英国文学.约翰逊

在编词典的九年中，约翰生博士受到生活种 种打击。贫穷始终追随着他。虽然出版商的预付 金， 按当时的标准不算少，但里面包括了买书、 租工 作场地和支付助手工资等全部费用。最大的 打击 是他的妻子在工作开始后的第六年去世。约 翰生 一度心灰意懒，几乎放弃。
Johnson's Dictionary
• Time: Begun in 1747 Published in 1755 • Reason: Some booksellers asked • Purpose: fixed pronunciation\facilitated its attainment\preserved its purity\its use ascertained\lengthened its duration • Significance: the end of English writer's reliance on the patronage of nobleman for support • The Letter to Lord Chesterfield: a declaration of independence
到了十八世纪中叶,意大利人有了他们的大词 典； 甚至世仇法国人也有了他们的大词典，而英 国居然没有！ 但意大利文和法文大词典都是国家文学院编 的， 特别是法文大词典，四十位院士化了四十年 才编 成。而英国当时没有相应的学院；英国王室 又像英国商人一样斤斤计较：资助四十位学者工 作四十年，这投资是否收得回来？ 只能靠个人在 有限几年内编成，这本词典的市场 需要才会转化 为商业可能。颇有几位文化名人跃 跃欲试，仔细 考虑之后，却是个个知难而退。1 946年，伦敦几 家出版商，联手找上了塞缪尔· 约翰生。
• He eventually received a degree just before the publication of his Dictionary in 1755, Oxford University awarded Johnson the degree of Master of Arts. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1765 by Trinity College Dublin and in 1775 by Oxford University.
• Chesterfield wrote two essays in The World recommending the Dictionary. He argued in support of the dictionary. Johnson did not like the tone of the essay, and he felt that Chesterfield had not fulfilled his obligations as the work's patron. Johnson wrote a letter expressing this view and harshly criticizing Chesterfield. • Chesterfield, impressed by the language, kept the letter displayed on a table for anyone to read.
A Dictionary of the English Language
• Johnson began to wrote the dictionary from 1747, and it took him 9 years to finish it. Though it was widely praised and had a huge impact, Johnson didn’t gain much money from it.
JohnsBaidu Nhomakorabean’s dictionary
• In 1747, when Johnson began his “Dictionary of the English Language”, Chesterfield, the Earl of Chesterfield, had at first indicated that he could be his patron, but when Johnson came to him for concrete help, Chesterfield neglected him to the point of ignoring him. Johnson felt insulted and furious.
Early Career
• As the lack of degree, it’s hard for him to find a job in school, even an usher’s position. • He eventually found employment as undermaster at a school after his father died in poverty and illness. • His career was not so prosperous in this time, and he also suffered the illness.
Entrance of Pembroke College, Oxford
即将完成前，他的朋友劝 说牛津大学有关人士：这 般重要著作，当 应出自 牛津人之手。牛津大学就 为约翰生补了个 学位。 词典出版十年后，都柏林 大学授予约翰生 名誉博 士学位；又十年，牛津大 学颁了博士学位。 所以 现在人们都称他为约翰生 博士。
After nine years of work, Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language was published had a farreaching effect on Modern Englisin 1755; it h and has been described as "one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship." Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 150 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent British dictionary. 英国人赞叹，称约翰生博士为标准英语奠定 基石， 使英语趋于稳定。现在，人们将十八世纪 下半叶称作英语史的“约翰生时代”。
Lord Chesterfield
• Fourth Earl of Title of Philip Dormer Stanhope (16941773), an English politician and writer best known for Letters to His Son (1774), which portrays the ideal 18thcentury gentleman. Lord Chesterfield's Letters to his Son was made into a book which was one of the favourites of the 19th century.
Early Life and Education
• The son of a booker seller, born in poverty. • Johnson demonstrated signs of great intelligence as a child. • His long education as a teenager was constant, and he all excelled in them. • At the age of 19, he entered Pembroke College, Oxford. 13 months later, a shortage of funds forced Johnson to leave Oxford without a degree.
出版商的开价一千五百个金基尼(约合现在二十 二万英镑),对约翰生而言是天文数字，他答应 在 三年内交卷。 约翰生其实干了九年才收工。即将 完成前，他的 朋友劝说牛津大学有关人士：这般 重要著作，当 应出自牛津人之手。牛津大学就为 约翰生补了个 学位。词典出版十年后，都柏林大 学授予约翰生 名誉博士学位；又十年，牛津大学 颁了博士学位。 所以现在人们都称他为约翰生博 士。
• In 1734, his close friend Harry Porter died and Johnson married the widow, who’s got three children, in the next year. He lived on Tetty’s money in his early years. • In 1735, while worked as a tutor, he applied for the position of headmaster, failed. In the autumn, he opened Edial Hall School as a private academy. He only had 3 pupils. The school finally closed.
A Brief History of
English Literature
塞缪尔·约翰逊
Samuel Johnson
(1709-1784)
Dr Samuel Johnson
(1709-1784)
Samuel Johnson, often referred to as Dr. Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer.
• In 1755, when Johnson‘s Dictionary was published and acclaimed after seven years of hard work, Chesterfield openly recommended it, hoping to get some credit for it as Johnson‘s patron. Johnson at once wrote his famous letter in a sharp style, openly denying Chesterfield‘s patronage, and attacking him outright for his behavior. The attack, however, was made in a circumlocutions way.
Contemporary of Cao Xueqin
塞缪尔· 约翰逊（Samuel Johnson)， 常称为约翰逊博士（Dr. Johnson）， 英国历史上最有名的文人之一， 集文评家、诗人、散文家、传记家、 词典家于一身，前半生名不经传，但他花了九年 时间独力编出的《约翰逊字典》(A Dictionary of the English Language)， 为他赢得了文名及 “博士”的头衔。博斯韦尔（James Boswell）后 来为他写的传记《约翰逊传》记录了他后半生的 言行，使其成为家喻户晓的人物。