由微软视窗,视窗手机,Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序,网站,Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。

Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。

集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。

其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序,网页设计师,类设计师,数据库架构设计师。

它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能,包括增加对支持源代码控制系统(如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe)并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器,如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具(例如Team Foundation Server的客户端:团队资源管理器)。

Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言,它允许代码编辑器和调试器(在不同程度上)支持几乎所有的编程语言,提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。

内置的语言中包括C/C + +中(通过Visual C++),(通过Visual ),C#中(通过Visual C#)和F#(作为Visual Studio 2010),为支持其他语言,如M,Python,和Ruby等,可通过安装单独的语言服务。

数据库外文参考文献及翻译.

数据库外文参考文献及翻译.

数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库,只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。

这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。

执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身,保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循,以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。

因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据,这把一切必要的完整性约束,安全权限,业务规则编码成每个应用,是非常繁琐的。

如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码,那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。

即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序,其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。

大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的,只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者,并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。

SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能,如存储过程,声明引用完整性(DRI),数据类型,限制,规则,默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。

所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合,可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理,而且还安全。

声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。

这就是所谓的主键约束。

SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。

通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。

有时,在一个表中一个以上的列(或列的组合)可以唯一标志一行,例如,雇员表可能有员工编号( emp_id )列和社会安全号码( soc_sec_num )列,两者的值都被认为是唯一的。

这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。

这些项也必须是唯一的。

虽然一个表只能有一个主键,但是它可以有多个候选键。

SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。

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信息系统开发和数据库开发在许多组织中,数据库开发是从企业数据建模开始的,企业数据建模确定了组织数据库的范围和一般内容。

这一步骤通常发生在一个组织进行信息系统规划的过程中,它的目的是为组织数据创建一个整体的描述或解释,而不是设计一个特定的数据库。

一个特定的数据库为一个或多个信息系统提供数据,而企业数据模型(可能包含许多数据库)描述了由组织维护的数据的范围。

在企业数据建模时,你审查当前的系统,分析需要支持的业务领域的本质,描述需要进一步抽象的数据,并且规划一个或多个数据库开发项目。

图1显示松谷家具公司的企业数据模型的一个部分。

1.1 信息系统体系结构如图1所示,高级的数据模型仅仅是总体信息系统体系结构(ISA)一个部分或一个组织信息系统的蓝图。

在信息系统规划期间,你可以建立一个企业数据模型作为整个信息系统体系结构的一部分。

根据Zachman(1987)、Sowa和Zachman(1992)的观点,一个信息系统体系结构由以下6个关键部分组成:数据(如图1所示,但是也有其他的表示方法)。

操纵数据的处理(着系可以用数据流图、带方法的对象模型或者其他符号表示)。

网络,它在组织内并在组织与它的主要业务伙伴之间传输数据(它可以通过网络连接和拓扑图来显示)。

人,人执行处理并且是数据和信息的来源和接收者(人在过程模型中显示为数据的发送者和接收者)。

执行过程的事件和时间点(它们可以用状态转换图和其他的方式来显示)。

事件的原因和数据处理的规则(经常以文本形式显示,但是也存在一些用于规划的图表工具,如决策表)。

1.2 信息工程信息系统的规划者按照信息系统规划的特定方法开发出信息系统的体系结构。

信息工程是一种正式的和流行的方法。

信息工程是一种面向数据的创建和维护信息系统的方法。

因为信息工程是面向数据的,所以当你开始理解数据库是怎样被标识和定义时,信息工程的一种简洁的解释是非常有帮助的。

信息工程遵循自顶向下规划的方法,其中,特定的信息系统从对信息需求的广泛理解中推导出来(例如,我们需要关于顾客、产品、供应商、销售员和加工中心的数据),而不是合并许多详尽的信息请求(如一个订单输入屏幕或按照地域报告的销售汇总)。

