宏观经济学关键词中英文对照

西方经济学中英文对照表

词汇表(备查)微观经济学词汇宏观经济学词汇微观经济学(Microeconomic)需求（D）Demand供给（S）Supply价格（P）Price产量（Q）Quantity均衡（E）Equilibrium弹性（E）Elastic ity平均A verage边际Marginal成本Cost收益Revenue总Total效用Utility边际效用（MU）长期平均成本(LAC)短期平均成本(SAC)总成本（TC）固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)平均固定成本（AFC）可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）平均可变成本（A VC）平均成本（AC）边际成本（MC）平均收益（AR）边际收益（MR）边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue劳动（L）Labor force收入（I）Income宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民生产总值Gross National Product国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product总需求（AD）Aggregate demand总供给（AS）Aggregate supply消费（C）Consumption投资（I）Investment政府支出（G）Government expenditure出口Exports净出口（Nx）Net Export货币Money边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save边际进口倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import汇率Exchange rate预期Expectation。

曼昆宏观经济知识点总结中英文注释

宏观经济复习一、Measuring of a Nation’s Income and the Cost of Living1.The Economy’s Income and Expenditure 经济的收入与支出国家总收入=总支出=GDP无论是国家企业还是家庭，交易总有买入和卖出，因此对于一个整体而言，总收入必定等于总支出。

具体参考循环流向表2.The Measurement and Components of GDP GDP的度量与构成GDP=Y=C+I+GS+NX什么不算GDP：二手货；在别国生产的物品；household；illegal3.Real vs. Nominal GDP 实际GDP和名义GDP名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品与劳务的生产(通常以某年做基年，然后以那年的价格计算)。

区别：前者是以现期价格计算，后者是以不变价格计算。

4.CPI and Inflation CPI与通货膨胀消费物价指数英文缩写为CPI，是根据与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。

从2011年1月起，我国CPI开始计算以2010年为对比基期的价格指数序列。

CPI=（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价值）×100%.若1995年某国普通家庭每个月购买一组商品的费用为800元，而2000年购买这一组商品的费用为1000元，那么该国2000年的消费价格指数为（以1995年为基期）CPI= 1000/800×100%=125%，也就是说上涨了（125-100）%=25%。

通货膨胀（Inflation）是指物价水平（price level）整体上涨的情况计算：（第二年CPI／第一年CPI）*100%真实利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率如果inflation，谁比较开心：a）borrower b）bargaining powerpart-time worker c）Asset二、The Real Economy in the Long-run 长期中的真实经济1.Unemployment 失业a）摩擦性失业：上家辞了还没找着下家b）结构性失业：老行业消失c）季节性失业：春天有工作秋天没有d）技术性失业：新技术带来生产效率的提高，劳动力过剩e）周期性失业：国家经济周期性萎缩导致定义：able and willing to work, but cannot find a jobLabor Participant Rate: (Labor Force/Adults) *100%Unemployment Rate: (unemployment/LF) *100%三、Money and Prices in the Long-run 期中的货币与物价 1. The Monetary System 货币系统定义：人们用于购买物品的资本分类：（1）货币本身价值：a ）legal tender 如人民币，本身没有价值。

曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)

宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。

Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing.消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。

Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing.投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。

Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。

宏观经济学英文名词

宏观经济学英文名词宏观经济学（Macroeconomics）是经济学的一个分支，研究整个经济系统的总体行为和发展趋势。

它关注的是国家和地区整体经济，而不是个体经济主体的行为。

下面是一些与宏观经济学相关的英文名词和参考内容：1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period of time. It is widely used as a measure of economic growth and is a key indicator of a country's overall economic performance.2. Inflation: Inflation refers to the increase in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time. It is usually measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the Producer Price Index (PPI). High inflation can erode purchasing power and lead to economic instability.3. Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed and actively seeking employment. It is an important indicator of the health of an economy and can have significant social and political implications.4. Fiscal policy: Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the overall economy. It can be expansionary (increasing government spending or reducing taxes) or contractionary (reducing government spending or increasing taxes) depending on the state of the economy.5. Monetary policy: Monetary policy involves the control and regulation of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve in the United States. It is used to stabilize the economy, control inflation, and promote economic growth.6. Exchange rate: The exchange rate is the value of one currency in terms of another currency. Changes in exchange rates can have a significant impact on international trade, investment, and economic competitiveness.7. Balance of trade: The balance of trade is the difference betweena country's exports and imports of goods and services. A positive balance of trade (exporting more than importing) is known as a trade surplus, while a negative balance of trade is known as a trade deficit. This indicator is important for measuring a country's international trade competitiveness.8. Economic growth: Economic growth refers to an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services in an economy over time. It is usually measured by the annual percentage change in real GDP. Sustainable economic growth is a key goal for most countries.9. Aggregate demand: Aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in an economy at a given price level and period of time. It is affected by factors such as consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports.10. Business cycle: The business cycle refers to the fluctuations ineconomic activity over time. It consists of four phases: expansion (growth), peak (highest point), contraction (slowdown), and trough (lowest point). Understanding the business cycle is important for predicting and managing economic fluctuations.These are just a few examples of the many concepts and terms used in the field of macroeconomics. They provide insights into the overall performance, trends, and policies that shape an economy.。

宏观经济学关键词中英文对照

Productivity（生产率） physical capital（物质资本） human capital（人力资本） natural resources（自然资源） technological knowledge（技术知识） diminishing returns（收益递减） catch-up effect（追赶效应） Efficiency of labor（劳动效率） Labor-augmenting technological progress（劳动扩大型技术进步） neoclassical model of economic growth(新古典经济增长模型) Endogenous growth theory（内生增长理论） Solow growth model （索洛增长模型） Steady state（稳定状态） Golden Rule level of capital（资本的黄金规则水平）
IS–LM model（IS—LM模型） IS curve（IS曲线） LM curve（LM曲线） Theory of liquidity preference（流动性偏好理论） Recession（衰退） Depression（萧条） model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply aggregate-demand curve（总需求曲线） aggregate-supply curve （总供给曲线） Stagflation（滞胀） Aggregate demand （总需求曲线） Aggregate supply（总供给曲线） Demand shocks（需求冲击） Supply shocks （供给冲击） Phillips curve（菲利普斯曲线）
Key concepts（关键概念） Macroeconomics（宏观经济学） Real GDP（实际GDP） Inflation rate（通货膨胀率） Unemployment rate（失业率） Recession（衰退） Depression（萧条） Deflation（通货紧缩） Models （模型） Endogenous variables（内生变量） Exogenous variables（外生变量） Market clearing（市场出清） Flexible and sticky prices（有伸缩性的和粘性的价格） Microeconomics（微观经济学）

宏观经济学所有的专业词汇英文缩写及其翻译

宏观经济学所有的专业词汇英文缩写及其翻译accounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车，免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线，isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数，land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清，市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和，满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿VValue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润回答：2010-02-16 22:16。

西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)

1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会，商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。

