专业英语(王立琦版)课文翻译

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2015职称英语_教材新增文章逐词翻译_综合类

综合C阅读判断新增文章第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very cold. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finished their trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.Across 穿越the不翻译Desert沙漠参考译文：穿越沙漠1. The Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠is是the不翻译largest最大的desert沙漠in在…里the不翻译world世界.参考译文：撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。

2021年感恩方面的寄语范文

感恩方面的寄语范文有关感恩方面的寄语有一道彩虹，不出现在雨后，也不出现在天空，它常出现在我心中，下面是挑选较好的有关感恩方面的寄语文本，供大家参考阅读。

(一)您是园丁，为祖国山川添秀色;您如春雨，润育桃李，神州大地尽芳菲。

在这感恩的节曰里，让我献上一支心灵的鲜花，向您表达衷心的祝愿。

(二)“桃李满天下”，是教师的荣耀。

--值此曰丽风清、秋实累累的感恩节，敬祝老师康乐如意，青春永葆!(三)我不是您最出色的学生，而您却是我最尊敬的老师。

在您的节曰里，我要把一份崇高的敬意献给您。

(四)您不是演员，却吸引着我们饥渴的目光;您不是歌唱家，却让知识的清泉叮咚作响，唱出迷人的歌曲;您不是雕塑家，却塑造着一批批青年人的灵魂……老师啊，我怎能把您遗忘!(五)我崇拜伟人、名人，可是我更急切地把我的敬意和赞美献给一位普通的人――我的老师您。

祝您感恩节快乐，谢谢您!(六)您对我们严格要求，并以自己的行动为榜样。

您的规劝、要求，甚至命令，一经提出，便要我们一定做到，然而又总使我们心悦诚服，自觉行动。

这就是您留在我心中的高大形象。

老师，祝您感恩节快乐，谢谢您!(七)啊，老师――人类灵魂的工程师，唯有这光辉的名字，才有着像大海一样丰富、蓝天一样深湛的内涵!(八)在生活的大海上，老师，您就像高高的航标灯，屹立在辽阔的海面上，时时刻刻为我们指引着前进的航程!老师，祝您感恩节快乐!(九)加减乘除，算不尽您作出的奉献!诗词歌赋，颂不完对您的崇敬!您用知识甘露，浇开我们理想的花朵;您用心灵清泉，润育我们情操的美果。

今天是感恩节，在这不寻常的节曰里，献上我们深深的祝福!(十)往曰，您在我的心田播下了知识的种子，今天，才有我在科研中结出的硕果――老师，这是您的丰收!(十一)您谆谆的教诲，化作我脑中的智慧，胸中的热血，行为的规范……我感谢您，感谢您对我的精心培育。

(十二)真空、坚定、谦逊、朴素――这是您教给我唱的歌，这是您指引我走的人生之路。

新编大学英语第一册译文浙江大学第二版

新编大学英语第一册1-10单元课文参考译文Unit One以生命相赠炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。

在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。

2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8 岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。

3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。

救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。

他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。

如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。

4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。

快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。

5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。

孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。

医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。

接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。

6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。

此时小病人生命垂危。

然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。

过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。

7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。

“你叫什么名字？”8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。

9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。

在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。

10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。

11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。

12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。

医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。

13 但现在，偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。

他紧紧地闭着眼睛，用拳头堵住嘴想竭力忍住哭泣。

专业英语课文翻译

专业英语课文翻译United 1 材料科学与工程材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。

如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。

历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。

实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。

早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。

渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。

进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。

在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。

也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。

直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。

这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。

因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。

很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。

一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。

比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。

在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件.材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。

严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。

相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。

从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。

多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。

“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。

简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。

原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。

在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。

自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit18）

自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit18）自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit18）-自考串讲笔记Unit 18Text A为什么地图绘制得北方在上现在很难想象一幅地图不是北方在上，但以前却不总是这样。

现在已知被人们认可的最古老的地图绘制于公元前3800年，地图显示幼发拉底河流经伊拉克的美索不达米亚平原北部。

这幅地图以及后来的别的地图只不过是粗略地勾画出当地的地理特征；起码到许多世纪之后，古希腊人才把地图绘制学建立在可靠的基础上。

在此领域最早的先驱首推希腊数学家和哲学家克劳迪·托勒密厄斯（约公元90-168年）。

历史上更常叫他托勒密。

他作为古典时期的最后一位伟大的科学家，是以当时所有的知识为基础绘制地图的第一人，而不是用猜测和想象。

在此之前，巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图，但他们把地图画得像个扁平盘子，而不是象托勒密那样画成球形。