自顶向下规划可使开发人员更全面地规划信息系统,提供一种考虑系统组件集成的方法,增进对信息系统与业务目标的关系的理解,加深对信息系统在整个组织中的影响的理解。

信息工程包括四个步骤:规划、分析、设计和实现。

信息工程的规划阶段产生信息系统体系结构,包括企业数据模型。

1.3 信息系统规划信息系统规划的目标是使信息技术与组织的业务策略紧密结合,这种结合对于从信息系统和技术的投资中获取最大利益是非常重要的。

正如表1所描述的那样,信息工程方法的规划阶段包括3个步骤,我们在后续的3个小节中讨论它们。

1.确定关键性的规划因素关键性的规划因素是指组织目标、关键的成功因素和问题领域。

确定这些因素的目的是建立规划的环境并且将信息系统规划与战略业务规划联系起来。

表2显示了松谷家具公司的一些可能的关键规划因素,这些因素有助于信息系统的管理者为新的信息系统和数据库社顶优先级以处理需求。

例如,考虑到不精确的销售预测这个问题领域,信息系统的管理者可能在组织数据库中存放额外的历史销售数据、新的市场研究数据和新产品的测试数据。

2.确定组织的规划对象组织规划对象定义了业务范围,业务范围会限制后来的系统分析和信息系统可能发生改变的地方。

五个关键的规划对象如下所示:●组织单元组织中的各种部门。

●组织地点业务操作的发生地。

●业务功能支持组织使命的业务处理的相关组。

业务功能不同于组织单元,事实上一个功能可以分配给多个组织单元(例如,产品开发功能可能是销售部和生产部共同的责任)。

●实体类型关于组织所管理的人,地点和事物的数据的主要类别。

●信息系统处理数据集的应用软件和支持程序。

3.建立企业模型一个全面的企业模型包括每个企业功能的功能分解模型、企业数据模型和各种规划矩阵。

功能分解是把组织的功能进行更详细的分解过程,功能分解是在系统分析中为了简化问题、分散注意力和确定组件而使用的经典处理方法。

在松谷家具公司中订单履行功能的功能分解的例子如图2所示。

对于处理业务功能和支持功能的全部集合而言,多个数据库是必须的,因此一个特定的数据库可能仅仅对支持功能(如图2所示)的一个子集提供支持。

为了减少数据冗余和使数据更有意义,拥有完整的、高层次的企业视图是非常有帮助的。

企业数据模型使用特定的符号来描述。

除了实体类型这种图形描述外,一个完整的企业数据模型还应包括每个实体类型的描述和描述业务操作的提要,即业务规则。

业务规则决定数据的有效性。

一个企业数据模型不仅包括实体类型,还包括数据实体间的联系,以及各种规划对象间的其他联系。

显示规划对象间联系的一种常见形式是矩阵。

由于规划矩阵不需要数据库被明确的建模就可以明确描述业务需求,因此规划矩阵是一种重要的功能。

规划矩阵经常从业务规则中导出,它有助于社顶开发活动优先级、将开发活动排序和根据自顶向下视图通过一种企业范围的方法安排这些开发活动。

有许多种规划矩阵可供使用,它们的共同之处是:●地点-功能显示业务功能在哪个业务地点执行。

●单元-功能显示业务功能由哪个业务单元执行或负责。

●信息系统-数据实体解释每个信息系统如何与每个数据实体相互作用(例如,是否每个系统都对每个实体中的数据进行创建、检索、更新和删除)。

●支持功能-数据实体确定每个功能中数据的获取、使用、更新和删除。

●信息系统-目标显示信息系统支持的每个业务目标图3举例说明了一个可能的功能-数据实体矩阵。

这样的矩阵可以用于多种目的,包括以下三个目的:1)确定空白实体显示哪些数据实体没有被任何功能使用或哪个功能没有使用任何实体。

2)发现丢失的实体每个功能涉及的员工通过检查矩阵能够确认任何可能丢失的实体。

3)区分开发活动的优先级如果一个给顶的功能对于系统开发有高优先级(可能因为它与重要的组织目标相关),那么这个领域所使用的实体在数据库开发中拥有高优先级。

Hoffer、George和Valacich(2002)的著作中有关于怎样使用规划矩阵完成信息工程和系统规划的更完整的描述。

2数据库开发过程基于信息工程的信息系统规划是数据库开发项目的一个来源。

这些开发新数据库的项目通常是为了满足组织的战略需求,例如改善客户支持、提高产品和库存管理或进行更精确的销售预测。

然而许多数据库开发项目更多的是以自底向上的方式出现的,例如信息系统的用户需要特定的信息来完成他们的工作,从而请求开始一个项目,又如其他信息系统的专家发现组织需要改进数据管理而开始新的项目。

即使在自底向上的情况下,建立企业数据模型也是必须的,以便理解现有的数据库是否可以提供所需的数据,否则,新的数据库、数据实体和属性都应该加到当前的组织数据资源中去。