（中级宏观经济学）中英对照术语表

（中级宏观经济学）中英对照术语表序号英文名称中文名称1Aggregate总量2Aggregate demand curve总需求曲线3Aggregate supply curve总供给曲线4Appreciation升值5Arbitrage套利6Balance sheet资产负债表7Balanced budget平衡预算8Balanced trade平衡贸易9Bond债券10Budget constaint预算限制11Budget deficit预算赤字12Budget surplus预算盈余13Business Cycle经济周期14Business fixed investment企业固定投资15Capital资本16Central Bank中央银行17Classical dichotomy古典二分法18Classical model古典模型19Closed Economy封闭经济20Cobb-Douglas production function科布-道格拉斯生产函数21Competition竞争22Costant return to scale规模收益不变23Consumer price index消费价格指数24Consumption消费25Comsumption function消费函数26Contractionary policy紧缩政策27Deflation通货紧缩28Demand deposits活期存款29Demand-shocks需求冲击30Depreciation折旧，贬值31Depression萧条32Diminishing marginal product边际产品递减33Discount rate贴现率34Discounting贴现35Elasticity弹性36Endogenous variable内生变量37Equlibrium均衡38Excess reserves超额准备金39Exogenous variable外生变量40Expansinary policy扩张性政策41Exports出口42Factor of production生产要素43Factor price要素价格44Factor share要素份额45Federal Reserve美联储46Fiat money法定货币47Financial intermediation金融中介48Fiscal policy财政政策49Fixed exchange rate固定汇率50Flexible prices伸缩性价格51Floating exchange rate浮动汇率52Flow流量53GDP国内生产总值54GDP deflator GDP平减指数55General equilibrium一般均衡56Government purchases政府购买57GNP国民生产总值58Hyperinflation超速通货膨胀59Imports进口60Inffierence curve无差异曲线61Inflation通货膨胀62Interest rate利率63Inventory investment存货投资64Investment投资65Labor force劳动力66Labor-force participation rate劳动参与率67Large open economy大型开放经济68Liquidity流动性69Liquidity constraint流动性限制70Loanable funds可贷资金71Marginal product of capital资本边际产量72Marginal product of labor,MPL劳动的边际产量73Marginal propencity to consume,MPC边际消费倾向74Marginal rate of substitution,MRS边际替代率75Market-clearing model市场出清模型76Medium of exchange交换媒介77Menu cost菜单成本78Model模型79Monetary base基础货币80Monetary neutrality货币中性81Monetary policy货币政策82Money货币83Money demand function货币需求函数84National income accounting国民收入核算85National income accounts identity国民收入核算恒等式86National saving国民储蓄87Natural rate of unemployment自然失业率88Net capital outflow资本净流出89Net exports净出口90Net foreign investment国外净投资91Net investment净投资92Nominal名义的93Nominal exchange rate名义汇率94Nominal interest rate名义利率95Open economy开放经济96Open-market operations公开市场业务97Phillips curve菲利普斯曲线98Present value现值99Private saving私人储蓄100Production function生产函数101Profit利润102Public saving公共储蓄103Quota配额104Real实际的105Real exchange rate实际汇率106Real interest rate实际利率107Real money balances实际货币余额108Recession衰退109Rental price of capital资本的租赁价格110Reserve requirements法定准备金率111Reserves准备金112Residental investment居住投资113Saving储蓄114Seigniorage金（银）币铸造税115Shock冲击116Shoe-leather cost鞋底成本117Small open economy小型开放经济118Stabilization policy稳定政策119Stagflation滞胀120Steady state稳定状态121Sticky prices黏性价格122Stock存量，股票123Stock market股票市场124Supply shocks供给冲击125Tariff关税126Trade balance贸易余额127Transfer payments转移支付128Underground economy地下经济129Unemployment insurance失业保障130Unemployment rate失业率131Unit of account计价单位132Value added增加值133Velocity of money货币流通速度134Wage工资135Wage rigidity工资刚性。

英语中宏观经济常用词汇以及实际应用

英语中宏观经济常用词汇以及实际应用1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (国内生产总值)Sentence:The country's Gross Domestic Product grew by 3% this year, indicating economic expansion.中文翻译:该国今年的国内生产总值增长了3%，显示出经济的扩张。

2. Inflation (通货膨胀)Sentence:High inflation rates can erode consumers' purchasing power over time.中文翻译:高通货膨胀率会随着时间的推移侵蚀消费者的购买力。

3. Unemployment Rate (失业率)Sentence:The unemployment rate decreased to 5% last month, signaling a recovering labor market.中文翻译:上个月失业率下降至5%，表明劳动力市场正在恢复。

4. Fiscal Policy (财政政策)Sentence:The government implemented expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate economic growth.中文翻译:政府实施了扩张性的财政政策以刺激经济增长。

