2015美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新总结
2015年AHA心肺复苏及心血管疾病指南更新要点
2015年AHA心肺复苏及心血管疾病指南更新要点2015年AHA心肺复苏及心血管疾病指南更新要点10月15日，美国心脏协会（AHA）发布了2015版《心肺复苏及心血管急救指南更新》（以下简称《指南更新》），2015《指南更新》是基于国际证据评估流程，由来自39个国家的250位证据审查专家共同参与完成。
指南更新要点如下：新AHA 建议级别和证据水平分级体系2015《指南更新》中使用的建议级别和证据水平，均依据AHA的最新定义。
最新版定义中的3级建议有所更改，3级：无益，当证据显示，有高质量或中等质量研究（证据水平LOE分别为A或B）表明某项策略的效果并不优于对照组时，不常使用。
证据水平也有所更改。
LOE B 现分为LOE B-R（随机研究）和LOE B-NR（非随机研究）。
LOE C 现分为LOE C-LD（有限数据）和C-EO（专家意见）。
总的来说，复苏学的证据水平和建议级别都较低，2015 版的所有建议中仅1%（315条建议中有3条）基于最高证据水平（LOE A），仅25%的建议（315条建议中78条）被认定为1级（强建议）。
2015《指南更新》中的大部分建议（69%）都只有最低证据水平的支持（LOE C-LD 或C-EO），将近一半（315条建议中有144条，45%）被定为2级（弱建议）。
急救系统和持续质量改进2015《指南更新》为利益相关方提供了一个审视救治体系的新视角，区分了院内心脏骤停（IHCA）和院外心脏骤停（OHCA）。
要点包括•救治体系通用分类•将AHA成人生存链分为两链：一链为院内救治体系，另一链为院外救治体系•检视有关心脏骤停救治体系的最佳证据的评估，集中在心脏骤停、ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）和卒中问题上。
非专业施救者心肺复苏2015《指南更新》建议中，有关非专业施救者实施成人心肺复苏的关键问题和重大变更包括下列内容：•院外成人生存链的关键环节和2010年相同，继续强调简化后的通用成人基础生命支持（BLS）流程。
2015 心肺复苏指南
基于芬兰坦佩雷医学院开展的170例CPR损伤性分析报告 综合损伤率 28% 27% 49%
按压深度范围 5cm 5-6cm >6cm
推荐标准：(最高级别：Class I,LOE C-LD)
在徒手CPR中，按压深度不超过6cm
如不使用CPR监护及反馈装置，可能难于判断按压深度，并很难确认按压 深度上限
更新5：按压后离开胸壁
每次按压后，双手离开胸壁，以使胸廓充分回 弹
胸廓回弹
基于3项研究胸廓回弹不足与灌注压降低有关 按压间隙依靠在患者胸部→妨碍胸廓充分回弹→胸腔 内↑→静脉回流、灌注压、心肌血流↓→复苏存活率↓ 推荐标准：(级别很高：Class IIa,LOE C-LD)
在被按压间隙不依靠在患者胸上，让胸廓充分回弹
仍坚持C-A-B顺序
2105 AHA成人CPR指南
7大主要更新
更新1：强调快速反应，团队协作
施救者应同时进行几个步骤 由多名施救者形成综合小组 合力完成多个步骤和评估 包括： 急救反应系统、胸外按压、通气或取球囊面罩/ 人工呼吸、取除颤器等
覆盖院外院内的应急反应体系
呼吁成立院内的应急反应体系 院外急救有赖于城市急救中心的体系 院内反应时间标准： 有心电监护：（室颤发作——电击）<3分钟 无心电监护：（室颤发作——电击）<5分钟 在除颤的准备过程中均应同时开始 CPR！
更新4：别再使劲按了！
2010年： 频率》100次/分，深度》5cm 2015年： 频率100-120次/分,5cm《深度》6cm
提高复苏质量的同时减轻损伤
按压频率：100-120次/分钟
基于美国复苏联盟分析10371例心肺复苏数据， 发现： 按压频率范围 100-119次/分钟 120-139次/分钟 按压深度不足率 35% 50%
2015 AHA心肺复苏指南
IntroductionPublication of the 2015 American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) marks 49 years since the first CPR guidelines were published in 1966 by an Ad Hoc Committee on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation estab-lished by the National Academy of Sciences of the National Research Council.1 Since that time, periodic revisions to the Guidelines have been published by the AHA in 1974,2 1980,3 1986,4 1992,5 2000,6 2005,7 2010,8 and now 2015. The 2010 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC provided a comprehensive review of evidence-based recommendations for resuscitation, ECC, and first aid. The 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC focuses on topics with significant new science or ongoing controversy, and so serves as an update to the 2010 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC rather than a complete revision of the Guidelines.The purpose of this Executive Summary is to provide an overview of the new or revised recommendations contained in the 2015 Guidelines Update. This document does not contain extensive reference citations; the reader is referred to Parts 3 through 9 for more detailed review of the scientific evidence and the recommendations on which they are based.There have been several changes to the organization of the 2015 Guidelines Update compared with 2010. “Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality I mprovement” is an important new Part that focuses on the integrated struc-tures and processes that are necessary to create systems of care for both in-hospital and out-of-hospital resuscitation capable of measuring and improving quality and patient out-comes. This Part replaces the “CPR Overview” Part of the 2010 Guidelines.Another new Part of the 2015 Guidelines Update is “Part 14: Education,” which focuses on evidence-based recommen-dations to facilitate widespread, consistent, efficient and effec-tive implementation of the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC into practice. These recommendations will target resuscitationeducation of both lay rescuers and healthcare providers. This Part replaces the 2010 Part titled “Education, Implementation, and Teams.” The 2015 Guidelines Update does not include a separate Part on adult stroke because the content would rep-licate that already offered in the most recent AHA/American Stroke Association guidelines for the management of acute stroke.9,10Finally, the 2015 Guidelines Update marks the begin-ning of a new era for the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC, because the Guidelines will transition from a 5-year cycle of periodic revisions and updates to a Web-based format that is continuously updated. The first release of the Web-based inte-grated Guidelines, now available online at is based on the comprehensive 2010 Guidelines plus the 2015 Guidelines Update. Moving forward, these Guidelines will be updated by using a continuous evidence evaluation process to facilitate more rapid translation of new scientific discoveries into daily patient care.Creation of practice guidelines is only 1 link in the chain of knowledge translation that starts with laboratory and clini-cal science and culminates in improved patient outcomes. The AHA ECC Committee has set an impact goal of doubling bystander CPR rates and doubling cardiac arrest survival by 2020. Much work will be needed across the entire spectrum of knowledge translation to reach this important goal.Evidence Review and GuidelinesDevelopment ProcessThe process used to generate the 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC was significantly different from the process used in prior releases of the Guidelines, and marks the planned transition from a 5-year cycle of evidence review to a continuous evidence evaluation process. The AHA con-tinues to partner with the I nternational Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (I LCOR) in the evidence review process. However, for 2015, ILCOR prioritized topics for systematic review based on clinical significance and availability of new© 2015 American Heart Association, Inc.Circulation is available at DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000252The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows: Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, Brooks SC, de Caen AR, Donnino MW, Ferrer JME, Kleinman ME, Kronick SL, Lavonas EJ, Link MS, Mancini ME, Morrison LJ, O’Connor RE, Sampson RA, Schexnayder SM, Singletary EM, Sinz EH, Travers AH, Wyckoff MH, Hazinski MF. Part 1: executive summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation . 2015;132(suppl 2):S315–S367.(Circulation. 2015;132[suppl 2]:S315–S367. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000252.)Part 1: Executive Summary2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for CardiopulmonaryResuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular CareRobert W. Neumar, Chair; Michael Shuster; Clifton W. Callaway; Lana M. Gent; Dianne L. Atkins; Farhan Bhanji; Steven C. Brooks; Allan R. de Caen; Michael W. Donnino; Jose Maria E. Ferrer; Monica E. Kleinman; Steven L. Kronick; Eric J. Lavonas; Mark S. Link; Mary E. Mancini; Laurie J. Morrison; Robert E. O’Connor; Ricardo A. Samson; Steven M. Schexnayder;Eunice M. Singletary; Elizabeth H. Sinz; Andrew H. Travers; Myra H. Wyckoff; Mary Fran HazinskiS316 Circulation November 3, 2015evidence. Each priority topic was defined as a question in PICO (population, intervention, comparator, outcome) format. Many of the topics reviewed in 2010 did not have new pub-lished evidence or controversial aspects, so they were not rere-viewed in 2015. In 2015, 165 PICO questions were addressed by systematic reviews, whereas in 2010, 274 PICO questions were addressed by evidence evaluation. In addition, ILCOR adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process for evidence evaluation and expanded the opportunity for public comment. The output of the GRADE process was used to generate the 2015 International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With Treatment Recommendations (CoSTR).11,12The recommendations of the I LCOR 2015 CoSTR were used to inform the recommendations in the 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC. The wording of these recommendations is based on the AHA classification system for evidentiary review (see “Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Management of Conflicts of Interest”).The 2015 AHA Guidelines Update for CPR and ECC con-tains 315 classified recommendations. There are 78 Class I rec-ommendations (25%), 217 Class II recommendations (68%), and 20 Class III recommendations (7%). Overall, 3 (1%) are based on Level of Evidence (LOE) A, 50 (15%) are based on LOE B-R (randomized studies), 46 (15%) are based on LOE B-NR (non-randomized studies), 145 (46%) are based on LOE C-LD (lim-ited data), and 73 (23%) are based on LOE C-EO (consensus of expert opinion). These results highlight the persistent knowledge gap in resuscitation science that needs to be addressed through expanded research initiatives and funding opportunities.As noted above, the transition from a 5-year cycle to a continuous evidence evaluation and Guidelines update process will be initiated by the 2015 online publication of the AHA I ntegrated Guidelines for CPR and ECC at ECCguidelines. . The initial content will be a compilation of the 2010 Guidelines and the 2015 Guidelines Update. In the future, the Scientific Evidence Evaluation and Review System (SEERS) Web-based resource will also be periodically updated with results of the ILCOR continuous evidence evaluation process at /seers.Part 3: Ethical IssuesAs resuscitation practice evolves, ethical considerations must also evolve. Managing the multiple decisions associated with resuscitation is challenging from many perspectives, espe-cially when healthcare providers are dealing with the ethics surrounding decisions to provide or withhold emergency car-diovascular interventions.Ethical issues surrounding resuscitation are complex and vary across settings (in or out of hospital), providers (basic or advanced), patient population (neonatal, pediatric, or adult), and whether to start or when to terminate CPR. Although the ethical principles involved have not changed dramatically since the 2010 Guidelines were published, the data that inform many ethical discussions have been updated through the evi-dence review process. The 2015 ILCOR evidence review pro-cess and resultant 2015 Guidelines Update include several recommendations that have implications for ethical decision making in these challenging areas.Significant New and Updated Recommendations That May Inform Ethical Decisions• The use of extracorporeal CPR (ECPR) for cardiac arrest • Intra-arrest prognostic factors for infants, children, and adults• Prognostication for newborns, infants, children, and adults after cardiac arrest• Function of transplanted organs recovered after cardiac arrestNew resuscitation strategies, such as ECPR, have made the decision to discontinue cardiac arrest measures more complicated (see “Part 6: Alternative Techniques and Ancillary Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation” and “Part 7: Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support”). Understanding the appropriate use, implications, and likely benefits related to such new treat-ments will have an impact on decision making. There is new information regarding prognostication for newborns, infants, children, and adults with