鉴于那个时代的知识水平的情形，托勒密把事情搞错了。

例如，他对中国和大西洋的估计远非准确。

可是这是一次有用的尝试，而且一千多年中人们一直以该地图为准。

事实上，克里斯托夫·哥伦布在航行寻找新大陆时曾使用过该地图的一个版本。

这给他带来了许多航海问题，因为托勒密错误的计算了大西洋的面积，并且他不知道还有太平洋。

托勒密地图真正重要之处是北方在上。

这样说的理由是他决定以朝北极星的方向作为地图的方向，因为北极星是那时航海者们信赖的不变的导航灯。

直到中世纪初期，地图北方朝上一直是人们所接受的布局。

当时起教会势力开始严重妨碍科学的进步。

依照教会的命令，地图仍然按托勒密的原则绘制，但是现在必须以耶路撒冷为中心，因为耶路撒冷被认为是基督教的信仰中心，于是东方被移到了上面。

这些地图常常被叫做“T”型地图，因为它们看上去只有欧，亚，非三大洲——它们被地中海和尼罗河所构成的“T”字形分开。

从航海的观点看，这些地图几乎毫无用处。

随着贸易的开展和对罗盘的日益依赖，14世纪开始出现更为精确的地图。

(完整版)Unit2ThePowerofWords新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译

Unit 2 The Power of WordsThe Power of a NoteOn my first job as sports editor for the Montpelier (Ohio) Leader Enterprise, I didn't get a lot of fan mail, so I was intrigued by a letter that was dropped on my desk one morning.When I opened it, I read: "A nice piece of writing on the Tigers. Keep up the good work." It was signed by Don Wolfe, the sports editor. Because I was a teenager (being paid the grand total of 15 cents a column inch), his words couldn't have been more inspiring. 11 kept the letter in my desk drawer until it got rag-eared. Whenever I doubted I had the right stuff to be a writer, I would reread Don's note and feel confident again.Later, when I got to know him, I learned that Don made a habit of writing a quick, encouraging word to people in all walks of life. "When I make others feel good about themselves," he told me, "I feel good too."Not surprisingly, he had a body of friends as big as nearby Lake Erie. When he died last year at 75, the paper was flooded with calls and letters from people who had been recipients of his spirit-lifting words.Over the years, I've tried to copy the example of Don and other friends who care enough to write uplifting comments, because I think they are on to something important. In a world too often cold and unresponsive, such notes bring warmth and reassurance. We all need a boost from time to time, and a few lines of praise have been known to turn around a day, even a life.Why, then, are there so few upbeat note writers? My guess is that many who shy away from the practice are too self-conscious. They're afraid they'll be misunderstood, sound sentimental or insincere. Also, writing takes time; it's far easier to pick up the phone.The drawback with phone calls, of course, is that they don't last. A note attaches more importance to our well-wishing. It is a matter of record, and our words can be read more than once, savored and treasured.Even though note writing may take longer, some pretty busy people do it, including George Bush. Some say he owes much of his success in politics to his ever-ready pen. How? Throughout his career he has followed up virtually every contact with a cordial response—a compliment, a line of praise or a nod of thanks. His notes go not only to friends and associates, but to casual acquaintances and total strangers—like the surprised person who got a warm pat on the back for lending Bush an umbrella.Even top corporate managers, who have mostly affected styles of leadership that can be characterized only as tough, cold and aloof, have begun to learn the lesson, and earn the benefits, of writing notes that lift people up. Former Ford chairman Donald Peterson, who is largely credited for turning the company round in the 1980s, made it a practice to write positive messages to associates every day. "I'd just scribble them on a memo pad or the corner of a letter and pass them along," he says. "The most important ten minutes of your day are those you spend doing something to boost the people who work for you."Too often," he observed, "people we genuinely like have no idea how we feel about them. Too often we think, I haven't said anything critical; why do I have to say something positive? We forget that human beings need positive reinforcement—in fact, we thrive on it!"What does it take to write letters that lift spirits and warm hearts? Only a willingness to express our appreciation. The most successful practitioners include what I call the four "S's" of note writing.1) They are sincere. No one wants false praise.2) They are usually short. If you can't say what you want to say in three sentences, you're probably straining3) They are specific. Complimenting a business colleague by telling him "good speech" is too vague; "great story about Warren Buffet's investment strategy" is precise.4) They are spontaneous. This gives them the freshness and enthusiasm that will linger in the reader's mind long afterward.It's difficult to be spontaneous when you have to hunt for letter-writing materials, so I keep paper, envelopes and stamps close at hand, even when I travel. Fancy stationery isn't necessary; it's the thought that counts.So, who around you deserves a note of thanks or approval? A neighbor, your librarian, a relative, your mayor, your mate, a teacher, your doctor? You don't need to be poetic. If you need a reason, look for a milestone, the anniversary of a special event you shared, or a birthday or holiday. For the last 25 years, for example, I've prepared an annual Christmas letter for long-distance friends, and I often add a handwritten word of thanks or congratulations. Acknowledging some success or good fortune that has happened during the year seems particularly appropriate considering the spirit of the Christmas season.Be generous with your praise. Superlatives like "greatest," "smartest," "prettiest" make us all feel good. Even if your praise is a little ahead of reality, remember that expectations are often the parents of dreams fulfilled.Today I got a warm, complimentary letter from my old boss and mentor, Norman Vincent Peale. His little note to me was full of uplifting phrases, and it sent me to my typewriter to compose a few overdue letters of my own. I don't know if they will make anybody else's day, but they made mine. As my friend Don Wolfe said, making others feel good about themselves makes me feel good too.便笺的力量1 我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。

专业英语王立琦版课文翻译

ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance with Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrical resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.译：电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。

电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。

电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。

TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltag e or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.译：在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。

电子信息与通信工程专业英语王立琦版课文翻译

ResistorA resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is ,in accordance wit h Ohm’s law :V=IR .The electrica l resistance R is equal to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.电阻器是一个二端口电子元件,电阻是阻止电流流动，通过按比例产生其端子之间的电压降的电流,也就是说,根据欧姆定律:V = IR。

电阻R等于电压降V除以通过电阻的电流I。

电阻作为电子网络和电子电路的一部分。

TransistorIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals . A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material , with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled current can be much larger than the controlling current, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.在电子技术中，晶体管是一种，常用来放大或进行开关控制电子信号的半导体器。

专业英语部分课文翻译(整理版)

UNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。

如果网络不包含能源，如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。

换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。

在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。

因为网络由无源电路元件组成，所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性.就电阻来说，电压-电流的关系由欧姆定律给出，欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。