5. Monetary Policy (货币政策)Sentence:The central bank adjusted its monetary policy by lowering interest rates to encourage borrowing.中文翻译:中央银行通过降低利率调整了货币政策，以鼓励借贷。

6. Balance of Trade (贸易平衡)Sentence:A positive balance of trade occurs when a country's exports exceed its imports.中文翻译:当一个国家的出口超过进口时，就会出现贸易平衡顺差。

宏观经济学专业术语英语词汇及其翻译考博

宏观经济学所有的专业词汇的英文缩写及其翻译2019-03-21 豆丁网密码了Aaccounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation配置[ælə'keɪʃn]allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency配置效率[,ælə'ketɪv]antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法[ænti'trʌst]arc elasticity弧弹性[iːlæ'stɪsəti]Arrow's impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理['θiːərəm]Assumption 假设asymmetric information非对称性信息[eɪsɪ'metrɪk]average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法['praɪsɪŋ]average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断[baɪ'lætərəl]benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点[blɪs]boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量[stɑːk]capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论['kɑːrdɪnl] [juː'tɪləti]cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化[sə'plaɪd]change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资['bɑːrɡənɪŋ]collusion 合谋[kə'luːʒn]command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品['kɑːmplɪment]complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性[kəm'pliːtnəs]condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹['kɒnkev]concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业['ɪndəstri]constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束Constraint condition 约束条件consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡[ˌiːkwɪ'lɪbriəm]consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余['sɜːrpləs]consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性[ˌkɒntɪ'njuːəti]continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸['kɒnveks]convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilibrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业increasing cost industry 成本递增产业diseconomies of scale 规模不经济decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增deduction 演绎法[dɪ'dʌkʃn]demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性[ˌiːlæ'stɪsəti]demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧[dɪˌpriːʃi'eɪʃn] appreciation增值[əˌpriːʃi'eɪʃn]derivative 导数[dɪ'rɪvətɪv]derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程[ɪ'kweɪʒn]differential equation 微分方程[ˌdɪfə'renʃl] integral equation积分['ɪntɪɡrəl] differentiated good 差异商品[dɪfə'renʃɪeɪtɪd]differentiated oligopoly 差异寡头[ˌɒlə'gɒpəlɪ]diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济[ˌdɪsɪ'kɒnəmɪ]disequilibrium 非均衡[ˌdɪsˌiːkwɪ'lɪbriəm]distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duopoly 双头垄断、双寡[duː'ɑːpəli]duality 对偶[duː'æləti]durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析[daɪ'næmɪk]dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线['kɑːntrækt] economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图[ˈɛdʒˌwɚθ] exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率参数[pə'ræmɪtər] elasticity 弹性[ˌiːlæ'stɪsəti]elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量[en'dɑːdʒənəs] endowment 禀赋[ɪn'daʊmənt]endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家[ˌɑːntrəprə'nɜːr] entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envelope curve 包络线[ɪn'veləp]equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量equity 公平['ekwəti]equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给[ɪk'ses]exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量[ek'sɑːdʒənəs] expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望[ˌekspek'teɪʃn]expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济[ˌdɪsɪ'kɒnəmɪ]externalities 外部性[ekstɜː'nælɪtɪz]FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误['fæləsi]final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数[prə'pɔːʃəns] flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车，免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数[ˌkoʊɪ'fɪʃnt]goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线[ɡrænd] grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品[ˌhetərə'dʒiːniəs] Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性[ˌhɑːmədʒə'niːəti] homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说[haɪ'pɑːθəsɪs]Iidentity 恒等式[aɪ'dentəti]imperfect competion 不完全竞争[kəm'piːʃn] implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curve 收入补偿需求曲线income constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点[ɪn'flekʃn]information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距[ˌɪntər'sept]interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化[ekstɜː'nælɪtɪz] invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任[leɪ'se]Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数，land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数['lɪniər]linear homogeneity 线性齐次性[ˌhɑːmədʒə'niːəti]linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化lump sum tax 一次性征税[lʌmp]luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清，市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法['mɑːrkkʌp]Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置[mɪsəælə'keɪʃən]mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争[məˌnɑːpə'lɪstɪk][ˌkɑːmpə'tɪʃn] monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削[ˌeksplɔɪ'teɪʃn]monopoly 垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断[mə'nɒpsənɪ]NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品[nɪ'sesɪtɪz]net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好[nɒnkɒn'veks] nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性[ˌseɪʃi'eɪʃn]non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学['nɔːrmətɪv]Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断[ˌɒlə'gɒpəlɪ]oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性[ˌiːlæ'stɪsəti]output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准['pærtəʊ]Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化[ɒptɪ'mælɪtɪ] Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数[dɪ'rɪvətɪv]partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利['pætnt]pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵['meɪtrɪks] perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性[ˌɪnɪlæs'tɪsətɪ] perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性[ɪnɪ'læstɪk]plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性[ˌiːlæ'stɪsəti]positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价['siːlɪŋ]price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性[rɪ'dʒɪdəti]price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化[ˌmæksɪmaɪ'zeɪʃn] property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理[ˌprɑːpə'zɪʃn]proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金['kweɪsaɪ] adj. 类似的；外表的Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 租金管制rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线[rɪdʒ]risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和，满足[ˌseɪʃi'eɪʃn]saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数[dɪ'rɪvətɪv] second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析[ə'næləsɪs]stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切['tændʒənsɪ]taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束[ˌteknə'lɒdʒɪkl] technological progress 技术进步technology 技术[tek'nɑːlədʒi]third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性[ˌtrænsə'tɪvəti]transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性[ju'niːknəs]unit elasticity 单位弹性[ˌiːlæ'stɪsəti]unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿VValue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量['vektər]visible hand 看得见的手Vulgar economics 庸俗经济学['vʌlɡər]Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润。