cardiac arrest and/or after cardiac arrest (see “Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation,” “Part 12: Pediatric Advanced Life Support,” and “Part 8: Post–Cardiac Arrest Care”). The increased use of targeted temperature management has led to new challenges for predicting neurologic outcomes in comatose post–cardiac arrest patients, and the latest data about the accuracy of particular tests and studies should be used to guide decisions about goals of care and limiting interventions.With new information about the success rate for trans-planted organs obtained from victims of cardiac arrest, there is ongoing discussion about the ethical implications around organ donation in an emergency setting. Some of the different view-points on important ethical concerns are summarized in “Part 3: Ethical I ssues.” There is also an enhanced awareness that although children and adolescents cannot make legally bind-ing decisions, information should be shared with them to the extent possible, using appropriate language and information for their level of development. Finally, the phrase “limitations of care” has been changed to “limitations of interventions,” and there is increasing availability of the Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) form, a new method of legally identifying people who wish to have specific limits on interven-tions at the end of life, both in and out of healthcare facilities.Part 4: Systems of Care andContinuous Quality ImprovementAlmost all aspects of resuscitation, from recognition of cardio-pulmonary compromise, through cardiac arrest and resuscita-tion and post–cardiac arrest care, to the return to productive life, can be discussed in terms of a system or systems of care. Systems of care consist of multiple working parts that are interdependent, each having an effect on every other aspect of the care within that system. To bring about any improvement, providers must recognize the interdependency of the various parts of the system. There is also increasing recognition that out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) systems of care must function differently. “Part 4: Systems of Care and Continuous Quality I mprovement” in this 2015 Guidelines Update makes a clear distinction between the two systems, noting that OHCA frequently is the result of an unexpected event with a reactive element, whereasNeumar et al Part 1: Executive Summary S317the focus on IHCA is shifting from reactive resuscitation to prevention. New Chains of Survival are suggested for in-hospital and out-of-hospital systems of care, with relatively recent in-hospital focus on prevention of arrests. Additional emphasis should be on continuous quality improvement by identifying the problem that is limiting survival, and then by setting goals, measuring progress toward those goals, creating accountability, and having a method to effect change in order to improve outcomes.This new Part of the AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC summarizes the evidence reviewed in 2015 with a focus on the systems of care for both I HCA and OHCA, and it lays the framework for future efforts to improve these systems of care. A universal taxonomy of systems of care is proposed for stakeholders. There are evidence-based recommendations on how to improve these systems.Significant New and Updated RecommendationsI n a randomized trial, social media was used by dispatch-ers to notify nearby potential rescuers of a possible cardiac arrest. Although few patients ultimately received CPR from volunteers dispatched by the notification system, there was a higher rate of bystander-initiated CPR (62% versus 48% in the control group).13 Given the low risk of harm and the poten-tial benefit of such notifications, municipalities could consider incorporating these technologies into their OHCA system of care. I t may be reasonable for communities to incorporate, where available, social media technologies that summon res-cuers who are willing and able to perform CPR and are in close proximity to a suspected victim of OHCA (Class I I b, LOE B-R).Specialized cardiac arrest centers can provide comprehen-sive care to patients after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. These specialized centers have been proposed, and new evi-dence suggests that a regionalized approach to OHCA resus-citation may be considered that includes the use of cardiac resuscitation centers.A variety of early warning scores are available to help identify adult and pediatric patients at risk for deterioration. Medical emergency teams or rapid response teams have been developed to help respond to patients who are deteriorating. Use of scoring systems to identify these patients and creation of teams to respond to those scores or other indicators of deterioration may be considered, particularly on general care wards for adults and for children with high-risk illnesses, and may help reduce the incidence of cardiac arrest.Evidence regarding the use of public access defibrillation was reviewed, and the use of automated external defibril-lators (AEDs) by laypersons continues to improve survival from OHCA. We continue to recommend implementation of public access defibrillation programs for treatment of patients with OHCA in communities who have persons at risk for cardiac arrest.Knowledge Gaps• What is the optimal model for rapid response teams in the prevention of IHCA, and is there evidence that rapid response teams improve outcomes?• What are the most effective methods for increasing bystander CPR for OHCA?• What is the best composition for a team that responds to IHCA, and what is the most appropriate training for that team?Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support andCardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality New Developments in Basic Life Support Science Since 2010The 2010 Guidelines were most notable for the reorientation of the universal sequence from A-B-C (Airway, Breathing, Compressions) to C-A-B (Compressions, Airway, Breathing) to minimize time to initiation of chest compressions. Since 2010, the importance of high-quality chest compressions has been reemphasized, and targets for compression rate and depth have been further refined by relevant evidence. For the untrained lay rescuer, dispatchers play a key role in the recognition of abnor-mal breathing or agonal gasps as signs of cardiac arrest, with recommendations for chest compression–only CPR.This section presents the updated recommendations for the 2015 adult basic life support (BLS) guidelines for lay res-cuers and healthcare providers. Key changes and continued points of emphasis in this 2015 Guidelines Update include the following: The crucial links in the adult Chain of Survival for OHCA are unchanged from 2010; however, there is increased emphasis on the rapid identification of potential cardiac arrest by dispatchers, with immediate provision of CPR instructions to the caller. These Guidelines take into consideration the ubiq-uitous presence of mobile phones that can allow the rescuer to activate the emergency response system without leaving the victim’s side. For healthcare providers, these recommenda-tions allow flexibility for activation of the emergency response to better match the provider’s clinical setting. More data are available indicating that high-quality CPR improves survival from cardiac arrest. Components of high-quality CPR include • Ensuring chest compressions of adequate rate• Ensuring chest compressions of adequate depth• Allowing full chest recoil between compressions• Minimizing interruptions in chest compressions• Avoiding excessive ventilationRecommendations are made for a simultaneous, choreo-graphed approach to performance of chest compressions, airway management, rescue breathing, rhythm detection, and shock delivery (if indicated) by an integrated team of highly trained rescuers in applicable settings.Significant New and Updated Recommendations Many studies have documented that the most common errors of resuscitation are inadequate compression rate and depth; both errors may reduce survival. New to this 2015 Guidelines Update are upper limits of recommended compression rate based on pre-liminary data suggesting that excessive rate may be associated with lower rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). In addition, an upper limit of compression depth is introducedS318 Circulation November 3, 2015based on a report associating increased non–life-threatening injuries with excessive compression depth.• I n adult victims of cardiac arrest, it is reasonable for rescuers to perform chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120/min (Class IIa, LOE C-LD). The addition of an upper limit of compression rate is the result of 1 large registry study associating extremely rapid compression rates with inadequate compression depth.• During manual CPR, rescuers should perform chest compressions at a depth of at least 2 inches or 5 cm for an average adult, while avoiding excessive chest com-pression depths (greater than 2.4 inches [6 cm]) (Class I, LOE C-LD). The addition of an upper limit of com-pression depth followed review of 1 publication suggest-ing potential harm from excessive chest compression depth (greater than 6 cm, or 2.4 inches). Compression depth may be difficult to judge without use of feedback devices, and identification of upper limits of compres-sion depth may be challenging.• I n adult cardiac arrest, total preshock and postshock pauses in chest compressions should be as short as pos-sible (Class I, LOE C-LD) because shorter pauses can be associated with greater shock success, ROSC, and, in some studies, higher survival to hospital discharge. The need to reduce such pauses has received greater empha-sis in this 2015 Guidelines Update.• In adult cardiac arrest with an unprotected airway, it may be reasonable to perform CPR with the goal of a chest compression fraction as high as possible, with a target of at least 60% (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). The addition of this target compression fraction to the 2015 Guidelines Update is intended to limit interruptions in compressions and to maximize coronary perfusion and blood flow during CPR.• For patients with known or suspected opioid addic-tion who have a definite pulse but no normal breathing or only gasping (ie, a respiratory arrest), in addition to providing standard BLS care, it is reasonable for appro-priately trained BLS providers to administer intramus-cular or intranasal naloxone (Class IIa, LOE C-LD). It is reasonable to provide opioid overdose response educa-tion with or without naloxone distribution to persons at risk for opioid overdose in any setting (Class IIa, LOE C-LD). For more information, see “Part 10: Special Circumstances of Resuscitation.”• For witnessed OHCA with a shockable rhythm, it may be reasonable for emergency medical service (EMS) systems with priority-based, multi-tiered response to delay positive-pressure ventilation by using a strategy of up to 3 cycles of 200 continuous compressions with passive oxygen insufflation and airway adjuncts (Class IIb, LOE C-LD).