在数学上表达为: u=iR (1-1A-1)式中 u=电压，伏特；i =电流，安培；R = 电阻，欧姆。

纯电感电压由法拉第定律定义，法拉第定律指出：电感两端的电压正比于流过电感的电流随时间的变化率。

因此可得到：U=Ldi/dt 式中 di/dt = 电流变化率，安培/秒； L = 感应系数，享利。

电容两端建立的电压正比于电容两极板上积累的电荷q 。

因为电荷的积累可表示为电荷增量dq的和或积分，因此得到的等式为 u= ，式中电容量C是与电压和电荷相关的比例常数。

由定义可知，电流等于电荷随时间的变化率，可表示为i = dq/dt。

因此电荷增量dq 等于电流乘以相应的时间增量，或dq = i dt，那么等式 (1-1A-3) 可写为式中 C = 电容量，法拉。

归纳式(1-1A-1)、(1-1A-2) 和 (1-1A-4)描述的三种无源电路元件如图1-1A-1所示。

注意，图中电流的参考方向为惯用的参考方向，因此流过每一个元件的电流与电压降的方向一致。

有源电气元件涉及将其它能量转换为电能，例如，电池中的电能来自其储存的化学能，发电机的电能是旋转电枢机械能转换的结果。

有源电气元件存在两种基本形式：电压源和电流源。

其理想状态为：电压源两端的电压恒定，与从电压源中流出的电流无关。

因为负载变化时电压基本恒定，所以上述电池和发电机被认为是电压源。

另一方面，电流源产生电流，电流的大小与电源连接的负载无关。

翻译原文

Development and Modelling of an Electropneumatic Brake System
P. Karthikeyan and Shankar C. Subramanian
from the storage reservoir to the brake chambers. The treadle valve has inlet ports, which when open, provide compressed air from the storage reservoirs to the brake chambers. It also has exhaust ports, which when open, discharge compressed air from the brake chambers to the atmosphere. When the brake is not applied, the exhaust ports in the treadle valve are open and the inlet ports are closed. When the brake pedal is displaced, the exhaust ports of the treadle valve are fITst closed and then the inlet ports are opened. Then, the compressed air travels through air hoses to the brake chambers mounted on the axles. These actions result in a time lag between the application of the brake pedal and the increase in pressure in the brake chambers. This time lag affects the speed of response of the air brake system and thus the stopping distance of the vehicle. Thus, one of the objectives of this research work is towards developing an electropneumatic brake in order to reduce this time lag. An electropneumatic brake will have electronically operated valves, which will respond faster than mechanically operated valves. This will ensure that the response time of the brake system will reduce leading to a reduction in the stopping distance of the vehicle. A well designed electropneumatic brake will also reduce the number of pneumatic lines present in the air brake system thereby reducing its complexity. Additionally, it will also reduce the amount of brake pedal force to be provided by the driver. In this research work, the treadle valve in the existing air brake system is replaced by an electropneumatic regulator. A voltage signal is provided as input to this electropneumatic regulator and it supplies compressed air to the brake chamber corresponding to this voltage input. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the pressure transients in the brake chamber and is presented in this article. This mathematical model will be used towards model-based control and fault diagnosis of the electropneumatic brake. The traditional pneumatic and hydraulic brake systems have been extensively studied and models for them have been developed by many authors. Khan et al. [4] developed models for hydraulic brake system components such as brake pedal, vacuum booster, master cylinder and proportioning valves using the bond graph technique. Gerdes et al. [5] developed a model for the hydraulic brake system considering the master cylinder seal friction, washer hysteresis, etc. Subramanian et al. [6] developed an experimentally corroborated model for the pneumke system is the primary system in an