西方经济学中英文对照表

西⽅经济学中英⽂对照表词汇表(备查)微观经济学词汇宏观经济学词汇微观经济学(Microeconomic)需求（D）Demand供给（S）Supply价格（P）Price产量（Q）Quantity均衡（E）Equilibrium弹性（E）Elastic ity平均A verage边际Marginal成本Cost收益Revenue总Total效⽤Utility边际效⽤（MU）长期平均成本(LAC)短期平均成本(SAC)总成本（TC）固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)平均固定成本（AFC）可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）平均可变成本（A VC）平均成本（AC）边际成本（MC）平均收益（AR）边际收益（MR）边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue劳动（L）Labor force收⼊（I）Income宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民⽣产总值Gross National Product 国内⽣产总值Gross Domestic Product总需求（AD）Aggregate demand总供给（AS）Aggregate supply消费（C）Consumption投资（I）Investment政府⽀出（G）Government expenditure出⼝Exports净出⼝（Nx）Net Export货币Money边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save 边际进⼝倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import汇率Exchange rate预期Expectation。

宏观专业术语中英对照及其含义

宏观经济学专业术语1.Macroeco no mics 宏观经济学对经济总体行为的分析，主要研究产出•收入•价格水平•对外贸易•失业和其他总体经济变量。

（参见微观经济学，microeconomics ）。

2.Final goods 最终产品旨在最终使用而非转卖或进一步加工的商品。

3.Flow vs. stock 流量与存量流量是指，带有时间跨度或曰在一个时段上所累积变动的量（好比通过一个河段的水流）。

存量则指，在某一个时点上某一变量的量值（如同湖中所盛的水）。

收人代表每一年的美元流入数，因此是一个流量。

而到1998年12月为止某人的财富则是一个存量。

4.In termediate goods 中间产品经过一些制造或加工过程，但还没有达到最终产品阶段的产品。

例如，钢铁和棉纱就是中间产品。

In come收入5.个人或国家一段时期内（通常为一年）所新增的工资.利息.红利和其他进帐的6.Pers onal in come 个人收入衡量税收抵扣前收入的一个指标，确切地说，等于可支配个人收入加上净税收。