• We do not recommend the routine use of passive ven-tilation techniques during conventional CPR for adults, because the usefulness/effectiveness of these techniques is unknown (Class IIb, LOE C-EO). However, in EMS systems that use bundles of care involving continuous chest compressions, the use of passive ventilation tech-niques may be considered as part of that bundle (Class IIb, LOE C-LD).• I t is recommended that emergency dispatchers deter-mine if a patient is unconscious with abnormal breathingafter acquiring the requisite information to determine the location of the event (Class I, LOE C-LD).• I f the patient is unconscious with abnormal or absent breathing, it is reasonable for the emergency dispatcher to assume that the patient is in cardiac arrest (Class IIa, LOE C-LD).• Dispatchers should be educated to identify unconscious-ness with abnormal and agonal gasps across a range of clin-ical presentations and descriptions (Class I, LOE C-LD).• We recommend that dispatchers should provide chest compression–only CPR instructions to callers for adults with suspected OHCA (Class I, LOE C-LD).• It is reasonable for healthcare providers to provide chest compressions and ventilation for all adult patients in cardiacarrest, from either a cardiac or a noncardiac cause (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). When the victim has an advanced airway in place during CPR, rescuers no longer deliver cycles of30 compressions and 2 breaths (ie, they no longer interruptcompressions to deliver 2 breaths). Instead, it may be rea-sonable for the provider to deliver 1 breath every 6 seconds(10 breaths per minute) while continuous chest compres-sions are being performed (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). When the victim has an advanced airway in place during CPR, it may be reasonable for the provider to deliver 1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths per minute) while continuous chest compressions are being performed (Class IIb, LOE C-LD). This simple rate, rather than a range of breaths per minute, should be easier to learn, remember, and perform.• There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of artifact-filtering algorithms for analysis of electrocardio-graphic (ECG) rhythm during CPR. Their use may be con-sidered as part of a research program or if an EMS system has already incorporated ECG artifact-filtering algorithms in its resuscitation protocols (Class IIb, LOE C-EO).• It may be reasonable to use audiovisual feedback devices during CPR for real-time optimization of CPR perfor-mance (Class IIb, LOE B-R).• For victims with suspected spinal injury, rescuers should initially use manual spinal motion restriction (eg, plac-ing 1 hand on either side of the patient’s head to hold it still) rather than immobilization devices, because use of immobilization devices by lay rescuers may be harmful (Class III: Harm, LOE C-LD).Knowledge Gaps• The optimal method for ensuring adequate depth of chest compressions during manual CPR• The duration of chest compressions after which venti-lation should be incorporated when using Hands-Only CPR• The optimal chest compression fraction• Optimal use of CPR feedback devices to increase patient survivalPart 6: Alternative Techniques and Ancillary Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation High-quality conventional CPR (manual chest compressions with rescue breaths) generates about 25% to 33% of normal cardiac output and oxygen delivery. A variety of alternativesNeumar et al Part 1: Executive Summary S319and adjuncts to conventional CPR have been developed with the aim of enhancing coronary and cerebral perfusion during resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Since the 2010 Guidelines were published, a number of clinical trials have provided new data regarding the effectiveness of these alternatives. Compared with conventional CPR, many of these techniques and devices require specialized equipment and training. Some have been tested in only highly selected subgroups of cardiac arrest patients; this selection must be noted when rescuers or healthcare systems consider implementation of the devices. Significant New and Updated Recommendations• The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Prehospital Resuscitation mpedance V alve and EarlyV ersus Delayed Analysis (PRI MED) study (n=8718)14failed to demonstrate improved outcomes with the use ofan impedance threshold device (ITD) as an adjunct to con-ventional CPR when compared with use of a sham device.This negative high-quality study prompted a Class III: NoBenefit recommendation regarding routine use of the ITD.• One large randomized controlled trial evaluated the use ofactive compression-decompression CPR plus an ITD.15 Thewriting group found interpretation of the true clinical effectof active compression-decompression CPR plus an I TDchallenging because of wide confidence intervals aroundthe effect estimate and also because of methodological con-cerns. The finding of improved neurologically intact sur-vival in the study, however, supported a recommendationthat this combination may be a reasonable alternative withavailable equipment and properly trained providers.• Three randomized clinical trials comparing the use ofmechanical chest compression devices with conventionalCPR have been published since the 2010 Guidelines.None of these studies demonstrated superiority ofmechanical chest compressions over conventional CPR.Manual chest compressions remain the standard of carefor the treatment of cardiac arrest, but mechanical chestcompression devices may be a reasonable alternativefor use by properly trained personnel. The use of themechanical chest compression devices may be consid-ered in specific settings where the delivery of high-qualitymanual compressions may be challenging or dangerousfor the provider (eg, prolonged CPR during hypothermiccardiac arrest, CPR in a moving ambulance, CPR in theangiography suite, CPR during preparation for ECPR),provided that rescuers strictly limit interruptions in CPRduring deployment and removal of the device (Class IIb,LOE C-EO).