复合句式重难点-what和that的用法区别

复合句式重难点-what和that的用法区别
许多同学在学习复合句和特殊句式时，都会为“that”和“what”的选择而头疼，感觉这两个连接性词语辨别起来“有点乱”。

你也不妨先做一做下面几个题，看看你能否把他们分清：
1.A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. where
2.Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. as
3.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ____ he was a man of action.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
4.It is what you do rather than what you say _______ matters.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. this
5.His plan was such a good one _________ we all agreed to accept it.
A. so
B. and
C. that
D. as
上面5个题中的前四个题，在选项中都同时出现了what和that，如何选择呢？
第1题为答案A。

考查名词从句连接代词what的运用。

“十年前是一片荒地的地方建起了一座现代化的城市”。

作介词in的宾语不能用that，因为名词从句中that 不做任何成分；连接代词what引导一个宾语从句，“是一个什么样的地方”；
第2题为答案A。

考查定词从句关系代词that的运用，“因为记忆不好，你告诉我的，我都给忘了”。

句中先行词为“all”，that为关系代词，意指all，在从句中做宾语；
第3题答案为B。

考查名词从句从属连词that的运用。

“…他很得意自己是个干事的人。

”陈述了一个事实，故选择从属连词that
第4题为答案A。

考查强调句结构中的that。

“It is (was) + 所强调的成分+ that (who) + 其他成分。

”
第5题为答案C。

考查结果状语从句中的从属连词that。

“他的计划非常好，我们都同意接受。

”
从上面的分析中，我们不难看出，“that”一词非常活跃，在定语从句、名词从句、状语从句和强调句中都有使用；而命题设项时，“what”又常常用来作为干扰，因此，要想辨清“that”和“what”这两个词，突破复合句式的这个难点，就要
一、定语从句的关系代词中没有what，因此要牢记what不会引导定语从句。

例如：
1.The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was working abroad.
A.that
B.all that
C.all what
D.which
答案为B。

这里的all是先行词，而that是关系代词，在从句中做主语。

许多同学将此题误选成了C。

需要注意的是，C选项前面要是去掉all，则变成了what 引导的名词从句，则就是对的了。

2.You can only be sure of_____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ___ you might get in the future. [2007 安徽卷]
A. that; what
B. what; /
C. which; that
D. /; that
答案为B。

前一个空为名词从句连接代词what，(从句做of的宾语，what又为get的宾语)，后一个空为定语从句(先行词为something，关系代词做get的宾语，关系代词省略)。

二、名词从句中同时存在that和what这两个连接性词语，可以从其语法地位和意思上来辨别。

that 引导名词性从句时，没有任何含义和语法作用，只是提示引导了名词从句；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what 的意思是“什么…”
例如：
1.The mountain is no longer ____ it used to be.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. as
答案C 。

“山不是以前那个样子了”。

以前“什么样”，对应了what。

2.There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that
B. which
C. until
D. if
答案A。

that引导的名词从句陈述事实，说的即是前面的chance，为同位语从句。

三、定语从句与同位语从句中that的区别，主要看that在从句中有没有语法作用。

定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语，有时可以与which 互换。

同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that而不能用which。

同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词如：fact、suggestion、truth、possibility、idea等后面，解释名词的含义或内容，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。

The football star Henry expressed the hope that he would come to visit China again in 2008.
同位语从句，从句就是hope的内容；
The hope the football star Henry expressed is that he would come to visit China again in 2008.
定语从句，从句修饰hope，是“表达的”愿望。

再如：
1.…It's thirty years since we last met.
…But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ____ we got lost on a rainy night. A. which B. that C. what D. when
答案为B。

同位语从句，解释story。

2.I still remember the big names in the stories ______ my mother told me when I was young.
A. when
B. that
C. what
D. where
答案为B。

定语从句，意指stories，做told的宾语。

名词性从句中that和what的用法区别
一．that 引导的名词性从句
首先，连接代词that除引导第一个宾语从句时可以省略外，引导其他各类名词性从句皆不能省略。

例如：
①It is required in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account.
②---- Don’t you think it necessary that he go home at once?
---- but the problem is that there is no car.
③There is much chance that Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
④Our English teacher told us (that) we all did very well in the examination and that ten of us got full mark.
以上四个句子中，that 分别引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句和宾语从句，除在第四个例句中第一个that 可以省略外，其他的that 均不可省略。

其次，在引导名词性从句时，that不作句子中的任何成分。

例如：
①Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class that he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
该句中，that引导同位语从句，但在句中不作任何成分。

②It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.
该句中，it 是形式主语，that引导的主语从句才是整个句子的真正主语，that在句中不作任何成分。

最后，在引导名词性从句时，that没有任何词汇意义。

①A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
②Danby left word with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon.
在以上两个考例中，that仅起引导同位语从句的作用，没有任何词汇意义。

综上所述，that 在引导名词性从句时具有三大特点：不可省略，不作成分，没有词义。

二．what引导的名词性从句
首先，what 引导名词性从句时，what 在句中不省略。

这一用法与that引导名词性从句时的用法不尽相同。

①He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning what his teammates had done.
what 在该句中引导宾语从句，what 不可省略。

②Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.
what在该句中引导表语从句，但在句中不可省略。

其次，what 引导名词性从句时，具有词汇意义。

这是what 与that 引导名词性从句的重要区别之一，What 一般指“----的东西/事情/人/时间/地点等”。

例如：
①Do you have any idea what is actually going on in the classroom?
what在该句中引导同位语从句并作这个同位语从句的主语，词义为“----的东西、事情”，整个句子的汉语意思是“你知道教室里到底发生了什么事”。

②It is what you do rather than what you say that matters.
这是一个强调句型，被强调的部分是由what引导的两个主语从句，what在句中的词义为“----的东西、事情”，整个句子的汉语意思是“关键要看你做什么而不是说什么”。

最后，what 引导名词性从句时不仅只起引导作用，同时还要作句中的某个句法成分。

这一点是what 在引导名词性从句时与that 用法区别的关键所在。

①I just wonder_________ that makes him so excited.
A. why it does
B. what he does
C. how it is
D. what it is
这一题的正确答案是D,是一个强调句型作宾语的典型考例，被强调的成分what 在句中不仅只起引导宾语从句的作用，同时在宾语从句中作makes 的主语。

②A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.
在这个句子中，what 引导的从句作了介词in 的宾语，同时what 又在宾语从句中充当主语，意思是“……的地方”。

值得注意的是，在引导名词性从句时，that 引导的句子一般不作介词的宾语，相反，由what 引导的句子作介词宾语的情况显得更为常见。

例如：
③The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at what I thought was a dangerous speed.
本题中，介词at后面用了what引导的宾语从句，what在宾语从句中作主语，而that不可以这样使用。

综上所述，what 在引导名词性从句时具有三大特点：不可省略，作成分，有词义。

That 与what 所引导的句子是高考的热点，为使同学们较好地掌握它们的用法与区别，现将其用法要点归纳如下
一．主语从句连词that 引导主语从句位于句首时没有意义，在从句中也不作句子成分，不能省略。

但多数情况下还是用it 作形式主语，将that 从句后置。

而what引导主语从句相当于the thing that,表示“所….的”,在句中作句子成分,不能省略.
Eg ⑴That fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.
(2) It is important that students should master a foreign language .
（3）What the president remarked at the conference made the world shock .
注意在含有主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,that从句不可以提前.
Is it possible that he will win the game ? （正）
Is that he will win the game possible ? （误）
二．宾语从句主句的谓语动词如果用that引导宾语从句，that只是引导词，不在句中作任何成分，有时可以省略；而what 引导宾语从句，在句子作相应的句子成分，相当于the thing that.表示“所...的”，不能省略。

同时要注意与强调句型where,when引导的状语从句等的区别。

Eg It is at the factory that he worked for 20 years.（强调句型）
It is the factory where he worked for 20 years.（定语从句）
It was at three o′clock that he got home. （强调句型）
It was three o′clock when he got home. (状语从句)
注意形容词anxious,certain, glad, afraid, proud, surprised, sorry, pleased等常跟that 引导从句作宾语。

Eg I am certain that our team will win the game.
We are sorry that he didn’t pass the exam .
这些词如find, feel, think, believe, consider, make等常可用it引导形式宾语，that 引导真正宾语从句。

Eg He found it important that he learned to operate computer.
但应注意有些动词只带it + that从句而不带复合宾语。

Eg I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
I take it that he approves.
另外在in, but, except等少数几个介词后可跟由that引导的宾语从句，已形成固定结构in that（因为）but that（要不是…只是），except that（除了）
三．同位语从句
The news that Beijing will hold the 2008 Olympic Games is exciting.
Word came that China has succeeded in launching a spaceship.
同位语从句一般由that引导，也可由what,which,who, when,where, why,how,whether, if 引导。

一般在fact,news, evidence, concept, belief, doubt, thought,word, idea, truth, opinion,message,order, proof, suggestion,sign等抽象名词后，由连接词that引导同位语从句，说明抽象名词的内容或意义。

That不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，虽然没有具体含义，但不能省略。

Eg The suggestion that we should build a nuclear power station is to be discussed at the meeting.
四．定语从句all作主语时，定语从句由that引导，what是不能引导定语从句的．通常只能由that引导定语从句的情况包括．（1）先行词为形容词的最高级（2）先行词为序数词
（3）先行词中有不定代词something,anyting, nothing, everything以及all,little等注意下列情况一般也用that引导．如：
He is not the man that he was
Do you remember what happened the day that he came ?
在the day ,the morment 等时间词后面，that引导表示“此时”或“在此期间”五．状语从句that一般不单独引导状语从句，而和其他词一起引导．引导状语从句用on condition that〈如果〉，原因状语从句now that〈既然〉结果状语从句用so…that ,such…that, so that,目的状语从句用so that（为了）,for fear that（以防），in order that（为了）
Eg Now that you have enough money, you should buy a house for your own.
You will certainly succeed on condition that you keep on trying .
Study hard so that you can pass the entrance examination .
It was raining so heavily that we had to put off the sports meet .
六．替代．在英语中为避免重复，常用that代替前面的不可数名词．用the one 代替前面的单数可数名词.用those ones代替前面的复数名词．
Eg By1990, production in the area is expected to double that of 1980 .。