无论是战略需求还是操作信息的需求,每个数据库开发项目通常集中在一个数据库上。

一些数据库项目仅仅集中在定义、设计和实现一个数据库,以作为后续信息系统开发的基础。

然而在大多数情况下,数据库及其相关信息处理功能是作为一个完整的信息系统开发项目的一部分而被开发的。

2.1 系统开发生命周期指导管理信息系统开发项目的传统过程是系统开发生命周期(SDLC)。

系统开发生命周期是指一个组织中由数据库设计人员和程序员组成的信息系统专家小组详细说明、开发、维护和替换信息系统的全部步骤。

这个过程比作瀑布是因为每一步都流到相邻的下一步,即信息系统的规格说明是一块一块地开发出来的,每一块的输出是下一块的输入。

然而如图所示,这些步骤并不是纯线性的,每个步骤在时间上有所重叠(因此可以并行地管理步骤),而且当需要重新考虑先前的决策时,还可以回滚到前面某些步骤。

(因而水可以在瀑布中倒流!)图4对系统开发生命周期每一阶段的目的和可交付的产品进行了简明注解。

系统开发生命周期的每一阶段都包括与数据库开发相关的活动,所以,数据库管理的问题遍布整个系统开发过程。

我们在图5中重复了系统开发生命周期的七个阶段,并概述了每个阶段常见的数据库开发活动。

请注意,系统开发生命周期的阶段和数据库开发步骤之间不存在一一对应的关系,概念数据建模发生在两个系统开发生命周期阶段之间。

企业建模数据库开发过程从企业建模(系统开发生命周期中项目论证和选择阶段的一部分)开始设定组织数据库的范围和一般内容。

企业建模发生在信息系统规划和其他活动期间,这些活动确定信息系统的哪个部分需要改变和加强并概述出全部组织数据的范围。

在这一步中,检查当前数据库和信息系统,分析作为开发项目主体的业务领域的本质,用非常一般的术语描述每个信息系统在开发时所需要的数据。

每个项目只有当它达到组织的预期目标时才可以进行下一步。

概念数据建模对一个已经开始的信息系统项目而言,概念数据建模阶段分析信息系统的全部数据需求。

它分为两个阶段。

首先,它在项目开始和规划阶段建立一张类似于图1的图。

同时建立其他文档来概述不考虑现存数据库的情况下特定开发项目中所需的数据范围。

此时仅仅包括高层类别的数据(实体)和主要联系。

然后在系统开发生命周期的分析阶段产生确定信息系统必须管理的全部组织数据的详细数据模型,定义所有数据属性,列出全部数据类别,表示数据实体间所有的业务联系,确定描述数据完整性的全部规则。

在分析阶段,还要检查概念数据模型(在后面也称作概念模式)与用来解释目标信息系统其他方面的模型类别的一致性,例如处理步骤、处理数据的规则以及时间的时序。

然而,即使是这样详细的概念数据模型也只是初步的,因为后续的信息系统生命周期中的活动在设计事务、报表、显示和查询时可能会发现遗漏的元素或错误。

因此,经常说到的概念数据建模是以一种自顶向下的方式完成的,它由业务领域的一般理解所驱动,而不是由特定的信息处理活动所驱动。

3.逻辑数据库设计逻辑数据库设计从两个角度进行数据库开发。

首先,将概念数据模型变换成基于关系数据库理论的标准表示方法——关系。

然后像设计信息系统的每个计算机程序(包括程序的输入和输出格式)那样,对数据库支持的事务、报表、显示和查询进行详细的检查。

在这个所谓的自底向上的分析中,精确地验证数据库中需要维护的数据和在每个事务、报表等等中需要的那些数据的性质。

对于每个单独的报表、事务等等的分析都要考虑一个特定的、有限制的但是完全的数据库视图。

当报表、事务等被分析时有可能根据需要而改变概念数据模型。

尤其在大型的项目中,不同的分析人员和系统开发者的团队可以独立地工作在不同的程序或程序集中,他们所有工作的细节直到逻辑设计阶段才可能会显示出来。

在这种情况下,逻辑数据库设计阶段必须将原始的概念数据模型和这些独立的用户视图合并或集成到一个全面的设计中。

在进行逻辑信息系统设计时也可以确定额外的信息处理需求,此时这些新的需求必须集成到前面确定的逻辑数据库设计中。

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