专业英语翻译2 原文

The response of axially restrained non-composite steel–concrete–steel sandwich panels due to large impactloadingAlex M.Remennikov a ,⇑,Sih Ying Kong b ,Brian Uy caSchool of Civil,Mining and Environmental Engineering,University of Wollongong,Wollongong,NSW 2522,Australia bDepartment of Civil Engineering,Universiti Tenaga Nasional,43000Kajang,Selangor,Malaysia cSchool of Engineering,University of Western Sydney,Penrith,NSW 2750,Australiaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 4September 2011Revised 5November 2012Accepted 13November 2012Available online 4February 2013Keywords:Steel–concrete–steel construction Protective structures Impact loadMembrane mechanisma b s t r a c tIn conventional steel–concrete–steel (SCS)construction,the external steel plates are connected to the concrete inﬁll by welded shear stud connectors.This paper describes a programme of experimental and numerical investigations on reduced-scale non-composite SCS panels with axially restrained connec-tions.The experimental results have demonstrated that the non-composite SCS panels are capable of developing enhanced load-carrying capacity through the tensile membrane resistance of the steel face-plates.This type of construction was found to exhibit highly ductile response and be able to sustain large end rotations of up to 18°without collapse.High ﬁdelity ﬁnite element models for SCS panels under impact loading conditions were developed and the simulation results were validated against the exper-imental data.With the validated FE models,a full-scale barrier structure composed of the non-composite SCS panels and steel posts was subjected to a head-on collision by the Ford F800single unit truck.The simulation results showed that the non-composite SCS barrier construction is able to resist very large impact energy and effectively terminate the fast moving vehicle.The axially restrained non-composite SCS panels were found to provide an effective means for protecting assets against severe impact attacks.Ó2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionComposite steel–concrete–steel (SCS)or double skin composite structures consist of a concrete core connected to two steel face-plates using mechanical shear connectors.This form of construc-tion was originally conceived during the initial design stages for the Convy River submerged tube tunnel in the UK (Narayanan [1])and has received applications in building cores,gravity sea-walls,nuclear structures and defence structures.Shear resistance at the steel and concrete interfaces is of prime importance to achieve full composite action.Current techniques for achieving composite action include utilising mechanical shear connectors such as headed studs,friction-welded bars and J-hooks.Oduyemi and Wrigth [2],Wright et al.[3]and Shanmugam and Ku-mar [4]carried out experimental investigations on the response of conventional SCS structural members with headed shear studs subjected to static loading.Corus UK have developed the Bi-steel composite sandwich panels with transverse steel bars friction-welded to both steel faceplates simultaneously (Xie et al.[5]).Liew and Sohel [6]presented double J-hook connectors to interlock the steel faceplates and provide shear transfer mechanism between the steel plates and the concrete inﬁll.Sohel and Liew [7]showed that the SCS slab developed tensile membrane action after ﬂexural yielding under static loading condition.SCS panels are an effective means of protecting structures against extreme impact and blast loading due to their high strength and high ductility characteristics.Young and Coyle [8]showed that Bi-steel panels were able to withstand contact and close-range detonations of high explosives without breaching fail-ure.They also found that the required wall thickness to prevent breaching failure can be signiﬁcantly reduced when Bi-steel panels are utilised in place of conventional reinforced concrete protective walls.Hulton [9]showed that full-scale barrier made of 300mm thick Bi-steel panels can withstand explosions of 2tonnes of explo-sive at a range of 2m.Liew et al.[10]carried out low-velocity im-pact tests on the J-hook panels ﬁlled with lightweight concrete.The results showed that the panels resisted the impact loading by ﬂexural resistance with the maximum displacement of the pan-els being dependent on the degree of shear connection between the steel plates and the concrete inﬁll.Limited research has been conducted so far on the non-compos-ite SCS sandwich panels.Heng et al.[11]carried out an experimen-tal study on fully enclosed SCS panels under static and blast loads.Fully enclosed SCS panels in that study did not have any other means of connecting the steel faceplates and the concrete core.The model blast test results showed that this type of SCS panel0141-0296/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.014⇑Corresponding author.Tel.:+61242215574;fax:+61242213238.E-mail addresses:alexrem@.au (A.M.Remennikov),ksy965@uow.e-du.au (S.Y.Kong),b.uy@.au (B.Uy).can provide high level of protection and expedient construction. Lan et al.[12]carried out further experimental study on the fully enclosed SCS panels,and the results showed these panels were able to effectively resist very large explosive loads.Crawford and Lan[13]presented the design concept of non-composite SCS panels for resisting blast loading and provided experimental veriﬁcation for the full-scale blast wall.Remennikov et al.[14,15]further evaluated the concept of non-composite SCS panels and established that this form of construction provides high energy absorption capability and promising economic and techno-logical characteristics.In this concept,the mass of concrete core provides inertial resistance,which is beneﬁcial in resisting high-intensity impulsive loads.The imparted energy is dissipated by ax-ial stretching of the steel faceplates and crushing of the concrete core.When the protective SCS panels are damaged,no hazardous projectiles are generated since the concrete core is conﬁned by the steel faceplates.Additionally,the overall cost of construction is reduced by not providing shear connectors between the face-plates,thus simplifying their constructability and installation procedures.Based on a comprehensive literature review,it was found that no studies so far have addressed a detailed analytical and experi-mental investigation of the non-composite SCS sandwich panels with axially restrained connections.This study was initiated with an objective of providing an insight into the behaviour of non-com-posite SCS panels under extreme loading,and to formulate recom-mendations for design of axially restrained non-composite SCS sandwich panels as barrier structures for protection against high-speed vehicle impact and close-range detonation of high yield explosive devices.Preliminary results of axially restrained non-composite SCS panels subjected to impact loading was reported by Remennikov et al.