《神经生物学》PPT 下丘脑与垂体的内分泌功能

The Hypothalamus - Hormones and Releasing Factors
Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH) Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- Releasing hormones - Inhibiting hormones
The Pituitary Gland - Anterior Pituitary Hormones MSH (pars intermedia )
Cushing (1932)
rostalຫໍສະໝຸດ caudalBoth human PVN and SON contain about 50.000 neurons.
Almost all vasopressinergic SON neurons project to the posterior pituitary thus influencing plasma levels.
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)
促黑素细胞激素释放/抑制因子（melanophorestimulating hormone releasing factor, MRF; melanophore-stimulating hormone releaseinhibiting factor, MIF)可能是催产素裂解出来的两 种小分子肽
Endocrine versus Nervous system
• Nervous system performs short term crisis management
• Endocrine system regulates long term ongoing metabolic
• Endocrine communication is carried out by endocrine cells releasing hormones – Alter metabolic activities of tissues and organs – Target cells
In the PVN there are 3 different types of vasopressin producing neurons. Some take part in the HPA-axis, some project to the neuropituitary, some to other brain areas.
The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Subdivided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia and pars tuberalis
At the median eminence, neurons release regulatory factors through fenestrated capillaries
Neuroendocrine system
The HPG axis
The HPT axis
The HPA axis
The endocrine system differs from most of the other organ systems of the body - the various glands are not anatomically connected; however, they do form a system in the functional sense.
Regulation of hypothalamic hormones
神经调节: – 单胺类递质: DA, NE, 5-HT – 肽类物质: 脑啡肽、β-内啡肽、神经降压素、P物质、VIP
下级激素的反馈效应
Hypophysis = pituitary
• Releases 9 important peptide hormones • All 9 bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic AMP as a second messenger • Anterior pituitary originates from epithelium; posterior pituitary from neural tissue
Hypothalamus
Parvocellular neurosecretory cell (PvC) 神经内分泌小细胞 – Hypophysiotrophic area, HTA
下丘脑促垂体区 • 调节腺垂体内分泌活动
Magnocellular neurosecretory cell (MgC) 神经内分泌大细胞 – 视上核、室旁核 – 神经垂体激素－催产素、血管加压素 – 神经垂体激素运载蛋白I, II (Neurophysin I, II) – 神经肽：脑啡肽、内啡肽、神经肽Y
• Paracrine communication involves chemical messengers between cells within one tissue
“Here in this well-concealed spot, almost to be covered with a thumbnail, lies the very main spring of primitive existence – vegetative, emotional, reproductive – on which with more or less success, man has come to superimpose a cortex of inhibitions.”