7.Personal saving 个人储蓄收人中没有被消费的部分，是个人可支配收入与消费之间的差额。

8.Personal savingsrate 个人储蓄率和National savings rate 国民储蓄率以百分比形式表示的个人储蓄与个人可支配收入的比率。

储蓄（Saving ）储蓄是指消费者用于消费以外的节省部分。

National savings rate 国民储蓄率则是全部储蓄（私人储蓄和公共储蓄）除以国内净产值。

9.National savings rate 国民储蓄率全部储蓄（私人储蓄和公共储蓄）除以国内净产值。

10.Income tax ，personal 个人所得税对个人收入课征的税。

收入包括工资.薪金，或租金.红利.利息等资产收入。

在美国，个人所得税采取累进制（graduated ），即高收入者的平均税率要高于低收入者。

宏观经济学所有的专业词汇英文缩写及其翻译

宏观经济学所有的专业词汇英文缩写及其翻译accounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车，免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线，isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数，land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清，市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和，满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿VValue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润回答：2010-02-16 22:16。

ap宏观经济英语单词

ap宏观经济英语单词"AP宏观经济" 通常指的是大学预科（Advanced Placement，AP）宏观经济学课程，该课程旨在为高中生提供更深入的宏观经济学学习体验。

以下是一些与AP宏观经济相关的英语术语和单词：1.Macroeconomics (宏观经济学): The branch of economics that deals with the performance,structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole.2.Aggregate Demand (总需求): The total quantity of goods and services demanded across alllevels of an economy at a given overall price level and in a given period.3.Aggregate Supply (总供给): The total quantity of goods and services that producers in aneconomy are willing and able to supply at a given overall price level in a given period.4.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (国内生产总值): The monetary value of all finished goodsand services produced within a country's borders in a specific time frame.5.Inflation (通货膨胀): The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services isrising, eroding purchasing power.6.Unemployment Rate (失业率): The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployedbut actively seeking employment.7.Fiscal Policy (财政政策): The use of government spending and taxation to influence theeconomy.8.Monetary Policy (货币政策): The process by which the monetary authority of a countrymanages the supply of money, often targeting interest rates.9.Interest Rates (利率): The cost of borrowing money, or the return on investment expressedas a percentage.10.Exchange Rate (汇率): The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.11.Balance of Trade (贸易平衡): The difference between a country's exports and imports ofgoods.12.Multiplier Effect (乘数效应): The idea that an initial increase in spending will lead to a largerincrease in economic activity.13.Phillips Curve (菲利普斯曲线): A curve illustrating a historical inverse relationship betweeninflation and unemployment.issez-Faire (自由放任): An economic philosophy advocating minimal governmentintervention in the economy.15.Deflation (通货紧缩): The opposite of inflation, indicating a decrease in the general pricelevel of goods and services.这些术语涵盖了宏观经济学中的一些关键概念。

曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)

宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。

Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing.消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。

Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing.投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。

Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。

宏观经济学名词解释英文版

•GDP (gross domestic product) is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.•GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services.•Consumption (C):•The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.•Investment (I):•The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.•Government Purchases (G):•The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments.•Net Exports (NX):•Exports minus imports.•Nominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices.•Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices.•The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100.•The consumer price index shows the cost of a basket of goods and services relative to the cost of the same basket in the base year. The index is used to measure the overall level of prices in the economy. The percentage change in the CPI measures the inflation rate.•The consumer price index is an imperfect measure of the cost of living for the following three reasons: substitution bias, the introduction of new goods, and unmeasured changes in quality. Because of measurement problems, the CPI overstates annual inflation by about 1 percentage point.•The GDP deflator differs from the CPI because it includes goods and services produced rather than goods and services consumed. In addition, the CPI uses a fixed basket of goods, while the GDP deflator automatically changes the group of goods and services over time as the composition of GDP changes.•Dollar figures from different points in time do not represent a valid comparison of purchasing power. So various laws and private contracts use price indexes to correct for the effects of inflation.•The real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.•Productivity is the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.∙Physical Capital (K)The stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services.•Tools used to build or repair automobiles.•Tools used to build furniture.•Office buildings, schools, etc.∙Human capital (H)The knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience.•Human capital includes the skills accumulated in early childhoodprograms, grade school, high school, college, and on-the-jobtraining for adults in the labor force.•Producing human capital requires inputs in the form of teachers,libraries, and student time.Natural resources (N)The inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits.•Natural resources take two forms: renewable and nonrenewable.•Although natural resources can be important, they are not necessaryfor an economy to be highly productive in producing goods andservicesTechnological knowledge (T / A)Society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services.•Technological knowledge takes many forms: common knowledgeand proprietary.•Technological knowledge refers to society’s understanding abouthow the world works. Human capital refers to the resourcesexpended transmitting this understanding to the labor force.•As the stock of capital rises, the extra output produced from an additional unit of capital falls; this property is called diminishing returns.•The catch-up effect refers to the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich.•The financial system consists of the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investment.•Financial markets are the institutions through which a person who wants to save can directly supply funds to a person who wants to borrow.• A bond is a certificate of indebtedness that specifies obligations of the borrower to the holder of the bond. Put simply, abond is an IOU.•Stock represents a claim to partial ownership in a firm and is therefore, a claim to the profits that the firm makes.•Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers• A mutual fund is an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the proceeds to buy a portfolio, of various types of stocks, bonds, or both.•National saving is the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchases.•Private saving is the amount of income that households have left after paying their taxes and paying for their consumption.•Public saving is the amount of tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending.•market for loanable funds: the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds.•Loanable funds refers to all income that people have chosen to save and lend out,rather than use for their own consumption.•The interest rate is the price of a loan. It represents the amount that borrowers pay for loans and the amount that lenders receive on their saving.•Finance is the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of risk.•Present value refers to the amount of money today that would be needed, using prevailing interest rates, to produce a given future amount of money.•Future value is the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest rates.•Interest is paid annually and that it remains in the bank account to earn more interest—a process called compounding.•The process of finding a present value of a future sum of money is called discounting. •Diversification refers to the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk witha large number of smaller unrelated risks.•Fundamental analysis is the study of a company’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its value.•The efficient markets hypothesis is the theory that asset prices reflect all publicly available information about the value of an asset.•The natural rate of unemployment is the amount of unemployment that the economy normally experiences. It does not go away on its own even in the long run. •The cyclical rate of unemployment refers to the year-to-year fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate. It is associated with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.•Employed: This category includes those has spent most of the previous week working at a paid job.•Unemployed: This category includes those who were not employed, were available for work, and had tried to find employment during the previous four weeks. It also includes those waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off. •Not in the labor force: This category includes those who fit neither of the first two categories, such as full-time students, homemakers, and retirees.•Discouraged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, don’t show up in unemployment statistics.•Frictional unemployment refers to the unemployment that results from the time that it takes to match workers with jobs. In other words, it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that are best suit their tastes and skills.•Structural unemployment is the unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for everyone who wants one.• A union is a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions.。

宏观经济学关键词中英文对照

西方经济学中英文对照表

曼昆宏观经济知识点总结 中英文注释

曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)

宏观经济学英文名词

宏观经济学关键词中英文对照

宏观经济学所有的专业词汇英文缩写及其翻译

西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)

（中级宏观经济学）中英对照术语表

英语中宏观经济常用词汇以及实际应用

宏观经济学专业术语英语词汇及其翻译考博

西方经济学中英文对照表

宏观专业术语中英对照及其含义

宏观经济学所有的专业词汇英文缩写及其翻译

ap宏观经济 英语单词

曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)

宏观经济学名词解释英文版

曼昆宏观经济知识点总结中英文注释

ap宏观经济英语单词