[14,15].The results showed that the panels resisted the impact energy by theﬂexural strength at the begin-ning,followed by the tensile membrane action of the steel face-plates at large displacement.Theﬂexural strength of non-composite SCS panels was lower than that of the equivalent com-posite SCS panels due to the lower moment of inertia of the cross-section without shear connectors.Tensile membrane action of the steel faceplates at large displacement was the main energy dissipa-tion mechanism,where the peak tensile membrane action re-corded in the test was more than300kN compared to the theoreticalﬂexural strength of the equivalent composite section of108kN.This paper presents the results of experimental investigation of the response of scaled models of axially restrained non-composite SCS panels subjected to the impact of a600kg free-falling drop hammer released from a height of3m.The experimental data were used for calibrating theﬁnite element(FE)models of SCS panels using the non-linear transient dynamicﬁnite element pro-gram ing the validated FE models,a full-scale barrier structure composed of axially restrained non-composite SCS panels has been numerically investigated in order to determine its perfor-mance under high-speed vehicle impact.2.Experimental programmeLarge impact energy tests were performed on four axially re-strained non-composite SCS panels.The conﬁgurations of the tested panels are presented in Table1.The Control panel had the normal weight concrete core and mild steel faceplates.For other panels,one design parameter was varied to investigate the behav-iours of the non-composite SCS sandwich panels under impact loading.All the panels had the geometry and dimensions as shown in Fig.1a.The top and bottom steel faceplates were bent into the required shape to produceﬂared ends using3mm steel plate.The end plates of3mm thickness were then welded to theﬂared ends to produce partially enclosed steel shell.The thickness of the concrete core was80mm.Specially designed keyed connections were used to connect the ﬂared ends of the panel to the supporting structure in order to re-strain axial movement of the panel during impact testing.The key inserts were formed byﬁlling hollow trapezoid steel section with concrete,as shown in Fig.1b.Three clearance holes for the M16 high strength bolts were prepared in the key inserts to fasten them to the steel Universal Column(UC)supporting sections,as shown in Fig.2.The UC section used was310UC96.8,and the16mm mild steel gusset plates were welded to the UC section to minimise its deformation during the impact test.The UC sections were bolted to the I-beam at the bottomﬂanges using M25high strength bolts and at the webs by using angle bracings.The mass of the drop hammer was approximately600kg,and it was released from the height of3m to impact the panels at the mid-span.During the experiments,the1600kN capacity load cell and the high speed draw wire displacement gauge were used to record the load and displacement time histories of the panels.The National Instru-ments PXI high speed data acquisition system with sample rate of100,000samples/s was used to record the experimental data.Standard concrete cylindrical specimens were cast at the time of panel manufacturing and tested prior to the panel testing.The unconﬁned compressive strength of the concrete was tested in accordance with the Australian Standard AS1012.9[16].The In-stron universal testing machine was used to obtain the material properties of mild steel and stainless steel by utilising standard coupon tests in accordance with the Australian Standard AS1391 [17].3.Experimental results3.1.Material testingThe complete engineering stress–strain relationships for both mild steel and stainless steel faceplates are shown in Fig.3.The yield stress of mild steel was271MPa,whilst for stainless steel the yield stress was291MPa.The ultimate tensile strength of mild steel was333MPa,and it was573MPa for stainless steel.The Table1The parameters evaluated in the impact tests for non-composite SCS panels.No.Panel Parameters Yield stressof steelfaceplates(MPa)Concreteinﬁllcompressivestrength(MPa) 1Controlpanel(CP)Mid steel faceplates(3mm)Normal weight con-crete core271232Stainlesssteel panel(SP)Stainless steel face-plates(3mm)Normal weight con-crete core291373Lightweightconcretecore panel(LP)Mid steel faceplates(3mm)Lightweight concretecore(1400kg/m3)27110.54Reinforcedconcretecore panel(RP)Mid steel faceplates(3mm)Normal weight con-crete core reinforcedwith two layers of4@50mm wiremeshes.27123A.M.Remennikov et al./Engineering Structures49(2013)806–818807concrete compressive strength was different for different panels because the test specimens were prepared using different batches of concrete.For the Control and Reinforced concrete core panels, the concrete compressive strength was23MPa.For the Stainless steel panel,the concrete compressive strength was37MPa,while the concrete compressive strength for the lightweight concrete was10MPa.3.2.Impact testing of panelsThe impact load and displacement time histories for the panels are shown in Fig.4.Due to hard impact contact between the high strength steel hammer and the top steel faceplate of the panels,the load cell mounted on the drop hammer recorded high frequency noise during the test.The raw load time histories were digitally ﬁltered using a low-pass fourth-order Butterworthﬁlter in accordance with CFC1000[18].The cut-off frequencyCFC1000Butterworthﬁlter was1650Hz.From the loadries of the axially restrained SCS panels,three distincting mechanisms can be identiﬁed and is schematicallyin Fig.5.These load resisting mechanisms include thetance at the initial stage of response,theﬂexural resistance sandwich panel,followed by the tensile membraneSCS sandwich panels with concrete or granular materials,the pan-els receive a beneﬁt of increased inertial resistance.From the experimental load time histories,it was observed that the load increased almost instantaneously up to1000kN,which is more than ten times higher than the bending capacity of the panel, after the hammer came into contact with the panel.It is known that when the hammerﬁrst hits the specimen,a signiﬁcant force is observed because the mass of the specimen has to be accelerated to the speed of the hammer.This inertial force peak sets the spec-imen and the load cell to a very rapid vibration and,therefore,the impact load measured from the load cell within theﬁrst2–3ms does not represent the trueﬂexural load acting on the specimen, as shown in Fig.4.After theﬁrst peak inertia force,the load time histories of the panels showed high frequency oscillations for time duration of about5ms.Due to the impact momentum from the drop hammer, the specimen tries toﬂy off and the recorded force diminishes.At the same time,the panel starts to bend and the reaction forces startFig.1.Dimension and geometry of(a)non-composite SCS panel and(b)key insert.Fig.2.Experimental setup for SCS panels with keyed connections under impact loading. plete stress–strain relationship for mild steel and stainless steel.to appear at the supports.The bending of the panel consumes rap-idly the extra kinetic energy of the impacted panel and the ham-mer hits the panel a second time.The load cell records the process of hitting and getting loose several times until the impact load is summed onto the actual bending load.This phenomenon has also been observed by Remennikov et al.