• Although several observational studies have been pub-lished documenting the use of ECPR, no randomizedcontrolled trials have evaluated the effect of this therapyon survival.Knowledge Gaps• Are mechanical chest compression devices superior tomanual chest compressions in special situations suchas a moving ambulance, prolonged CPR, or proceduressuch as coronary angiography?• What is the impact of implementing ECPR as part of thesystem of care for OHCA?Part 7: Adult AdvancedCardiovascular Life SupportThe major changes in the 2015 advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) guidelines include recommendations regard-ing prognostication during CPR based on end-tidal carbon dioxide measurements, use of vasopressin during resuscita-tion, timing of epinephrine administration stratified by shock-able or nonshockable rhythms, and the possibility of bundling steroids, vasopressin, and epinephrine administration for treatment of IHCA. In addition, vasopressin has been removed from the pulseless arrest algorithm. Recommendations regard-ing physiologic monitoring of CPR were reviewed, although there is little new evidence.Significant New and Updated Recommendations • Based on new data, the recommendation for use of the maximal feasible inspired oxygen during CPR was strengthened. This recommendation applies only while CPR is ongoing and does not apply to care afterROSC.• The new 2015 Guidelines Update continues to state that physiologic monitoring during CPR may be use-ful, but there has yet to be a clinical trial demonstrating that goal-directed CPR based on physiologic parametersimproves outcomes.• Recommendations for ultrasound use during cardiac arrest are largely unchanged, except for the explicit pro-viso that the use of ultrasound should not interfere with provision of high-quality CPR and conventional ACLS therapy.• Continuous waveform capnography remained a Class I recommendation for confirming placement of an endo-tracheal tube. Ultrasound was added as an additional method for confirmation of endotracheal tube placement.• The defibrillation strategies addressed by the 2015 ILCOR review resulted in minimal changes in defibrilla-tion recommendations.• The Class of Recommendation for use of standard dose epinephrine (1 mg every 3 to 5 minutes) was unchangedbut reinforced by a single new prospective randomized clinical trial demonstrating improved ROSC and survivalto hospital admission that was inadequately powered to measure impact on long-term outcomes.• Vasopressin was removed from the ACLS Cardiac ArrestAlgorithm as a vasopressor therapy in recognition of equivalence of effect with other available interventions (eg, epinephrine). This modification valued the simplic-ity of approach toward cardiac arrest when 2 therapies were found to be equivalent.• The recommendations for timing of epinephrine admin-istration were updated and stratified based on the initial presenting rhythm, recognizing the potential difference inpathophysiologic disease. For those with a nonshockablerhythm, it may be reasonable to administer epinephrine as soon as feasible. For those with a shockable rhythm, there is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation。
2015国际心肺复苏新指南
按压的手法
按压的手法要领：
下手指 上翘 身体直、 手臂直。 有 没 有 呼 吸 十指交叉
A ： 保持呼吸道通畅 清理口腔，仰头举颏法开放气道 B ： 进行有效人工呼吸 1.口对口人工呼吸、气囊面罩通气、气管插管 2.观察胸廓起伏(如未起伏，再补一次？) 双人CPR，一旦人工气道建立，则持续胸外按压 通气频率：每6 秒一次（2010： 8 ～10次/分） 交换位置：每隔2min，不应超过5s
王兴
2015年10月15日，美国心脏病协会（AHA） 在官方网站及杂志上公布了《2015心肺复 苏指南更新》。本次更新共包括急救系统 改进、成人基础生命支持和心肺复苏质量 （非专业施救者和医护人员两种版本）、 成人高级心血管生命支持、儿童高级生命 支持等15部分文件。AHA官网还提供了包 括中文在内的十余种语言的指南摘要文件。
7. 无论是否因心脏病所导致的心脏骤停，医 护人员都应提供胸外按压和通气。 8. 有高级气道时患者的通气频率：10次/分 对于正在进行持续心肺复苏且有高级气道的患 者，每 6 秒一次呼吸。 9. 先除颤，还是先按压： 新指南建议，当可以立即取得体外自动除颤器 (AED)时，应尽快使用除颤器。当不能立即取 得AED时，应立即开始心肺复苏，并同时让人 获取AED，视情况尽快尝试进行除颤。
心脏骤停：在美国，心脏性猝死患者 1min内开始电除颤，存活率可达90% 4-6min内开始电除颤，存活率可达60% 10min开始电除颤，存活率低于5% 心室颤动：是心脏骤停最常见的心律失常（占90%） 每延迟1min除颤，成功率下降7-10% 早期除颤：院外5 min内完成，院内4min内完成 心电监护下发生室颤，原则上3分钟内施行！
心肺复苏最新标准2015
心肺复苏最新标准2015心肺复苏（CPR）是一种急救措施，用于在心脏停止跳动或呼吸停止时维持血液循环。
2015年，美国心脏协会（AHA）发布了最新的心肺复苏指南，对心肺复苏的操作标准进行了更新。
这些更新的标准旨在提高心肺复苏的成功率，并为急救人员和医护人员提供更清晰、更简单的操作指南。
根据最新的心肺复苏标准，以下是一些重要的变化和更新：1. 胸外按压深度，AHA建议在心肺复苏时，胸外按压的深度至少应达到5厘米（2英寸），最大深度不超过6厘米（2.4英寸）。
这一变化旨在确保足够的血液被推动到患者的大血管和重要器官，从而提高心肺复苏的有效性。
2. 胸外按压速率，AHA建议在心肺复苏时，胸外按压的速率应为每分钟100-120次。
这一变化旨在确保按压的速率与心脏跳动的频率相匹配，从而最大限度地提高心肺复苏的成功率。
3. 呼吸比例，AHA建议在心肺复苏时，每进行30次胸外按压后，应进行2次人工呼吸。
这一变化旨在减少胸外按压和人工呼吸之间的转换时间，从而提高心肺复苏的连续性和效率。
4. 自动体外除颤器（AED）的使用，AHA强调在心肺复苏中使用AED的重要性。
AED能够检测心律失常并提供电击治疗，因此在心肺复苏过程中及时使用AED可以提高患者的生存率。
5. 高质量心肺复苏的重要性，AHA强调了高质量心肺复苏的重要性，包括按压深度、按压速率、呼吸比例、胸外按压的连续性和中断时间的最小化等。
这些因素都对心肺复苏的成功率产生重要影响。
综上所述，2015年最新的心肺复苏标准对心肺复苏的操作提出了更严格的要求，旨在提高心肺复苏的成功率和患者的生存率。
因此，对于急救人员和医护人员来说，熟悉并严格遵守这些最新标准是至关重要的。
只有在紧急情况下能够迅速、准确地进行心肺复苏，才能最大限度地挽救患者的生命。
希望通过这些最新标准的推广和实施，能够为更多患者带来生的希望。
2015美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新总结资料
分，但一项大样本的注册研究发现，如果按压频 率(超过140次/分)过快，按压幅度则不足。
指南也指出，在心肺复苏过程中，施救者应该以
适当的速率(100至120次/分)和深度进行有效按压， 同时尽可能减少胸部按压中断的次数和持续时间。 新指南规定，胸部按压在整个心肺复苏中的目标 比例为至少60%。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新3
为保证每次按压后使胸廓充分回弹，施救者在按压间隙， 双手应离开患者胸壁。 原指南仅建议，每次按压后，施救者应让胸廓完全回弹， 以使心脏在下次按压前完全充盈。
如果在两次按压之间，施救者依靠在患者胸壁上，会妨碍 患者的胸壁会弹。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新4
