违约及其法律救济方法

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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
2.美国法的规定 Minor Breach of Contract Material Breach of Contract
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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
4.《公约》的规定 CISG A25 Fundamental Breach of Contract Non-fundamental Breach of Contract
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一、卖方不交货
（一）要求实际履行
要求实际履行义务的权利排在A46-52提及的补救 办法清单的首位，这反映出根据公约规定，应尽 量保持合同神圣，确保它的约束性。 限制条件：但书“inconsistent with”
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一、卖方不交货
（二）解除合同
CISG A49(1) (1) The buyer may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or (b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed.
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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
4.《公约》的规定 CISG A25 根本性违约的条件： ◇违约造成的损害程度 detriment; substantially to deprive
◇可否预知损害的后果 the party; a reasonable person
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一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿
CISG A75
适用场合：转售、补进（recover） 方法：“合同价格和替代货物交易价格之间的 差额”以及根据第74条可以取得的其他损害赔 偿金。 限制：“在一段合理时间”“合理方式”
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一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿
CISG A76 (1) If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74. If, however, the party claiming damages has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the current price at the time of such taking over shall be applied instead of the current price at the time of avoidance.
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一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿
第45条第（1）款（b）项构成买方可要求损害 赔偿权利的法律基础。而就损害赔偿的金额而 言，应按照第74-76条的规定解决，其规定的是 计算损害赔偿金的原则、方法，以及应考虑的 因素。 第45条第（2）款明确了当卖方违约时，买方不 只是可选择本条第（1）款的各种救济方法之一 种，而是可以同时享有几种救济方法。
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一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿
CISG A76 (2) For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the price prevailing at the place where delivery of the goods should have been made or, if there is no current price at that place, the price at such other place as serves as a reasonable substitute, making due allowance for differences in the cost of transporting the goods.
二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
4.《公约》的规定 CISG A25 两个时间概念： ◇“根据合同有权得到的东西”的时间 ◇不可预知的确立时间
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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
4.《公约》的规定 CISG A25 根本性违约的主要情形： A46; A49(1); A64(1); A70; A72; A73
第十四章 违约及其法律救济方法
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第一节 一般原则
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一、违约的含义
Breach of Contract 指合同的一方当事人没有履行或没有完全履行合 同规定的义务的行为。 出合同或法律上规定的属于不可抗力原因造成者 外，违约方要承担违约责任。
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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（一）关于构成违约的条件方面
possible consequence of the breach of contract.
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一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿
CISG A74
形式：金钱赔偿、恢复原状 构成：实际损失、利润损失 性质：补偿性质 可预见性
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一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿
CISG A75
If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.
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一、卖方不交货
（二）解除合同
第49条第（1）款（b）是指卖方未履行交货义 务，而且也未在买方按照第47条规定的额外时 间内履行，或者声明不在该期间内履行，则买 方可以宣布解除合同。总的来说，在延迟履行 义务的情况下，随着履行义务的额外时间的到 期，非根本违反合同会转变为根本违反合同。
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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
1.大陆法的规定 不履行债务 延迟履行债务
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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
2.英国法的规定 Breach of Condition: essential, root Breach of Warranty: subsidiary or collateral 中间条件
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二、各国法律对违约的不同规定
（二）关于违约的形式方面
4.《公约》的规定 CISG A25
A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result.
一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿


CISG A45 (1) If the seller fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the buyer may: (a) exercise the rights provided in articles 46 to 52; (b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77. (2) The buyer is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies. (3) No period of grace may be granted to the seller by a court or arbitral tribunal when the buyer resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.
案例分析
有一美国公司 A 向外国一贸易商 B 购买一批火鸡， 供应圣诞节市场。合同规定卖方应在9月底以前 装船。但是卖方违反合同，推迟到10月7日才装 船。结果圣诞节销售时机已过，火鸡难以销售。 因此，买方A拒收货物，并主张撤销合同。请问， 在这种情况下，买方有无拒收货物和撤销合同 的权利？
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一、卖方不交货
（三）请求损害赔偿
CISG A74
Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Such damages may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a
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一、卖方不交货
（一）要求实际履行
CISG A46 (1) The buyer may require performance by the seller of his obligations unless the buyer has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.
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三、违约的救济方法
（一）实际履行 （二）损害赔偿 （三）解除合同
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第二节 对卖方违约的救济方法
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CISG A30 The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.