[19].Therefore,the force recorded in the load cell at this stage represented ation of the inertia force andﬂexural resistance of the panels.3.2.2.Flexural resistanceTheﬂexural capacity of the panels can be achieved magnitude short duration oscillations caused by the inertialhave subsided as shown in Fig.5.The ultimateﬂexural capacities the panels are presented in Table2.It shows that the lightweight concrete core slightly reduced the ultimateﬂexural capacity the panel,due to its low concrete compressive strength.less steel panel showed higher ultimateﬂexural(135kN)than the Control panel(120kN)due to non-linear hardening effects of the stainless steel.The higher strength concrete core of the Stainless steel panelðf0c¼37MPaÞto the Control panelðf0c¼23MPaÞmight also contributed higher ultimateﬂexural capacity.The reinforced concreteniﬁcantly increased the ultimateﬂexural resistance(205non-composite SCS panel compared to the Control panel.Theﬂexural strength of all tested panels dropped signiﬁcantly after the panels reached their ultimateﬂexural capacities.After the tests,it was observed that the concrete core of the Control panel,Lightweight concrete core panel and Stainless steel panel fractured,and large fragments of concrete fell out from the panel. The damage of the concrete core of these panels is exempliﬁed by the experimental observation of the Control panel,shown inFig.4.Load and displacement time histories for:(a)Control panel,(b)Lightweight panel,(c)Reinforced panel,and(d)Stainless steel panel.5.Schematic of three load resisting mechanisms for axially restrained SCSpanels under impact loading conditions.Fig.6a.On the other hand,the concrete core of the Reinforced con-crete core panel crushed at the top and cracked at the bottom of the impact zone,as shown in Fig.6b.Different damage modes of the concrete core indicate that theﬂexural behaviour of the panels can be controlled by providing steel reinforcement to the concrete core.Fig.6c illustrates the failure mode of the lightweight concrete core panel.It can be observed that the lightweight concrete core failed in a more uniform and ductile manner compared to a brittle failure mode of the normal concrete core.3.2.3.Tensile membrane resistanceFrom the load and displacement time histories of the sandwich panels shown in Fig.4,the tensile membrane resistance of the steel faceplates became dominant after the mid-span displacement of the panel exceeded80mm(the thickness of the panel).The peak tensile membrane resistance for each panel is shown in Table2. It can be noticed that for the mild steel panels with different types of the concrete core,the peak tensile membrane resistance is pro-portional to the maximum mid-span displacement of the panel.For the Control panel,Lightweight Core panel and Reinforced Core panel,the yield stress of the mild steel faceplates,the cross sectional area and the span of the panel are the same.Therefore, the tensile membrane resistance increased as the displacement in-creased.For the Stainless steel panel,it demonstrated higher peak tensile membrane resistance than the Control panel at a lower mid-span displacement.This is because the stress in the stainless steel plate increased signiﬁcantly after material yielding which could be attributed to strain hardening effects.With a higher stress,the stainless steel faceplates can achieve higher tensile membrane resistance at lower displacement compared to the mild steel faceplate.It should be noted that the peak tensile membrane resistance obtained in these tests did not represent the tensile membrane capacity of the panels.The tensile membrane resistance could be further increased with further increase in the mid-span displacements until the steel faceplates exhibit fracture failure or axial restraint connection on the panel failed.For all the non-com-posite SCS panels with plain concrete core investigated in this study,the tensile membrane action of the steel faceplate dissipated at least85%of input kinetic energy.of the concrete core of the Control panel after the impact test:(a)Control panel,(b)Reinforced panel,(c)Lightweight concretecharacteristics of the panelsdeformations of the panels were governed bydelivered by a free falling drop hammer.Sincedrop hammer was kept constant at3m inthe performance of the panels could bevariation in the contribution of the resistanceearlier to the overall panel resistance.Fromdisplacements shown in Table2,it ispanels underwent very large deformation;deﬂections were more than twice the pa-reduction in the loading carrying capacity.the panels exceeded16°,as shown in Ta-non-composite SCS panels can exhibit stablesevere impulsive loading.Furthermore,for the sandwich panels with the light-steel mesh reinforced concrete core dem-deformation characteristics of these types ofvary within10%of the panels with the nor-core.As such,this study has concluded that variety of other inﬁll materials such as sand,foams,mortar and granular materials can be effectively utilised for the non-com-posite sandwich panels.According to the experimental data,the panel with the steel mesh reinforced concrete core demonstrated reduction of the max-imum displacement by8%compared to the panel with the unrein-forced concrete core.In addition,the use of stainless steel faceplates in place of the mild steel faceplates of the same thick-ness reduced the maximum displacement by9%.4.Validation of FE modelsThe explicit dynamics non-linearﬁnite element code LS-DYNA (Hallquist[20])was used to numerically simulate the instru-mented drop hammer tests for non-composite SCS panels.In theﬁ-nite element models developed for this study,only a quarter of the experimental setup was considered due to the symmetry of the specimen,loading and support conditions,to save the computa-tional time.The axial restraints,including the keyed inserts,bolted connections,steel UC section and steel I-beam were modelled in detail,as shown in Fig.7.From the convergence study,a mesh size of10mm was found to be appropriate for the concrete core and the steel faceplates. Fully integrated selectively reduced(S/R)solid element formula-tion was used to the steel UC section,I-beam,and the bolts,while the concrete core of the panel was modelled using constant stress solid elements.The steel faceplates were modelled using Bely-tschko–Tsay shell elements.The Hughes-Liu with cross section integration beam elements were used to model the steel reinforc-ing elements.model of the experimental setup for axially restrained SCS sandwich panels using an instrumented impactFig.8.Stress–strain relationships numerically generated for concrete inﬁll.comparison between experimental and predicted results for the Control panel:(a)load time histories and(b)displacement time comparison between experimental and predicted results for the Lightweight panel(a)load time histories and(b)displacement time comparison between experimental and predicted results for the Reinforced panel(a)load time histories and(b)displacement time comparison between experimental and predicted results for the Stainless steel panel(a)load time histories and(b)displacementThe complete stress–strain relationships for both mild steel and stainless steel faceplates were modelled using the LS-DYNA Piece-wise Linear Plasticity material model(ÃMAT_PIECEWISE_LIN-EAR_PLASTICITY).The non-linear behaviour after yielding was considered by deﬁning plastic stress–strain relationships for both steels according to the tensile coupon test results.The strain rate effects of the mild steel and stainless steel was considered in the model by specifying the Cowper–Symonds coefﬁcients.The Cow-per–Symonds coefﬁcients for mild steel are40.4(D)and5(q), while for the stainless steel,they are100(D)and10(q)(Jones [21]).The impactor was assumed absolutely rigid since there was no deformation observed on the drop hammer during the tests. The steel UC section,I-beam,bolts and wire meshes were assumed to behave as elastic perfectly plastic material and modelled using the LS-DYNA Plastic Kinematic material model(ÃMAT_PLAS-TIC_KINEMATIC).The yield stress for the UC section and I-beam was assumed of300MPa,while the yield stress for the bolts was assumed of600MPa.The yield stress of the wire mesh was as-sumed of450MPa.The Continuous Surface Cap Model159in LS-DYNA(Ã-MAT_CSCM_CONCRETE)was applied to the concrete inﬁll of the panels.This material model was developed to predict the dynamic performance of concrete structures experiencing collision by vehi-cles.It can generate default parameters for normal strength con-crete by only requiring basic material properties like unconﬁned compressive strength,density,and aggregate size.According to the FHWA report[22],the model is applicable for concrete grade between20MPa and58MPa with the aggregate size between 8mm and32mm.In this study,it was found that the hourglass en-ergy in the concrete core exceeded50%of its peak internal