新版无论是否因心脏病所导致的心脏骤停，医护人员都应 提供胸外按压和通气。 旧版指南仅指出，急救人员和院内专业救援人员都可为心 骤停患者实施胸外按压和人工呼吸。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南
松原市中心医院急诊科
马明宇
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新1
首次规定按压深度的上限：在胸外按压时，按压深度至少 5厘米，但应避免超过6厘米。(2.0-2.4英寸) 旧指南仅仅规定了按压深度不低于5厘米。 新指南认为，按压深度不应超过 6 厘米，超过此深度可能 会出现并发症。 但指南也指出，大多数胸外按压不是过深，而是过浅。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新10
瘾君子的福音 若患者有疑似生命危险、或与阿片类药物相关的紧急情 况，应给与纳洛酮。瘾君子的福音！对于已知或疑似阿片 类药物成瘾的患者，如果无反应且呼吸正常，但有脉搏， 可由经过正规培训的非专业施救者和 BLS 施救者给与肌 肉注射或鼻内给予纳洛酮。
美国A心肺复苏指南
美国A心肺复苏指南 The latest revision on November 22, 2020美国心脏学会(AHA)10月15日在网站上公布了2015版心肺复苏及心脏急救指南。
下面分为两部分，着重强调新旧版的区别及变更理由，并附重要图表方便大家记忆。
第一部分：2015AHA心肺复苏指南更新要点第一部分非专业施救者心肺复苏1、关键问题和重大变更的总结2015《指南更新》建议中，有关非专业施救者实施成人心肺复苏的关键问题和重大变更包括下列内容：1.院外成人生存链的关键环节和2010年相同，继续强调简化后的通用成人基础生命支持(BLS)流程。
2.成人基础生命支持流程有所改变，反映了施救者可以在不离开患者身边的情况下启动紧急反应（即通过手机）的现实情况。
3.建议在有心脏骤停风险人群的社区执行公共场所除颤(PAD)方案。
4.鼓励迅速识别无反应情况，启动紧急反应系统，及鼓励非专业施救者在发现患者没有反应且没有呼吸或呼吸不正常（如喘息）时开始心肺复苏的建议得到强化。
5.进一步强调了调度人员需快速识别可能的心脏骤停，并立即向呼叫者提供心肺复苏指导（即调度员指导下的心肺复苏）。
6.确定了单一施救者的施救顺序的建议：单一施救者应先开始胸外按压再进行人工呼吸（C-A-B而非A-B-C），以减少首次按压的时间延迟。
单一施救者开始心肺复苏时应进行30次胸外按压后做2次人工呼吸。
7.继续强调了高质量心肺复苏的特点：以足够的速率和幅度进行按压，保证每次按压后胸廓完全回弹，尽可能减少按压中断并避免过度通气。
8.建议的胸外按压速率是100至120次/分钟（此前为“至少”100次/分钟）。
9.建议的成人胸外按压幅度是至少厘米，但不超过6厘米。
10.如果有疑似危及生命的、与阿片类药物相关的紧急情况，可以考虑由旁观者给予纳洛酮。
这些变更是为了对简化非专业施救者的培训，并强调对突发心脏骤停患者进行早期胸外按压的重要性。
在之后的话题中，对非专业施救者和医护人员类似的变更或强调重点用星号（*）标注2、社区非专业施救者使用自动体外除颤器方案2015(更新)：建议在很可能有目击者的院外心脏骤停发生率相对较高的公共场所，实施公共场所除颤(PAD)方案（如机场、赌场、运动设施等）。
2015心肺复苏指南更新要点
防止压 伤患者的 胳膊！
仰卧便于施救
2015/11/02
同时检查脉搏和呼吸
在10秒内观察呼吸（主要是看）同时触摸颈动脉搏动 ： 1、颈动脉位置： 气管与颈部胸锁乳突肌之间的沟内。 2、方法：一手食指和中指并拢，置于患者气管正中部位，男 性可先触及喉结然后向一旁滑移约2-3cm，至胸锁乳突肌内侧缘凹 2015/11/02 陷处。
2015/11/02
八、先按还是先电？
尽快除颤一直是CPR中保证患者存活率的关键一环。在旧指南 中，在自动体外除颤仪或除颤器准备就绪时，先进行1.5—3分钟 的CPR，然后再除颤。新指南则表示，一旦除颤仪准备就绪，就 直接除颤。当然在AED和除颤器的获取和准备过程中，还是需要 CPR的。
2015/11/02
危重症专科小组 业务培训 秦云霞
2015心肺复苏及心血管 急救指南更新要点
心肺复苏的发展历史
1960 1966 1985 2000 2005 2010
1950
美国的Peter Safar和 James Elam 医生开始采 用人工呼吸 来复苏病人
封闭式胸部 心脏按压与 人工呼吸相 结合，心肺 复苏术诞生
2015/11/02
开放气下颌法
2015/11/02
2015/11/02
注意：
不要压迫病 人的颈前颌 下软组织，
以免压迫气
道。
2015/11/02
打开气道
疑似颈椎有损 伤的病人不适 合仰头举颏法， 要用拉颌法。
2015/11/02
看胸是否 起伏！
2015/11/02
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最初紧急处置：—BLS阶段 第一个ABCD最为重要
• A Assessment + Airway
2015年AHA国际心肺复苏指南详解
7. 高质量的心肺复苏，足够的速率和按压幅度：按压速率 为 100 - 120 次 / 分钟；幅度至少是 2 英寸（5 厘米）。 不超过 2.4 英寸（6 厘米）；
8. 患者有疑似生命危险，或与阿片类药物相关的紧急情况， 应给与纳洛酮：在相关人员指导进行纳洛酮治疗。
美国每年有 20 万例院内心脏骤停发生。CPR 培训是基础 必会的课程。然而，研究显示，这一技能会在接受培训后 数月内逐渐生疏。所以应进行反复、高频的培训来保证院 内持续掌握，并熟悉如何将患者转运到最高质量的心血管 急救部门。
专业人员该怎么做
BLS 中成人高质量心肺复苏的注意事项
BLS 人员进行高质量 CPR 的要点总结
1. 基本原则：施救者应同时进行几个步骤，如同时检查呼 吸和脉搏，以缩短开始首次按压的时间； 由多名施救者形成综合小组，同时完成多个步骤和评估 （分别由施救者实施急救反应系统；胸外按压、进行通气 或取得球囊面罩进行人工呼吸、取回并设置好除颤器同时 进行）；
非专业人士该怎么做
1. 继续强调简化后的通用成人基础生命支持（BLS）流程；
2. 施救者在不离开患者的情况下紧急反应（通过手机等电子设备）， 未经培训的旁观者应该立即拨打急救电话（中国为 120）；
3. 建议在有心脏骤停风险人群社区执行公共场所除颤器（PAD）方案， 可在社区、健身房、运动场等场所配备除颤器； 4. 鼓励非专业人士进行心肺复苏：快速识别心脏骤停，立即向呼叫者 提供心肺复苏指导（调度员指导下的心肺复苏）； 5. 单一施救者的施救顺序：应先开始胸外按压再进行人工呼吸（C - A - B），减少首次按压的延时； 非专业人员在指导下自行对心脏骤停的成人患者进行单纯胸外按压 （Hands - Only）式心肺复苏，指导自动体外除颤仪或有参加过训练 的施救者胸外按压；不必进行口对口人工呼吸，仅在胸部中心进行快 速有力的按压，频率为 100-120 次 / 分钟。若有能力，则应按照 30 次按压给与 2 次人工呼吸的比例给予人工呼吸。
2015 心肺复苏指南 7 大更新要点总结
2015 心肺复苏指南7 大更新要点总结-|+2015 年10 月15 日，新版《美国心脏学会CPR 和ECC 指南》隆重登场。
时隔 5 年，AHA 会对指南的哪些部分进行更改？是否提出了颠覆性的观点？接下去，将为你用心分析。
1. 快速反应，团队协作施救者应同时进行几个步骤，如同时检查呼吸和脉搏，以缩短开始首次按压的时间；由多名施救者形成综合小组，同时完成多个步骤和评估（分别由施救者实施急救反应系统；胸外按压、进行通气或取得球囊面罩进行人工呼吸、取回并设置好除颤器同时进行）。
2. 生存链「一分为二」AHA 成人生存链分为两链：一链为院内急救体系，另一链为院外急救体系。
手机时代，充分利用社会媒体呼叫施救者，手机等现代化电子设备能够在院外急救中发挥重要作用；院内急救应以团队形式实施心肺复苏：早期预警系统、快速反应小组（RRT）和紧急医疗团队系统（MET）。
3. 先电击or 先按压10 年的指南中，在AED 就绪时，应先进行1.5 - 3 分钟的CPR, 然后再除颤。
最新版则提出：当施救者可以立即取得AED 时，对于成人心脏骤停患者，应尽快使用除颤器；若不能立刻取得AED，应该在他人前往获取以及转变AED 的时候开始心肺复苏，在设备提供后尽快尝试进行除颤。
4. 别再使劲按了！10 年的指南规定胸外按压的下限：频率≥ 100 次/ 分、深度≥ 5 厘米。
临床上普遍存在按压过度的问题，如胸骨和肋骨骨折，同时，施救者也会消耗大量体力，无法保证接下去的按压质量。
新的指南提出高质量的心肺复苏，应该有足够的速率和按压幅度：按压速率为100 - 120 次/ 分钟；幅度至少是5 厘米，不超过6 厘米。
5. 瘾君子的福音若患者有疑似生命危险、或与阿片类药物相关的紧急情况，应给与纳洛酮。
瘾君子的福音！对于已知或疑似阿片类药物成瘾的患者，如果无反应且呼吸正常，但有脉搏，可由经过正规培训的非专业施救者和BLS 施救者给与肌肉注射或鼻内给予纳洛酮。
2015年AHA心肺复苏及心血管疾病指南更新要点
2015年AHA心肺复苏及心血管疾病指南更新要点10月15日，美国心脏协会（AHA）发布了2015版《心肺复苏及心血管急救指南更新》（以下简称《指南更新》），2015《指南更新》是基于国际证据评估流程，由来自39个国家的250位证据审查专家共同参与完成。
指南更新要点如下：新AHA 建议级别和证据水平分级体系2015《指南更新》中使用的建议级别和证据水平，均依据AHA的最新定义。
最新版定义中的3级建议有所更改，3级：无益，当证据显示，有高质量或中等质量研究（证据水平LOE分别为A或B）表明某项策略的效果并不优于对照组时，不常使用。
证据水平也有所更改。
LOE B 现分为LOE B-R（随机研究）和LOE B-NR（非随机研究）。
LOE C 现分为LOE C-LD（有限数据）和C-EO（专家意见）。
总的来说，复苏学的证据水平和建议级别都较低，2015 版的所有建议中仅1%（315条定为1级（强建议）。
2015《指南更新》中的大部分建议（69%）都只有最低证据水平的支持（LOE C-LD 或C-EO），将近一半（315条建议中有144条，45%）被定为2级（弱建议）。
急救系统和持续质量改进2015《指南更新》为利益相关方提供了一个审视救治体系的新视角，区分了院内心脏骤停（IHCA）和院外心脏骤停（OHCA）。
要点包括•救治体系通用分类•将AHA成人生存链分为两链：一链为院内救治体系，另一链为院外救治体系•检视有关心脏骤停救治体系的最佳证据的评估，集中在心脏骤停、ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）和卒中问题上。
非专业施救者心肺复苏2015《指南更新》建议中，有关非专业施救者实施成人心肺复苏的关键问题和重大变更包括下列内容：•院外成人生存链的关键环节和2010年相同，继续强调简化后的通用成人基础生命支持（BLS）流程。
•成人基础生命支持流程有所改变，反映了施救者可以在不离开患者身边的情况下启动紧急反应（即通过手机）的现实情况。
2015年美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南
美国每年有超过 32万人发生院外心脏骤停，大约有 90% 的患者最终死亡。快速有效的心肺复苏能够有效降低心脏 骤停者的死亡率。时隔 5 年，美国心脏学会（AHA）更新 CPR 和 ECC 指南，其中有几个关键问题和重大变更： 1. AHA 成人生命链分为两链：一链为院内急救体系，另 一链为院外急救体系； 2.以团队形式实施心肺复苏：早期预警系统(MEWS)、快速 反应小组（RRT）和紧急医疗团队系统（MET）； 3.手机时代，充分利用社会媒体呼叫施救者，手机等现代 化电子设备能够发挥重要作用。
2. 在图“替换”下拉列表中选择要更改字体。（如下图）
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模板中的图片展示页面，您可以根据需要替换这些图片，下面介绍两种替换方法。 方法一：更改图片
1.选中模版中的图片（有些图片与其他对象进行了组合，选择时一定要选中图片 本身，而 不是组合）。 2.单击鼠标右键，选择“更改图片”，选择要替换的图片。（如下图）
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关键问题和重大变更的总结
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有不严谨的地方请大家多多指正！
谢谢！
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2015年最新心肺复苏指南
尽可能减少胸外按压的中断次数
