英语语法第一课 英语九大词类第一类 名词

名词: 人(mother, uncle)、事物(cat, dog, water)、地点(city, country)、想法(plan, thought)

1.简单名词: man, cat

2. 复合名词: forget-me-not; roommate, armchair

3. 派生名词:greatness, ability, patriotism, expectation, arrangement, questionnaire, .

1.普通名词: 人或者物，包括抽象名词；普通名词又可分为个体名词(可数名词)、集体名词(有的可数，有的不可数)、物质名词、抽象名词

1.1 个体名词:poem table policeman

1.2 集体名词: poetry furniture police

1.3 物质名词: water, sand, coffee, food(一般不可数，但是waters水域；two coffees两杯咖啡；foods多种食品)

1.4 抽象名词:honesty, happiness, knowledge, feelings

2. 专有名词:人名、国家名、地方名、机构组织名等China, Linda

1. 可数名词:有单数和复数之分

2. 不可数名词:一般情况下只有单数；特殊情况下可以为复数，但意思会不同

milk, water,coffee,

advice, knowledge; capitalism资本主义

happiness,honesty,justice,kindness

furniture

1.表个数: piece一张一篇,bit一点一块

2.表形状: a drop of water; a bar of chocolate; an ear of corn一穗玉米

3.表容积: a bottle of milk; a glass of water

4.一阵火气: a fit of anger;

5.一丝希望: a flash of hope.

6.成对成群的: a pair of shoes; a school of whales; a flock of bird; a swarm of bees

a rose 一朵玫瑰

a beautiful rose一朵漂亮的玫瑰

a beautiful rose for my beautiful wife 一朵送给我美丽妻子的漂亮玫瑰

a beautiful rose that I bought for you 一朵我买给你的玫瑰

Linda loves money.主语

The man in the car is very handsome.主语

I love Linda.宾语

This is Linda表语/主语补语

He wants to make Linda his wife.宾语补足语。

Your best friend, Linda is a lovely lady.同位语

He came back last night. 状语

I called Linda the day I arrived.连词

名词有单数和复数之分;

单数名词变成复数名词的方法:

1.通常情况直接加‘s’,元音和浊辅音后发[z]

car,cars

bag,bags

table,tables

car[kɑ:z]

bags[bæɡz]

tables[ˈteɪblz]

清辅音后面读[s]

cat, cats[kæts]

2.以s,x,z,ch,sh,ss,结尾的词,+es,读作[ɪz]

bus,bus es,[ˈbʌs ɪz]

gas,gases[ˈɡæs ɪz]

bench,benches,[ˈbentʃɪz]

box,boxes,['bɔksɪz]

fez,fezes,[fezɪz]

glass,glasses[ɡlæsɪz]

3.以f,fe结尾的名词,变f或者fe为ves,读作[vz]

wife,wives,[waɪ vz]

calf,cal ves

shelf,shel ves

wolf,wol ves

例外:cuff cuffs;chef chefs;belief beliefs;

4.以o结尾的名词,如果o前面是元音字母,+s,读[z]

radio radios

stereo stereos

video videos

无生命

4.以o结尾的名词,如果o前面是辅音字母,+es,[z]

potato potatoes;

hero heroes

domino dominoes

例外piano pianos

photo photos

halo halos

5.以y结尾的名词,如果前面为一个辅音字母,变y为i+es,[ɪz] city cities

candy candies

lady ladies

5.以y结尾的名词,如果前面为一个元音字母,直接加s,[z] day days

toy toys

donkey donkeys

6.以th结尾的词

month s [mʌnθs]

moth s [mɔːθs]

berth s铺位[bɜːrθs]

7.不规则的名词单数变复数

foot-feet

man-men

mouse-mice

child-children

ox-oxen

stratum-strata阶层

datum-data数据

alumnus-alumni男校友

crisis-crises危机

penny-pence,pennies

8.单复同形

a deer-two deer

a sheep-two sheep

a fish-two fish

a Swiss-two Swiss

9. 总是以复数形式出现的名词9.1.衣物

clothes 衣服

His clothes are dirty.

trousers

pyjamas

tights

shorts

knickers

pants

I like your trousers.

I like your trouser X

Where are my shorts?

Where is my short? X

9.2.工具

binoculars 望远镜

glasses 眼镜

sunglrasses 黑超

scissors剪刀

headphones 头带耳麦

以上通常和a pair of...来表示单数9.3. 财物