energy when the strain rate effect was considered.The hourglass control formulations,Flanagan-Belytschko viscous form with exact volumeFig.13.Damage contour plot for the concrete core of the FE model for the Control panel(in the fringe bar:0.0–no damage;1.0–severe damage). Fig.14.Damage contour plot for the concrete core for the FE model of the Reinforced panel(in the fringe bar:0.0–no damage;1.0–severe damage).integration for solid elements(type3)and Flanagan-Belytschko stiffness form with exact volume integration for solid elements (type5)were not effective to control the hourglass energy due to highly localised impact condition and large panel deformation. The hourglass energy in the concrete core can be reduced to about 15%of the peak internal energy when the strain rate effects are ig-nored.Therefore,the strain rate effect of concrete was ignored in this study to minimise the hourglass energy in the concrete core.The density of the lightweight concrete was1400kg/m3and no aggregates were used in the mix.Single element simulation(FHWA [23])was carried out to evaluate the ability of the concrete model CSCM(ÃMAT_159)to generate parameters for the lightweight con-crete.It was found that by using the density of1400kg/m3,con-crete compressive strength of16MPa and ignoring aggregate size,the concrete model can generate a stress–strain curve with the compressive strength of10.8MPa and tensile strength of 0.9MPa,as shown in Fig.8.It was assumed that this stress–strain relationship was appropriate for the lightweight concrete used in this study.The stress–strain relationships for different grades of concrete used in this study were generated by using the single ele-ment simulations and the results are shown in Fig.8.The stress–strain relationships included the compressive strength,tensile strength,softening curves after the concrete reached its maximum strengths.In this study,the Automatic-Surface-to-Surface contact algorithm in LS-DYNA was used to model the contact interaction between the steel components such as the impactor-to-steel face-plates,steel faceplates-to-keyed connections,and bolts-to-support components.This contact algorithm was also used for the steel-to-concrete contact interfaces.This contact algorithm only consid-ers the friction interaction between the steel and concrete surfaces, while the chemical bond at the steel–concrete interface was ig-nored in the model.This was a realistic assumption because the chemical bonding failed during the panel handling and experimen-tal set up before the tests commenced.For the Reinforced Core panel,the nodes of the beam elements were merged with the nodes of the concrete core assuming full bond between the steel mesh and the surrounding concrete.Numerically predicted contact forces and mid-span displace-ments were compared to the experimental results of the panels as presented in Figs.9–12.From the comparison between the pre-dicted and experimental load time histories,one can notice that the numerical models were able to predict the initialﬂexural re-sponse of the panels followed by the tensile membrane resistanceFig.15.FE model of the full scale barrier subjected to vehicle impact by the Ford single unit truck.16.The simulation results(a)time histories of impact load and mid-height displacement for the barrier,(b)crashing deformation of the impactingA.M.Remennikov et al./Engineering Structures49(2013)806–818815Fig.18.The simulation results(a)time history of the panel reaction force acting onthe post,(b)time history of plastic rotation of the postﬂange.et al.[27]have proposed a direct method to analyse the interaction between the vehicle-structure interaction which is very efﬁcient for large structural systems and the accuracy is comparable to the numerical simulation results.On the other hand,the protective barriers protect targeted structures from attacks in the form of vehicle impact and also blast pressure due to detonation of high explosives.It is necessary to have a perimeter wall to reﬂect and dissipate impulsive energy from blast pressure.In this paper,only vehicle impact scenario on the protective barrier will be discussed.It should be noted that barriers made of composite SCS panels have high stiffness,which would signiﬁcantly increase the danger to vehicle passengers upon collision.However,the barriers consisting of non-composite SCS panels have relatively lower initialﬂexural stiffness and undergo large plastic deformation to dissipate impact energy before the stiffness increased signiﬁcantly due to tensile membrane action. The barriers with non-composite SCS panels provide better passen-ger protection than the barrier with conventional composite SCS panels in the event of accidental vehicle collision,and still effective in containing vehicles in terrorist attack circumstances.The height and width of the barrier structure was selected to be 3.5m.The overall thickness of the panel was200mm,the thick-ness of the steel faceplates and the concrete core was10mm and 180mm,respectively.The panel was connected at theﬂared ends to the steel posts through the keyed connections shown in Fig.1. The steel plates used to form the keyed connections and the steel post cross-section section had a thickness of10mm.The total depth of the steel post was500mm.Three segments of the barrier panels were modelled in this study.The Ford single unit truck (F800)model obtained from the National Crash Analysis Center was chosen as the test vehicle.The original mass of the F800model is8142kg according to the National Transportation Research Cen-ter[28].The mass of the model truck was reduced to6800kg by reducing the density of the ballast to meet K12rating barrier test-ing requirement[29].The truck was positioned at right angle to the middle span of the barrier and assigned an initial velocity of 80km/h as shown in Fig.15.The concrete inﬁll of the sandwich panels was modelled using constant stress solid elements,and the steel faceplates and the steel posts were modelled using Belytschko–Tsay shell elements in LS-DYNA.The base of the steel post was assumedﬁxed against translation and rotation.The material properties from the tensile coupon tests(see Fig.3)for the mild steel were applied to the steel faceplates using the LS-DYNA Piecewise Linear Plasticity material model that also included the strain rate effects.The strain rate ef-fect of the concrete was included in the LS-DYNA CSCM_Concrete (Material159)model,and the Hourglass control algorithm(Flana-gan–Belytschko stiffness form with exact volume integration)was used to control the hourglass energy in the concrete elements.The time histories of the impact load and the mid-height dis-placement for the middle barrier segment are shown in Fig.16a. It demonstrates that the barrier sustained the maximum impact load of2200kN with the maximum displacement of440mm. The truck velocity diminished from80km/h to zero velocity in 0.14s indicating that the vehicle was fully stopped by the barrier structure as shown in Fig.17.It was observed that the cabin of the truck underwent severe plastic deformations as shown in Fig.16b.A large proportion of the initial energy of impact,about 76%,was dissipated through the deformation of the truck while the barrier structure absorbed only24%of the impact energy deliv-ered by the truck.The peak reaction force on one of the supporting posts con-nected to the middle barrier panel was about half of the maximum impact load as shown in Fig.18a.The reaction force concentrated on one side of the rearﬂange of the post,causing plastic rotation of theﬂange as shown in Fig.17b.The maximum angle ofrotation Fig.19.(a)Contour plot of plastic strain for the front faceplate of the panel,(b)deformations of the front and rear steel faceplates(view from the top).。