2015（ 重申 2010 版的建议）： 施救者应尽可能减少胸 外按压中断的次数和时间，尽可能增加每分钟胸外按压的 次数。 2015（ 更新）： 对于没有高级气道接受心肺复苏的心脏 骤停成人患者，实施心肺复苏的目标应该是尽量提高胸部 按压在整个心肺复苏中的比例，目标比例为至少 60%。 理由： 胸外按压中断可能因急救需求（如心律分析和通气 等）而有意造成，也可能是无意造成（如施救者受到打扰 ）。胸外按压比例是指实施按压的时间在心肺复苏所用总 时间中所占的比例。可以通过尽量减少胸部按压时的暂停 来增加胸外按压比例。胸外按压比例的理想目标尚未确定 。设定胸外按压比例，旨在限制按压中断，在心肺复苏时 尽可能增加冠状动脉灌注和血流。
• 如果紧急医疗系统采用包括持续胸部 按压的综合救治干预，对于院外心脏 骤停患者可以考虑在综合救治干预中 使用被动通气技术。 • 对于正在进行持续心肺复苏且有高级 气道的患者，对通气速率的建议简化 为每 6 秒一次呼吸（每分钟 10次呼吸 ）。
与2010年版的心肺复苏指南对比
及早识别患者并启动应急反应系统 →2015（ 更新）： 一旦发现患者没有反应，医护 人员必须立即就近呼救，但在现实情况中，医护 人员应继续同时检查呼吸和脉搏，然后再启动应 急反应系统（或请求支援）。 2010（ 旧）： 医务人员在查看患者呼吸是否消 失或呼吸是否正常时，也应检查反应。 理由： 此条建议变更的用意是尽量减少延迟，鼓 励快速、有效、同步的检查和反应，而非缓慢、 拘泥、按部就班的做法。
在 2015《指南更新》中，针对医务 人员的关键问题及重大变更如下：
一、急救系统和持续质量改进
1• 这些建议使得应急反应系统的启动更加灵 活，更加符合医护人员的临床环境。鼓励 经过培训的施救者同时进行几个步骤（即 同时检查呼吸和脉搏），以缩短开始首次 胸部按压的时间。
2015年AHA CPR最新指南
剖生理为基础，通过对心脏呼吸骤停患者腹部实施干预，导致胸腹腔内压力变 化而产生的循环与呼吸支持效应，实现经腹途径构建心肺脑复苏并重的理论与 实践体系。
武警总医学急救医学中心
武警灾害救援医学研究所
王立祥,郑静晨.单纯腹部提压：一种心肺复苏的新方法.中国危重 病急救医学杂志,2009,21(6):323-324. 王立祥,等中国腹部提压心肺复苏协作组.腹部提压心肺复苏专家共 识.中华急诊医学杂志,2013,22(9):957-959. 27
3
意 义 (Significance)
1、CPR是抢救CPCR重要措施，心肺复苏的目的在于脑功能的复苏。
美国每年约有 60 万人群发生心脏骤停，近期，美国国家医学研究院（NAM）发布了一 篇题为「改善心脏骤停生存率：是时候行动起来」的报告。 报告显示，目前美国院外心脏骤停生存率小于 6%，而院内心脏骤停生存率小于 24%， 报告指出，加强并推广心肺复苏（CPR）和自动化体外除颤仪使用培训力度和范围是改 善心脏骤停患者存活率的关键性推荐之一。 在美国，仅有 3% 人群接受年度 CPR 培训，而在挪威和德国，培训率高达 95% 和 80%。 中国年度CPR培训率？----------除了医务人员还有谁？
C. 人工循环（Circulation）
2、高级心血管生命支持（ACLS）
D. 药物治疗（Drugs） E. 心电监护（ECG） F. 心脏除颤（Fibrillation）
3、复苏后期处理(持续生命支持PLS)
G. 诊断（Gauging）
5
心跳骤停的原因（Causes）
心源性与非心源性，常见概括为5T6H：
2015年指南推荐：确定了单一施救者的施救顺序的建议：单一施救者应先开始胸
2015年最新心肺复苏指南
胸外按压速率：100 至 120 次/ 分 钟
2015（ 更新）： 对于心脏骤停的成年患者，施救者以理。
2010（ 旧）： 非专业施救者和医务人员以每分钟至少 100 次的按压速率进行胸外按压较为合理。
理由：建议最低的按压频率仍是 100 次/ 分钟。设定120 次每分钟的速率上限，是因为有一项大型的注册系列研究 表明，当按压速率超过 120 次每分钟时，按压深度会由于 剂量依存的原理而减少。例如，当按压速率在100 到119 次每分钟时，按压深度不足的情况约占 35%，而当按压速 率提高到 120 到 139 次每分钟时，按压深度不足的情况占 到 50%，当按压速率超过 140 次每分钟时，按压深度不 足的比例达到 70%。
在心肺复苏中使用高级气道进行通气
2015（ 更新）： 医护人员可以每 6 秒进行 1 次人 工呼吸（每分钟 10 次），同时进行持续胸部按压 （即在心肺复苏中使用高级气道）。
2010（ 旧）： 双人复苏时建立了高级气道（例如 气管插管、食管气管导管、喉罩气道 [LMA]）后 ，应每6-8 秒给予1 次呼吸，不用保持呼吸按压同 步（这样，人工呼吸频率为每分钟 8 到 10 次）。
先给予电击还是先进行心肺复苏 ？
2015（ 更新）： 当可以立即取得 AED 时， 对于有目击的成人心脏骤停，应尽快使用 除颤器。若成人在未受监控的情况下发生 心脏骤停，或不能立即取得 AED 时，应该 在他人前往获取以及准备 AED 的时候开始 心肺复苏，而且视患者情况，应在设备可 供使用后尽快尝试进行除颤。
能取得较好结果。尽管有关按压深度是否有上限的证据较 少，但最近一项很小的研究表明，胸部按压深度过深（大 于 2.4 英寸 [6 厘米]）会造成损伤（不危及生命）。如不 使用反馈装置，可能难以判断按压深度，并很难确认按压 深度上限。施救者必须认识到，胸部按压深度往往过浅而 不是过深。
2015AHA心肺复苏指南更新
修改要点2:胸外按压
尽可能减少胸外按压的中断次数 2015（重申2010版的建议）：施救者应尽可能减少 胸外按压中断的次数和时间，尽可能增加每分钟 胸外按压的次数。 2015（新）：对于没有高级气道接受心肺复苏的心 脏骤停成人患者，实施心肺复苏的目标应该是尽 量提高胸部按压在整个心肺复苏中的比例，目标 比例为至少60%。 理由：胸外按压比例是指实施按压的时间在心肺复 苏所用总时间中所占的比例。可以通过尽量可以 通过减少胸部按压时的暂停来增加胸外按压比例。
修改要点2:胸外按压
胸部按压深度：5 — 6 cm
2010（旧）：成人胸骨应至少按压下5cm. 2015（更新）：在徒手心肺复苏过程中，施救者应 以至少5cm的深度对普通成人实施胸部按压，同 时避免胸部按压深度超过6cm. 理由：相比于较浅的按压，5cm的按压深度更有可 能取得较好的结果，胸部按压深度超过6cm会造 成胸部损伤。
修改要点4：成人高级心血管生命支持
• 心脏骤停后的药物治疗：利多卡因 • 2015（新）：目前的证据不足以支持心脏 骤停后利多卡因的常规使用。但若是因室 颤/无脉性室性心动过速导致心脏骤停，恢 复自主循环后，可以考虑立即或继续给予 利多卡因。 • 理由：近期一项针对心脏骤停中给予利多 卡因的存活者的研究显示，室颤/无脉性室 性心动过速的复发有所减少。
修改要点2:胸外按压
胸廓回弹： 2010（旧）：每次按压后，施救者应让胸廓完全回 弹，以使心脏在下次按压前完全充盈。 2015（更新）：施救者应避免在按压间隙依靠在患 者胸上，以便每次按压后使胸廓充分回弹。 理由：胸廓回弹能够产生相对胸廓内负压，促进静 脉回流和心肺血流。在按压间隙倚靠在患者胸上 会妨碍胸廓充分回弹。回弹不充分会增加胸廓内 压力，减少静脉回流、冠状动脉灌注压力和心肌 血流，影响复苏存活率。
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2010 年版指南认为一剂静脉 / 骨内推注的 40 单位加压 素科替代第一或第二剂肾上腺素治疗心脏骤停。而新版则 指出，联合使用加压素和肾上腺素，相比使用标准剂量的 肾上腺素在治疗心脏骤停时没有优势。给与加压素相对使 用肾上腺素也没有优势，因此，加压素已被新版指南「除 名」。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新12
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南
松原市中心医院急诊科
马明宇
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新1
首次规定按压深度的上限：在胸外按压时，按压深度至少 5厘米，但应避免超过6厘米。(2.0-2.4英寸) 旧指南仅仅规定了按压深度不低于5厘米。 新指南认为，按压深度不应超过 6 厘米，超过此深度可能 会出现并发症。 但指南也指出，大多数胸外按压不是过深，而是过浅。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新8
所有在心脏骤停后恢复自主循环的昏迷，即对语言指令缺 乏有意义的反应的成年患者，都应采用目标温度管理 (TTM)，选定在32℃到36℃之间，并至少维持24小时。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新9
一旦发现患者没有反应，医护人员必须立即呼救同时检查 呼吸和脉搏，然后再启动应急反应系统或请求支援。
强调调度人员的指导作用，即调度员指导下的心肺复苏。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新5
关于先除颤，还是先胸外按压的问题，新指南建议，当可 以立即取得体外自动除颤器 (AED) 时，应尽快使用除颤器。 当不能立即取得AED时，应立即开始心肺复苏，并同时让 人获取AED，视情况尽快尝试进行除颤。旧版在电击前进 行1.5-3分钟胸外按压和AED就绪后尽快给与电击患者预后 没有差别。
为保证每次按压后使胸廓充分回弹，施救者在按压间隙， 双手应离开患者胸壁。 原指南仅建议，每次按压后，施救者应让胸廓完全回弹， 以使心脏在下次按压前完全充盈。
如果在两次按压之间，施救者依靠在患者胸壁上，会妨碍 患者的胸壁会弹。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新4
新版无论是否因心脏病所导致的心脏骤停，医护人员都应 提供胸外按压和通气。 旧版指南仅指出，急救人员和院内专业救援人员都可为心 骤停患者实施胸外按压和人工呼吸。
分，但一项大样本的注册研究发现，如果按压频 率(超过140次/分)过快，按压幅度则不足。
指南也指出，在心肺复苏过程中，施救者应该以
适当的速率(100至120次/分)和深度进行有效按压， 同时尽可能减少胸部按压中断的次数和持续时间。 新指南规定，胸部按压在整个心肺复苏中的目标 比例为至少60%。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新3
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新6
当患者的心律不适合电除颤时，应尽早给予肾上腺素。
禁忌症：病史已多年、心脏（尤其是左心房）明显增大、 伴高度或完全性房室传导阻滞的心房颤动，伴完全性房室 传导阻滞的心房扑动，反复发作而药物不能维持疗效或伴 病态窦房结综合征的异位性快速心律失常，均不宜用本法 复律；有洋地黄类药物或低血钾。
对于施救顺序，最新的指南重申应遵循 10 年版指南内容， 即单一施救者的施救顺序：应先开始胸外按压再进行人工 呼吸（C - A - B），减少首次按压的延时；30 次胸外按压 后做 2 次人工呼吸。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新13
生存链「一分为二」
AHA 成人生存链分为两链：一链为院内急救体系，另一链 为院外急救体系。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新14
院外心脏骤停
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新15
在必要的公共场所安放 AED，实施公共场所除颤方案。例 如机场、酒店、运动场所、赌场等地方安放AED。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新10
瘾君子的福音 若患者有疑似生命危险、或与阿片类药物相关的紧急情 况，应给与纳洛酮。瘾君子的福音！对于已知或疑似阿片 类药物成瘾的患者，如果无反应且呼吸正常，但有脉搏， 可由经过正规培训的非专业施救者和 BLS 施救者给与肌 肉注射或鼻内给予纳洛酮。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新11
201童(包括婴儿[小于一岁]至青春期开始的儿童)，按 压深度胸部前后径的三分之一，大约相当于婴儿 4 厘米， 儿童5厘米。对于青少年即应采用成人的按压深度，即5～ 6厘米。
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新2
按压频率规定为100～120次/分。 原指南仅仅规定了每分钟按压频率不少于 100 次 /
有研究发现，针对不适合电除颤的心律时，及早给予肾上 腺素可以增加存活出院率和神经功能完好存活率。 AED自动除颤机可以过滤分析急性心律失常
2015年美国AHA心肺复苏指南更新7
新指南建议，所有疑似心源性心脏骤停患者，无论是ST段 抬高的院外心脏骤停患者，还是疑似心源性心脏骤停而没 有心电图ST段抬高的患者，也无论其是否昏迷，都应实施 急诊冠状动脉血管造影。