大学英语精读1第三版课文英汉对照

UNIT 1As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier.课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。

Some Strategies for Learning EnglishLearning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort.学习英语绝非易事。

它需要刻苦和长期努力。

Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them.虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。

以下便是其中的几种。

1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary.1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。

专业英语阅读课文翻译

专业英语阅读课文翻译Unit1 chemistry and chemists一、英译汉：化学是什么呢？给化学下个定义，就是对物质及其性质的研究。

给物质下个定义，就是所有有重量、占据一定空间体积的东西。

这些定义是能让人接受的，但是并没有解释一个人为什么要懂化学。

这个问题的答案是，我们生活的世界是化学的世界。

你自己的身体就是一个复杂的化学工厂：用化学过程使你所吃的食物和呼吸的空气变化到骨骼、肌肉、血液和组织，甚至你每天所用的能量。

如果疾病阻止这些过程的某个部分发挥正常功能，医生就会开一些化学类的药物，这些药物要么是从自然界中分离的，要么是化学家从化学实验室合成的。

如果没有化学，我们的生活将无法想象，因为化学就在我们身边发挥作用。

想想如果没有化学生活将会变成什么样子——我们家里将没有塑料、电、用来保护的涂料。

将没有合成纤维使我们有衣穿，没有化肥使我们有足够的食物吃。

因为汽车、轮船和飞机没有金属、橡胶和燃料，我们也不能旅行。

没有电话、收音机、电视和计算机，我们的生活将发生很大变化，所有这些产品都靠化学来生产其中的部件。

因为没有药物治疗疾病，人的寿命也将会变短。

化学处在科学研究的前沿，我们喜欢这个迅速发展的技术，你可以为此做出自己的贡献。

看看最近的几个科技研究：计算机图形学能使我们预知小分子能否与大分子结合或反应，这个足以给治疗疾病的药物带来场新的革命；化学家也正在研究运用化学试剂来获得太阳能并使海水淡化的方法；因为金属易腐蚀，化学家也正在研究使用新型的陶瓷材料代替金属的可能性。

在生物技术帮助下，我们发展了食品的新来源、产生燃料的新方法、以及新的丝绸补救方法。

因为计算机帮助我们预知和解释从试管得到的结果，结果的速度、准确性、质量得到迅速提高，所有这些给产品发展带来益处。

化学家应该给我们提供新材料伴随我们进入新世纪。

从事这项学科，你能为社会做出积极的贡献。

这儿有一些选择化学作为职业的好理由。

首先，如果你对化学有兴趣，你可以有机会给新技术的发展做出贡献。

新视野大学英语[第三版]第一册课文翻译

新视野大学英语（第三版）第一册课文翻译第一单元奔向更加光明的未来1 下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。

你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。

在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。

2 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。

妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。

” “等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。

” 在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。

至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。

3 让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。

你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。

你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。

4 对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。

在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。

你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。

你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。

我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。

5 有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。

你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。

如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。

选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。

这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。

一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。

随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。

高级英语1第三版课文翻译及单词

高级英语（第三版）第一册课文译文和词汇张汉熙版Lesson 1 Face to Face with Hurricane Camille迎战卡米尔号飓风约瑟夫.布兰克小约翰。

柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。

就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。

柯夏克一家居住的地方一-密西西比州的高尔夫港--肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。

路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。

但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一-妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。

为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。

两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。

他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理?希尔的意见。

约翰的全部产业就在自己家里(他开办的玛格纳制造公司是设计、研制各种教育玩具和教育用品的。

公司的一切往来函件、设计图纸和工艺模具全都放在一楼)。

37岁的他对飓风的威力是深有体会的。

四年前，他原先拥有的位于高尔夫港以西几英里外的那个家就曾毁于贝翠号飓风(那场风灾前夕柯夏克已将全家搬到一家汽车旅馆过夜)。

不过，当时那幢房子所处的地势偏低，高出海平面仅几英尺。

"我们现在住的这幢房子高了23英尺，，'他对父亲说，"而且距离海边足有250码远。

这幢房子是1915年建造的。

至今还从未受到过飓风的袭击。

我们呆在这儿恐怕是再安全不过了。

"老柯夏克67岁.是个语粗心慈的熟练机械师。

他对儿子的意见表示赞同。

"我们是可以严加防卫。

度过难关的，"他说?"一但发现危险信号，我们还可以赶在天黑之前撤出去。

" 为了对付这场飓风，几个男子汉有条不紊地做起准备工作来。

专业英语15到27翻译

15课索尼机器狗爱宝，是这个星球上最出色的产品之一。

通过探索思想在人类社会行为的索尼公司的设计师开始发展的电子宠物的想法。

在Tamagochi时尚，'虚'宠物的按钮组成，一个简单的液晶显示屏，传达一种集的行为，已建立了交互式电子玩具的基础。

只需按下宠物如喂养或播放按钮的“需要”，都不会感到满意。

设计师们着迷的情感反馈，这个小玩具的可能，以及互动搜索与Tamagochi开始，导致了爱宝，只有爱波动作，蹲在散步，转了头，看到和听到你们的声音。

自从随身听革命，索尼实现了社会影响的技术可以有。

最近，移动电话和调制解调器，改变了我们的通讯方式，作为随身听改变了我们听音乐。

作为世界上最具创新精神的公司之一，索尼公司正在关注创未来，而不是等待它。

因此，在90年代中期，索尼开始发明一种娱乐，不同的传统屏幕，通过游戏提供的游戏的静态性质的新类型，如在PS3游戏机。

他们期待以发挥到一个新的层面在科技可能引发真正的情绪反应。

对于爱宝起点设计工作室，设计工程师开始探索周围好玩，友好和放松情绪的主题思想是，他们的思想成为集中到一个小机器人的动物，将动物的行为相结合机器人的外观概念，建立了一系列的原型有助于研究团队的运动和评估他们的成功，在零售兽性行为和运动。

艾博形状开始出现上升机械四肢和连接，开始要发展，如果艾博将能够看到和听到的，其反应的性质，将通过其软件生成的心理特点。

爱玩的天性是非常重要的，所以艾博编程，以应对明亮的粉红色，颜色视为不合时宜的，这将是在家庭环境中非常少见。

艾博最喜欢的玩具，将是一个粉红色的球，很容易确定其红外传感器提供的能力，以确定对象，并作出相应的反应。

设计师Hagime苏拉亚马和团队，由香娱乐机器人武田领导索尼公司，创建了一个复杂的设计，表现四肢运动和通信技术的先进性。

一个单一有色遮阳创建艾博的抽象的脸，它巧妙地让一个机器人和一个可爱的大眼睛外观。

后面这些传感器设备，听觉，触觉，并通过红外线 - 红色的发射器和探测器和camerao VHE折叠桌。